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Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are a significant public health problem in impoverished communities of tropical and subtropical areas. Improved diagnostic methods are crucial for Neglected Tropical Diseases programs, particularly for S. stercoralis, as traditional methods are inadequate. Thus, it is important to identify the most accurate and efficient methods for the diagnosis of STH. We performed a retrospective study analyzing laboratory data at the Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales from 2010 to 2019. The study included data from outpatients referred for stool analysis and public health interventions from urban and rural communities in northern Salta province, Argentina. Samples were included in this analysis if processed through sedimentation/concentration, Baermann, Harada-Mori and McMaster's, with a subgroup that also included Agar plate culture method (APC). Sensitivity was calculated against a composite reference standard. Of the 5625 samples collected, 944 qualified for this analysis, with a prevalence of 11.14% for A. lumbricoides, 8.16% for hookworm, 1.38% for T. trichiura, and 6.36% for S. stercoralis. The sedimentation/concentration method was the most sensitive for A. lumbricoides (96%), compared to the McMaster method, with a sensitivity of 62%. Similarly, for hookworms, sedimentation/concentration was more sensitive than McMaster's, Harada-Mori, and Baermann with sensitivities of 87%, 70%, 43%, and 13%, respectively. Most of these infections were of light intensity. For S. stercoralis, Baermann and sedimentation/concentration methods were the most sensitive, with 70% and 62% respectively, while Harada-Mori was the least sensitive. In a subset of 389 samples also analyzed by the APC, Baermann was more sensitive than APC for detecting S. stercoralis, and both methods were superior to Harada-Mori. Parasitological methods, mostly when used combined, offer adequate opportunities for the diagnosis of STH in clinical and public health laboratories. The incorporation of S. stercoralis into the control strategies of the World Health Organization requires rethinking the current diagnostic approach used for surveys. With sedimentation/concentration and Baermann appearing as the most sensitive methods for this species. Further studies, including implementation assessments, should help in identifying the most adequate and feasible all-STH diagnostic approach.

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La obstrucción intestinal mecánica es un problema quirúrgico significativo en términos de prevalencia, morbimortalidad y costos económicos asociados. En los últimos años se han realizado avances en: detectar mecanismos fisiopatológicos del desarrollo de adherencias, optimizar el diagnóstico de pacientes aptos para manejo conservador, valorar la utilidad intraoperatoria de herramientas que definan la necesidad de resección intestinal y hallar terapias preventivas. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es sintetizar la evidencia científica actualizada, publicada referente al diagnóstico y tratamiento de una obstrucción intestinal alta mecánica.

Mechanical small bowel obstruction is a significant surgical problem in terms of prevalence, morbimortality, and associated economic costs. In recent years, advances have been made in: detection of physio pathological mechanisms of adhesion genesis, improvement in diagnosis of patients suitable for conservative treatment, assessment the efficacy of intraoperative tools that define the need for intestinal resection, and development of preventive therapies. The objective of this narrative review is to synthesize the updated scientific evidence published, regarding the diagnosis and treatment of mechanical small bowel obstruction.

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Bacteria of the genus Brucella are facultative intracellular parasites that cause brucellosis, a severe animal and human disease. Recently, a group of taxonomists merged the brucellae with the primarily free-living, phylogenetically related Ochrobactrum spp. in the genus Brucella. This change, founded only on global genomic analysis and the fortuitous isolation of some opportunistic Ochrobactrum spp. from medically compromised patients, has been automatically included in culture collections and databases. We argue that clinical and environmental microbiologists should not accept this nomenclature, and we advise against its use because (i) it was presented without in-depth phylogenetic analyses and did not consider alternative taxonomic solutions; (ii) it was launched without the input of experts in brucellosis or Ochrobactrum; (iii) it applies a non-consensus genus concept that disregards taxonomically relevant differences in structure, physiology, population structure, core-pangenome assemblies, genome structure, genomic traits, clinical features, treatment, prevention, diagnosis, genus description rules, and, above all, pathogenicity; and (iv) placing these two bacterial groups in the same genus creates risks for veterinarians, medical doctors, clinical laboratories, health authorities, and legislators who deal with brucellosis, a disease that is particularly relevant in low- and middle-income countries. Based on all this information, we urge microbiologists, bacterial collections, genomic databases, journals, and public health boards to keep the Brucella and Ochrobactrum genera separate to avoid further bewilderment and harm.

