RESUMO
Type II pneumocytes are the target of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which alters their redox homeostasis to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS). Melatonin (MT) has antioxidant proprieties and protects mitochondrial function. In this study, we evaluated whether treatment with MT compensated for the redox homeostasis alteration in serum from COVID-19 patients. We determined oxidative stress (OS) markers such as carbonyls, glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiols, nitrites (NO2-), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and thiol groups in serum. We also studied the enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reductase (GR), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD) and peroxidases. There were significant increases in LPO and carbonyl quantities (p ≤ 0.03) and decreases in TAC and the quantities of NO2-, thiols, and GSH (p < 0.001) in COVID-19 patients. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes such as ecSOD, TrxR, GPx, GST, GR, and peroxidases were decreased (p ≤ 0.04) after the MT treatment. The treatment with MT favored the activity of the antioxidant enzymes that contributed to an increase in TAC and restored the lost redox homeostasis. MT also modulated glucose homeostasis, functioning as a glycolytic agent, and inhibited the Warburg effect. Thus, MT restores the redox homeostasis that is altered in COVID-19 patients and can be used as adjuvant therapy in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Homeostase , Melatonina , Oxirredução , Estresse Oxidativo , SARS-CoV-2 , Melatonina/uso terapêutico , Melatonina/farmacologia , Humanos , Oxirredução/efeitos dos fármacos , COVID-19/metabolismo , COVID-19/virologia , COVID-19/sangue , Homeostase/efeitos dos fármacos , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Idoso , Adulto , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Glutationa/metabolismo , Glutationa/sangueRESUMO
The renal system is engaged in metabolic syndrome (MS) and metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) participate in renal homeostasis and disruption of functionality. Hibiscus sabdariffa L (HSL) is used as a diuretic and could improve renal function. The aim of this study was to assess if treatment with HSL at 2% improves renal function in MS through the metabolites of AA. A total of 24 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Group 1, control (C); Group 2, MS with 30% sucrose in drinking water, Group 3, MS plus HSL infusion at 2% (MS+HSL); and Group 4, C+HSL. We evaluated the perfusion pressure changes (∆-PP), the activities of cyclooxygenases (COXs), the percentage of AA, the expressions of PLA2, COX2, COX1, 5-LOX, TAXS and CYP450, and the concentrations of prostaglandins in the kidney from rats with MS. There was a decrease in the ∆-PP, in the activities of COXs, and the expressions of COX2 and CYP450 (p ≤ 0.03, respectively)as well asPGE2, TxB2, and LKB4 (p ≤ 0.01, respectively). However, the percentage of AA and expressions of PLA2 and PGE1 (p = 0.01, respectively) were increased in C and MS+HSL. The HSL treatment improved the function and anatomical structure of the kidneys in the MS rats, through antioxidant molecules, and inhibited the pathways that metabolize the AA including that of PLA2, COX2, 5-LOX, TAXS, and CYP450 while favoring the COX1 pathway. This improves the vascular resistance of renal arterioles.
Assuntos
Hibiscus , Síndrome Metabólica , Masculino , Ratos , Animais , Ácido Araquidônico , Ratos Wistar , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2 , Síndrome Metabólica/tratamento farmacológico , Rim/fisiologia , Fosfolipases A2RESUMO
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of factors that increase the risk of developing diabetes, stroke, and heart failure. The pathophysiology of injury by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is highly complex and the inflammatory condition plays an important role by increasing matrix remodeling and cardiac apoptosis. Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are cardiac hormones with numerous beneficial effects mainly mediated by a cell surface receptor named atrial natriuretic peptide receptor (ANPr). Although NPs are powerful clinical markers of cardiac failure, their role in I/R is still controversial. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonists exert cardiovascular therapeutic actions; however, their effect on the NPs' signaling pathway has not been extensively studied. Our study provides important insight into the regulation of both ANP and ANPr in the hearts of MetS rats and their association with the inflammatory conditions caused by damage from I/R. Moreover, we show that pre-treatment with clofibrate was able to decrease the inflammatory response that, in turn, decreases myocardial fibrosis, the expression of metalloprotease 2 and apoptosis. Treatment with clofibrate is also associated with a decrease in ANP and ANPr expression.
