RESUMO
La enfermedad de Chagas y la toxoplasmosis constituyen problemas de salud característicos de zonas rurales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la seroprevalencia de Trypanosoma cruzi y Toxoplasma gondii en la comunidad Saimadoyi. Se estudiaron 166 muestras de sueros de individuos de ambos sexos (100 femeninos y 66 masculinos) con edades comprendidas entre 1 a 83 años. La determinación de anticuerpos se realizó a través de la técnica de ELISA, utilizando kits disponibles comercialmente. La seroprevalencia de Trypanosomacruzi fue de 51% (87/166), mientras que para Toxoplasma gondii fue de 57% (95/166). La mayoría de casos positivos se encontraron en los individuos menores de 20 años, sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas con respecto al género o grupo de edad para ambas parasitosis. Los datos epidemiológicos mostraron que los factores de riesgo estadísticamente significativos (p<0,05) para la infección por T. cruzi fueron el tipo de vivienda, contacto con perros o chipos y contaminación del suelo con heces; mientras que para la infección por T. gondii, el contacto con gatos y la higiene inadecuada fueron los riesgos significativos. El elevado número de casos seropositivos en mujeres en edad reproductiva sugiere la transmisión vertical de ambos parásitos.
Chagas disease and toxoplasmosis are health problems characteristic of rural areas. The aim of this research was to determine the seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi y Toxoplasma gondii. in community Saimadoyi. 166 serum samples from individuals of both sexes (100 female 66 male and) aged 1-83 years were studied. The determination of antibodies was performed by ELISA using a commercial kit. Trypanosoma cruzi seroprevalence was 51% (87/166), while for Toxoplasma gondii was 57% (95/166). Most positive cases were found in people under 20 years old, however no significant differences with regard to gender or age group for both parasites were found. Epidemiological data showed statistically significant risk factors (p <0.05) for T. cruzi infection were the type of housing, contact with dogs or chipos and soil contamination with feces; while for T. gondii infection, contact with cats and poor hygiene were the significant risks. The high number of seropositives cases in women of reproductive age suggests vertical transmission of both parasites.
RESUMO
Con la finalidad de determinar la prevalencia de enteroparásitos en niños de una comunidad indígena del municipio Machiques de Perijá del estado Zulia, fueron analizadas 139 muestras fecales provenientes de niños en edades comprendidas entre 0 a 12 años de edad. A cada espécimen fecal se le realizó un examen coproparasitológico al fresco con solución salina fisiológica al 0,85% y coloraciones temporales NAIR y lugol, así como la técnica de concentración de Ritchie. Se observó una prevalencia general de niños parasitados de 87,7 % No hubo diferencia significativa en cuanto al estudio de las variables parasitosis y sexo. Se observó un predomino del poliparasitismo (68, 35%) sobre el monoparasitismo (20,15%). En cuanto al grupo de edades, el estrato de 2 a 6 años resultó el mayormente parasitado (43,92 %). El χ2 reveló que si existe relación significativa entre las variables parasitismo y edad. Las especies parasitarias que obtuvieron una mayor prevalencia fueron: Entamoeba coli (46,06%), Blastocystis sp. (43,16%), Trichuris trichiura (30,94%) y Ascaris lumbricoides (21,58%), en todo el grupo estudiado. Estos resultados son similares a los obtenidos en investigaciones previas. La alta prevalencia de protozoarios sugieren un patrón de transmisión directa entre la población estudiada o a través del consumo de agua y/o alimentos contaminados fecalmente.
In order to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children from an indigenous community in the municipality Machiques de Perija of Zulia state, they were analyzed fecal samples from 139 children aged between 0-12 years old. Each stool specimen was conducted a coproparasitological fresh examination with physiological saline 0.85% and temporary colorations NAIR and lugol, as well, Ritchie´s concentration technique. An overall prevalence of children parasitized 87.7% was observed, no significant differences in the studies of the variables parasitosis and sex. It was observed a predomine of polyparasitism (68,35%) on monoparasitism (20,15%). As for the age group, stratum 2 to 6 years was the mostly parasitized (43.92%). The X² revealed that if there is significant relationship between variables and age parasitism. Parasitic species obtained a higher prevalence were: Entamoeba coli (46.06%), Blastocystis sp. (43.16%), Trichuris trichiura (30.94%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (21.58%) throughout the study group. These results are similar to those obtained in previous research. The high prevalence of protozoan suggest a pattern of direct transmission between the study population or through consumption of water and/or fecally contaminated food.