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Endoscopy is essential in the assessment and treatment of the bariatric patient, especially in the postoperative state. Since bariatric surgery is increasing exponentially, endoscopists should be familiar with the anatomy and how to manage possible complications. New less invasive therapeutic tools will have a major impact on the prognosis of these patients. Dreaded complications such as leaks, stenosis or weight regain can be successfully assessed and treated by endoscopy. Postoperative evaluation of symptoms requires the precise search of details that can change patient's management.

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Endoscopy is essential in the assessment and treatment of the bariatric patient, especially in the postoperative state. Since bariatric surgery is increasing exponentially, endoscopists should be familiar with the anatomy and how to manage possible complications. New less invasive therapeutic tools will have a major impact on the prognosis of these patients. Dreaded complications such as leaks, stenosis or weight regain can be successfully assessed and treated by endoscopy. Postoperative evaluation of symptoms requires the precise search of details that can change patient's management.

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Introducción: La hernia de Garengeot es una rara presentación de una hernia crural. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 64 años de edad, que consultó por dolor en fosa ilíaca derecha. Se le realizó una tomografía axial, que mostró un proceso inflamatorio en cuadrante inferior derecho del abdomen. Se le practicó una laparoscopia exploradora, encontrando el apéndice cecal en el anillo crural. Se realizó apendicectomía y reparación de la hernia vía laparoscópica. En nuestra revisión este es el tercer caso publicado en el mundo de resolución laparoscópica, y el primero en Chile.

Background: Garengeot's hernia is a rare presentation of a femoral hernia. Case report: We report a case of a 64 year-old female patient complaining of right lower abdominal pain. She was studied by CT-Scan that showed an inflammatory process in right lower cuadrant. We made an exploratory laparoscopy and found the cecal appendix in the crural defect. We did a laparoscopic appendectomy and crural hernia repair with mesh. To our knowledge, this is the third laparoscopic case published in the world and the first of Chile.

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While there is already consensus in the scientific community about the deleterious effects of TV exposure, especially through TV advertisements, on children's beliefs, preferences, and food intake, the link between TV and children's eating behaviors is under-studied in Peru, a country experiencing a steady economic growth in recent years and currently with a status of upper-middle-income country. Following research about the effects of media exposure on childhood obesity, we report on a qualitative study of TV viewing and the eating habits of children attending elementary schools in Lima, the capital. Data from eight focus groups with 38 boys and girls between 6 and 11 years old, eight focus groups with 36 female caretakers, and in-depth interviews with two fathers provided consistent information about children's eating habits and media viewing patterns. After dual coding the entire corpus of qualitative data, we found that children watch a great deal of TV during the school season: children watch as early as when they wake up in the morning, then during lunchtime (after returning from school), and then again after completing their homework from 5 pm to 9 pm or 10 pm. Survey data from the parents showed that, on average, children watch about 5 hours of TV on weekdays and more during a weekend-day. This large amount of exposure is concerning, especially because the focus groups revealed that children (1) recall a number of TV advertisements involving food items, (2) request food items seen on TV, and (3) are able to buy food for themselves, which usually involves chocolate, candy, or potato chips. Boys and girls reported different favorite TV shows, suggesting differences in exposure to TV content related to food. In addition, some families reported drinking sodas frequently, underlining a behavior that should be discouraged by public health officials.

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La localización en el duodeno es la más compleja para el tratamiento de los tumores del estroma gastrointestinal (Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors, GIST). Los GIST duodenales son relativamente infrecuentes, con una prevalencia de 5 % a 7 % de todos los tratados quirúrgicamente. La mayoría de las publicaciones sobre GIST duodenales son reportes de caso o series de casos. Consecuentemente, las manifestaciones clínicas, el diagnóstico radiológico, el tratamiento quirúrgico y los factores pronósticos, constituyen materia de controversia. En el presente artículo se revisa, principalmente, el tratamiento quirúrgico de los GIST duodenales, tratando de establecer las opciones quirúrgicas de acuerdo con su localización. La mayoría de los artículos sobre GIST duodenales mencionan que, a diferencia de otros tumores localizados en el aparato gastrointestinal, el procedimiento óptimo para el tratamiento del GIST duodenal no se encuentra bien caracterizado en la literatura científica. Sin embargo, la revisión de las publicaciones sobre el tema demuestra que el abordaje quirúrgico descrito por diferentes autores es bastante estándar. Todos toman en cuenta la localización del GIST en el duodeno y sus relaciones anatómicas, para decidir entre la resección local o la pancreatoduodenectomía. Utilizando este conocimiento de sentido común, se proponen opciones quirúrgicas para GIST duodenales basadas en su localización en el duodeno.

Duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) constitute the most challenging location for the treatment of this intestinal tract neoplasm. Duodenal GIST are relatively uncommon tumors, and their prevalence is very low, accounting for 5% to 7% or less of all surgically resected GISTs. Most published reports on duodenal GIST are case reports or case series. Consequently, the clinical manifestations, radiologic diagnosis, appropriate surgical treatment, and prognostic factors constitute a subject of current controversy. This review mainly addresses the surgical management of duodenal GISTs trying to establish and define surgical options according to GISTs location within the duodenum. Most articles concerning duodenal GISTs state that unlike tumors involving other sites of the gastrointestinal tract, the optimal procedure for duodenal GISTs has not been well characterized. However, when carefully reviewing the published literature on the subject, it was found that surgical approaches to duodenal GISTs are fairly standard among different authors. All take into account the location of GIST in the duodenum and its anatomic relationships to decide whether local resection or Whipple operation should be performed. Based upon this common sense knowledge, defined surgical options for duodenal GISTs according to their localization within the duodenal frame are proposed.

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Con el objetivo de evaluar los factores de riesgo de las infecciones nosocomiales en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal del Hospital General Universitario "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" de Pinar del Río, se realizó una investigación observacional, analítica, de tipo caso-control, para ello se estudiaron 170 niños ingresados en esta unidad en el período comprendido de abril de 2001 a diciembre de 2003. Se recogió en una planilla tipo y momento de adquisición de la infección, abordaje vascular, ventilación mecánica y gérmenes aislados, entre otros. Se elaboró una base de datos en Microsoft Excel-97, se aplicaron los Test de Chi cuadrado y test de Student, ambos con un intervalo de confianza de p < 0.05. Se observó que el peso al nacer, el sexo, la edad gestacional, estadía en UCIN, ventilación mecánica y abordaje vascular profundo resultaron estar relacionados de forma significativa con la adquisición de las infecciones nosocomiales, al ser comparado con un grupo control de similares características. Los gérmenes más frecuentes asilados fueron la E. Coli y el estafilococo coagulasa negativo.

With the purpose of evaluating risk factors of nosocomial infections in the Intensive Care Unit of the "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" General Hospital in Pinar del Río, an observational, analytical and a case-control research was performed in 170 children admitted at this Unit from April 1st., 2001, to December 31st., 2003. The nosocomial infection and time of being infected were recorded in a form, as well as the vascular approach, artificial ventilation and isolated germs, among others. A data base using the Microsoft Excel 97 software was designed, and chi-square test was used, both of them with a confidence interval of p<0,05. It was observed that birth weight, sex, gestational age, stay at ICU, artificial ventilation and deep vascular approach were related significantly with the onset of the nosocomial infection versus a control group showing similar characteristics. E. Coli and negative coagulase were the most frequent isolated germs.

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Con el objetivo de evaluar el neurocomportamiento al aplicar el test de Bayley en prematuros atendidos por el método piel a piel durante su primer año de vida, se analizaron 120 nacidos vivos en el Hospital Ginecoobstétrico "Justo Legón Padilla" de Pinar del Río, desde el 1 de enero hasta el 30 de junio de 2000 (grupo de estudio). El grupo control estuvo formado por los niños prematuros nacidos vivos entre el 1 de julio y el 31 de diciembre de 2000, atendidos por el método tradicional. A toda la muestra se le aplicó un formulario donde se recogieron todos los resultados de la historia clínica, principalmente morbilidad y asfixia perinatal, además de su seguimiento nutricional y neurológico en consulta, donde se les aplicó el test de Bayley a los 6 y 12 meses de edad gestacional corregida. Se elaboró una base de datos en Microsoft Excel-2000; se aplicó la prueba de chi cuadrado, con un intervalo de confianza de p < 0,05. Se observó que existieron diferencias significativas en el neurocomportamiento de los prematuros atendidos por el método piel a piel al compararlos con los que siguieron el método tradicional.

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