Assuntos
Síndrome Metabólica , Traumatismo por Reperfusão , Ratos , Animais , Fator Natriurético Atrial/metabolismo , PPAR alfa/agonistas , Clofibrato/farmacologia , Síndrome Metabólica/complicações , Síndrome Metabólica/tratamento farmacológico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/tratamento farmacológico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Receptores do Fator Natriurético Atrial/metabolismo , Peptídeos Natriuréticos , Isquemia , Arritmias Cardíacas , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (HSL) has high amounts of antioxidants and many beneficial effects in several pathologies. However, few studies describe the possible harmful effects of high concentrations of HSL. Here we evaluate the effect of excessive and chronic consumption of infusions with different percentages of HSL on some oxidative stress markers in serum, and the possible association with inflammation and increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), in healthy rats. A total of 32 male Wistar rats were used to form 4 groups with 8 animals each. Group 1 control (drinking tap water), group 2, 3 and 4, drinking water supplemented with 15, 30 and 60 g/L of HSL calyxes respectively. SBP was evaluated and determinations in serum of the NO3-/NO2- ratio, glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), selenium (Se), TNF-α, IL-1α/IL-1F1, IL-1ß, IL-10, extracellular superoxide dismutase (EcSOD), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, were evaluated. The SBP (p = 0.01), GPx activity, GSH, TAC, Se, TNF-α and EcSOD activities (p ≤ 0.001) and IL-1α/IL-1F1, IL-1ß, TrxR and NO3-/NO2- (p ≤ 0.05), were increased but IL-10 (p < 0.001) was decreased in rats that consumed the 3 and 6% HSL infusions. The excessive and chronic consumption of HSL may increase the TAC that could lead to a proinflammatory state which is associated with hypertension.
Assuntos
Hibiscus , Extratos Vegetais , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Pressão Sanguínea , Glutationa , Glutationa Peroxidase , Hibiscus/química , Inflamação , Interleucina-10 , Masculino , Dióxido de Nitrogênio , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Selênio , Superóxido Dismutase , Tiorredoxina Dissulfeto Redutase , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfaRESUMO
Bisphenol S (BPS) has been introduced into the industry as a safer alternative to bisphenol A (BPA). However, the recent studies have reported a possible association between BPS and disturbed glucose homeostasis, indicating that it may be a risk factor for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless, the role of BPS in glucose metabolism remains controversial. In this study, we investigated the glucose metabolism of male Wistar rats born from dams that were BPS-exposed (groups: BPS-L (0.05 mg/kg/day), BPS-H (20 mg/kg/day)) during pregnancy and lactation. We observed that both BPS treated groups of animals presented a significant decrease in anogenital distance/weight1/3 , as compared to control animals, although no alterations in testosterone levels were observed. Furthermore, the BPS-L group presented a significant decrease in body weight from postnatal day (PND) 21 to adult stage. In addition, a significant increase in glucose tolerance, pancreatic ß-cell proliferation, the frequency of small islets, and the average ß-cell size at PND 36 was observed in this group. However, no changes in insulin serum levels and percentage of ß-cells were recorded. Furthermore, these changes were not preserved at the adult stage (PND 120). The results suggest that the administration of low doses of BPS during the perinatal period induced an estrogenic like effect, with males apparently becoming more female-like in their responses to a glucose challenge.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Animais , Compostos Benzidrílicos/toxicidade , Feminino , Glucose/metabolismo , Homeostase , Humanos , Masculino , Exposição Materna/efeitos adversos , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/induzido quimicamente , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The infection with SARS-CoV-2 impairs the glucose−insulin axis and this contributes to oxidative (OS) and nitrosative (NSS) stress. Here, we evaluated changes in glucose metabolism that could promote the loss of redox homeostasis in COVID-19 patients. This was comparative cohort and analytical study that compared COVID-19 patients and healthy subjects. The study population consisted of 61 COVID-19 patients with and without comorbidities and 25 healthy subjects (HS). In all subjects the plasma glucose, insulin, 8-isoprostane, Vitamin D, H2S and 3-nitrotyrosine were determined by ELISA. The nitrites (NO2−), lipid-peroxidation (LPO), total-antioxidant-capacity (TAC), thiols, glutathione (GSH) and selenium (Se) were determined by spectrophotometry. The glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR (p < 0.001), 8-isoprostanes, 3-nitrotyrosine (p < 0.001) and LPO were increased (p = 0.02) while Vitamin D (p = 0.01), H2S, thiols, TAC, GSH and Se (p < 0.001) decreased in COVID-19 patients in comparison to HS. The SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in alterations in the glucose−insulin axis that led to hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and IR in patients with and without comorbidities. These alterations increase OS and NSS reflected in increases or decreases in some oxidative markers in plasma with major impact or fatal consequences in patients that course with metabolic syndrome. Moreover, subjects without comorbidities could have long-term alterations in the redox homeostasis after infection.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Hiperglicemia , Resistência à Insulina , Selênio , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Glucose , Glutationa/metabolismo , Homeostase , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/complicações , Insulina/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Estresse Oxidativo , SARS-CoV-2 , Compostos de Sulfidrila , Vitamina D , VitaminasRESUMO
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disorder of connective tissue that affects the fibrillin-1 protein (FBN-1). It is associated with the formation of aneurysms, damage to the endothelium and oxidative stress (OS). Allium sativum (garlic) has antioxidant properties; therefore, the goal of this study was to show the antioxidant effect of deodorized garlic (DG) on antioxidant enzymes and OS markers in the plasma of patients with MFS. The activity of antioxidant enzymes such as extracellular superoxide dismutase (EcSOD), peroxidases, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), gluthatione-S-tranferase (GST), and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) was quantified, and nonenzymatic antioxidant system markers including lipid peroxidation (LPO), carbonylation, nitrates/nitrites, GSH, and vitamin C in plasma were determined in patients with MFS before and after treatment with DG. The results show that DG increased the activity of the EcSOD, peroxidases, GPx, GST, TrxR (p ≤ 0.05) and decrease LPO, carbonylation, and nitrates/nitrites (p ≤ 0.01). However, glutathione was increased (p = 0.01) in plasma from patients with MFS. This suggests that treatment with garlic could lower the OS threshold by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and could help in the prevention and mitigation of adverse OS in patients with MFS.
Assuntos
Alho/química , Síndrome de Marfan/tratamento farmacológico , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Síndrome de Marfan/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered a manifestation of metabolic syndrome (MS) and is characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides and a varying degree of hepatic injury, inflammation, and repair. Moreover, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play a critical role in the pathophysiological processes in the liver. There is extensive evidence of the beneficial effect of polyphenols such as resveratrol (RSV) and quercetin (QRC) on the treatment of liver pathology; however, the mechanisms underlying their beneficial effects have not been fully elucidated. In this work, we show that the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of RSV and QRC against inflammation in liver damage in our MS model are due to the activation of novel pathways which have not been previously described such as the downregulation of the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), neutrophil elastase (NE) and purinergic receptor P2Y2. This downregulation leads to a decrease in apoptosis and hepatic fibrosis with no changes in hepatocyte proliferation. In addition, PPAR alpha and gamma expression were altered in MS but their expression was not affected by the treatment with the natural compounds. The improvement of liver damage by the administration of polyphenols was reflected in the normalization of serum transaminase activities.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Cirrose Hepática/prevenção & controle , Síndrome Metabólica/complicações , Quercetina/farmacologia , Receptores Purinérgicos/metabolismo , Resveratrol/farmacologia , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Cirrose Hepática/etiologia , Cirrose Hepática/metabolismo , Cirrose Hepática/patologia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptores Purinérgicos/genéticaRESUMO