RESUMO
Para determinar la presencia de anticuerpos anti-cisticerco en una comunidad indígena del occidente venezolano, 93 individuos entre 1-78 años de edad fueron estudiados. La detección de anticuerpos anti cisticerco se realizó mediante la técnica inmunoenzimática de ELISA con extractos antigénicos de fluido vesicular de Taenia crassiceps. Los sueros fueron considerados positivos a diluciones ≥ 1:256 y las heces fueron estudiadas mediante examen parasitológico directo y concentrado. El 27,9% de la población presentó inmunidad anti-cisticerco y todos los grupos etarios fueron positivos. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en relación al sexo, ni entre los grupos etarios. En el examen físico y en la historia clínica, no se encontraron datos relevantes de una probable alteración funcional en relación a cisticercosis. El porcentaje general de infección parasitaria fue de un 81,5%, con un marcado poliparasitismo de un 64,6%, con predominio de infección por protozoarios. No se detectaron huevos de Taenia spp. Este es el primer estudio sobre la prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-cisticerco en una comunidad indígena del occidente venezolano, con un alto porcentaje de la prevalencia desde la infancia, sugiriendo una exposición temprana a la cisticercosis. Además, una alta prevalencia de protozoarios y helmintos intestinales, lo que supone un riesgo sanitario considerable en esta población.
To determine the presence of anti-cysticercus antibodies in an Amerindian community in western Venezuela, ninety-three individuals between 1-78 years of age were studied. Anti-cysticercus antibodies were detected using the ELISA immune-enzymatic technique with antigenic extracts of vesicular fluid of Taenia crassiceps. Sera were considered positive at 1:256 dilutions; feces were studied by direct and concentrate parasitological examination. A 27.9% of the population had anti-cysticercus immunity, and all age groups were positives. No statistically significant differences in relation to sex or between age groups were observed. In the physical examination and medical history, no data relevant to a probable functional impairment related to cysticercosis were found. The overall percentage of parasitic infection was 81.5%, with a marked polyparasitism of 64.6% and a predominance of protozoan infection. No Taenia spp eggs were detected. This is the first study on the prevalence of anti-cysticercus antibodies in an indigenous community of western Venezuela with a high percentage of prevalence from childhood, suggesting early exposure to cysticercosis. In addition, a high prevalence of intestinal protozoa and helminthes were found, which supposes a significant health risk in this population.
RESUMO
Se determinó la presencia de Giardia intestinalis y Cryptospodidium parvum, bacteriófagos de Escherichia coli y organismos indicadores de contaminación (OIC), en muestras de camarones para el consumo humano comercializados en el estado Zulia. Los parásitos se concentraron a partir de sistemas digestivos de pools de camarones por la técnica de formol-éter y se cuantificaron por inmunofluorescencia directa. La concentración de los bacteriófagos de E. coli F+ y los OIC se evaluó por técnicas estándar. En este trabajo se detectó la presencia de G. intestinalis, C. parvum, bacteriófagos y E. coli en camarones comercializados en el estado Zulia que cumplían los criterios de la normativa venezolana de calidad sanitaria e inocuidad. Del total de muestras analizadas el 91,5% fueron positivas para G. intestinalis (promedio: 36,6 quistes/100g), 95,3% para C. parvum (promedio: 32,8 ooquistes/100g), 100% para los bacteriófagos de E coli F+ (promedio de 2,8 x 103 UFP/100 g) y 71,5% para E. coli (promedio de 4,3 x 104 NMP/g). Los resultados obtenidos indican que los camarones pueden convertirse en un vehículo para la transmisión de patógenos al hombre y dejan en evidencia la necesidad de la inclusión de un parámetro parasitológico y viral en el control de la calidad microbiológica de estos productos alimenticios.