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is the association of three or more pathologies among which obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and diabetes are included. It causes oxidative stress (OS) and renal dysfunction. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (HSL) is a source of natural antioxidants that may control the renal damage caused by the MS. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of a 2% HSL infusion on renal function in a MS rat model induced by the administration of 30% sucrose in drinking water. 24 male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: Control rats, MS rats and MS + HSL rats. MS rats had increased body weight, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, insulin, HOMA index, and leptin (p ≤ 0.04). Renal function was impaired by an increase in perfusion pressure in the isolated and perfused kidney, albuminuria (p ≤ 0.03), and by a decrease in clearance of creatinine (p ≤ 0.04). The activity of some antioxidant enzymes including the superoxide dismutase isoforms, peroxidases, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase was decreased (p ≤ 0.05). Lipoperoxidation and carbonylation were increased (p ≤ 0.001). The nitrates/nitrites ratio, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione levels and vitamin C were decreased (p ≤ 0.03). The treatment with 2% HSL reversed these alterations. The results suggest that the treatment with 2% HSL infusion protects renal function through its natural antioxidants which favor an improved renal vascular response. The infusion contributes to the increase in the glomerular filtration rate, by promoting an increase in the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems leading to a decrease in OS and reestablishing the normal renal function.
Assuntos
Albuminúria/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Antiobesidade/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Hibiscus/química , Hipolipemiantes/farmacologia , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Síndrome Metabólica/tratamento farmacológico , Albuminúria/sangue , Albuminúria/patologia , Animais , Fármacos Antiobesidade/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Ácido Ascórbico/sangue , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Creatinina/sangue , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa/sangue , Glutationa Peroxidase/sangue , Glutationa Transferase/sangue , Hipolipemiantes/isolamento & purificação , Insulina/sangue , Rim/metabolismo , Rim/fisiopatologia , Leptina/sangue , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Síndrome Metabólica/patologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Superóxido Dismutase/sangue , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Hypertension is an important global public health problem. Excess sucrose during a short period near weaning (short sucrose period, SSP; sucrose during rat postnatal days 12 to 28) increases the risk of developing hypertension during adulthood and sucrose ingestion for 6 months after weaning also results in metabolic syndrome (MS) accompanied by hypertension. The aim of this study was to test if the mechanisms that lead to hypertension induced by SSP and MS are similarly modified by a resveratrol/quercetin mixture (RSV/QSC) that targets epigenetic cues. We studied the reversion of hypertension by an RSV/QSC mixture administered for 1 month (from month 6 to month 7 of age) in these two models, since it is effective against some signs of MS. RSV/QSC might determine Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) expression that modulates the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which synthesizes nitric oxide (NO), and of superoxide dismutases (SOD1 and 2), which are antioxidant enzymes that have an impact on the NO levels. Short- (SSP) and long-term (MS) exposure to sucrose induced hypertension and RSV/QSC reversed it. It increased the insulin sensitivity, which may determine the eNOS expression. eNOS expression was decreased in aortas from SSP and MS rats and RSV/QSC only elevated its levels in aortas from MS rats. SIRT1 was also only increased in the MS aortas. Hypertension was accompanied by a decrease in total non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses in SSP and MS aortas, which improved with the RSV/QSC treatment. SOD1 expression was not modified by the sucrose treatments, but SOD2 expression was decreased in SSP and MS aortas. The RSV/QSC treatment increased SOD1 expression in MS aortas. SIRT3 was not modified by the sucrose or RSV/QSC treatments. In conclusion, SSP and MS lead to hypertension, but MS leads to more possible epigenetically- regulated mechanisms related to high blood pressure that could be targeted by the RSV/QSC mixture. Therefore, treatment has better effects on hypertension produced by MS.