The presence of G. intestinalis and C. parvum, E. coli F+ bacteriophages and fecal pollution indicator organisms was determined in shrimp for human consumption marketed in the State of Zulia. Parasites were concentrated from the digestive systems of shrimp pools, detected by formalin-ether and quantified by direct immunofluorescence. E. coli F + bacteriophage and pollution indicator organism concentrations were determined by standard techniques. In this work, G. intestinalis, C. parvum, E. coli F + bacteriophages and E. coli were detected in shrimp for human consumption marketed in the State of Zulia that met the quality criteria of Venezuelan health and safety regulations. 91.5% of the samples analyzed were positive for G. intestinalis (average: 36.6 cyst/100g), 95.3% for C parvum (average: 32.8 oocyst/100g), 100% for E coli F + bacteriophages (average: 2.8 x 103 FPFU/100g) and 71.5% for E. coli (average: 4.3 x 104 MPN/g). Results of this research indicate that shrimp can become a vehicle for transmitting pathogens to humans and demonstrate the need for including a parasitic and viral parameter in microbiological quality control for seafood.
Assuntos
Animais , Bacteriófagos/patogenicidade , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Giardia lamblia/parasitologia , Palaemonidae/microbiologia , Palaemonidae/parasitologia , Pandalidae/microbiologia , Pandalidae/parasitologia , Penaeidae/microbiologia , Penaeidae/parasitologia , Alimentos Marinhos/análise , Comércio , Indicadores de Contaminação/análise , Indicadores de Contaminação/métodosRESUMO
El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia de infección por Toxocara spp en una comunidad indígena de la sierra de Perijá, al occidente de Venezuela, identificando el efecto de los cambios socioculturales sobre los factores de riesgo. Se estudió el 75,4% del total de la comunidad (110 individuos). La determinación de anticuerpos anti-Toxocara spp se realizó a través de una técnica de ELISA comercial. El análisis estadístico se realizó a través de la prueba de Chi cuadrado y la correlación de Spearman. El porcentaje general de infección fue de 21,7%, la más alta prevalencia se observó en el grupo de mayores de 50 años (37,5%). No se apreciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas con relación al sexo. La prevalencia encontrada fue más alta que la apreciada en poblaciones urbanas y más baja que en otras comunidades indígenas. El proceso de transculturización en esta comunidad indígena es un factor de riesgo para la infección por Toxocara spp
The aim of this study was to determine the Toxocara spp infection seroprevalence in an Amerindian community from western Venezuela, identifying the effect of socio-cultural changes on the risk factors. 75.4% of the community, 110 individuals, were studied. Blood samples were gathered by venous puncture. Determination of anti-Toxocara spp antibodies was carried out using a commercial ELISA technique. The overall prevalence was 21.7%. Higher prevalence was observed in the age group >50 years old (37.5%). There were no statistically significant differences with regard to sex. The prevalence found was higher than that of an urban population and lower than in other indigenous communities. The transculturization process in this indigenous community is a risk factor for Toxocara spp infection
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Povos Indígenas , Toxocara/patogenicidade , Toxocaríase/epidemiologia , Toxocaríase/patologiaRESUMO
La Fasciolosis humana tiene baja frecuencia en Venezuela; sin embargo, el Municipio Mara es una región altamente endémica para fasciolosis bovina y no existen estudios sobre esta infección parasitaria en humanos. Con el propósito de determinar la prevalencia y factores asociados a la fasciolosis humana en el municipio Mara del estado Zulia, se recolectaron un total de 51 muestras de sangre y de heces. Los sueros se procesaron mediante la técnica de ELISA y Western blot (WB) con antígenos excreción-secreción de Fasciola hepatica (AFhES). A los sueros que resultaron positivos se les realizó ELISA IgG anti Toxocara spp, Toxoplasma gondii y cisticerosis. Las muestras de heces se concentraron mediante las técnicas de Ritchie y sedimentación rápida. Dos sueros (3,9 por ciento) fueron positivos a la técnica de ELISA AFhES; estos no reconocieron las moléculas específicas del WB-AFhES, detectadas por sueros de pacientes con infección absolutamente demostrada. Ambos individuos resultaron negativos a IgG anti Toxocara spp, Toxoplasma gondii y cisticerosis, así como también a parásitos intestinales. La prevalencia general de las parasitosis intestinales fue de 52,9 por ciento (27/51), siendo más frecuente los protozoarios que los helmintos. No se encontraron huevos de F. hepatica. Los dos individuos positivos a ELISA AFhES tenían en común trabajar en el corte de pasto fresco. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la población ha estado en contacto con F. hepatica, en ausencia de una infección activa por la falta de reconocimiento de las moléculas específicas del WB-AFhES y la ausencia de huevos en las heces. La fasciolosis humana tiene una baja frecuencia en Venezuela, razón por la cual no es sospechada su presencia, existiendo poco conocimiento de esta infección por el personal de salud y la población general.
In Venezuela, human Fasciolosis shows a low frequency. However, Mara Municipality is a highly endemic region for bovine fasciolosis and there are no reports of this parasite infection in humans. To determine the prevalence and associated factors to human fasciolosis in Mara municipality - Zulia state, a total of 51 blood and stool samples were collected. Serums were tested by ELISA and Western Blot (WB) assays, with excretion-secretion antigens of Fasciola hepatica (AFhES). The serum samples that resulted positive by these assays were tested by ELISA IgG anti Toxocara sp, Toxoplasma gondii and cysticerosis. Stool samples were concentrated by the Ritchie and rapid sedimentation techniques. Two serum samples were reactive to ELISA AFhES (3.9 percent) and these did not recognize the specific molecules of WB-AFhES detected by serum from patients with an absolutely demonstrated infection. Both participants were not positive to IgG anti Toxocara sp, Toxoplasma gondii, cysticerosis, and stool samples of these were negative to intestinal parasites. The general prevalence of intestinal parasites was 52.9 percent (27/51), being protozoa more frequent than helminthes. No Fasciola eggs were found. The two positives participants had in common that both had worked as fresh pasture cutters. These results suggest that the population had been in contact with F. hepatica, with no active infection because of the lack of specific molecules recognition and the absence of eggs in stool samples. Human fasciolosis has a low frequency in Venezuela and is underestimated and underrecognized by health workers and the general population.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Fasciola hepatica , Enteropatias Parasitárias , Doenças Parasitárias , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , ParasitologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-T. gondii total and IgM antibodies in women of childbearing age. One hundred serum samples of women were studied with age range from 11 to 45 years old. Samples were chosen by random. The determination of total antibodies was carried out through the indirect hemagglutination technique and IgM antibodies by ELISA's technique. The statistical analysis was carried out through the Chi square and the Spearman correlation tests. The theoretical estimated incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis was calculated, according to the annual increment of antibody prevalence among the age groups. The overall prevalence of toxoplasmosis was 33%, while only six individuals (18.2%) were positive to IgM. The highest prevalence was observed in the 11-35 year-old age group. The theoretical estimated incidence was 1.5 for 100 pregnancies in women of 21-25 year-old group; it decreased until 0.1% in the 41-45 year-old age group. The findings show a high prevalence of toxoplasmosis in this community with a high infection risk in women of the studied age group and the high cat population observed, suggesting that the transmission way by contaminated soils may play a main role in the spreading of toxoplasmosis in this community.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pobreza , Prevalência , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasmose/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmose Congênita/epidemiologia , Venezuela/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-T. gondii total and IgM antibodies in women of childbearing age. One hundred serum samples of women were studied with age range from 11 to 45 years old. Samples were chosen by random. The determination of total antibodies was carried out through the indirect hemagglutination technique and IgM antibodies by ELISA's technique. The statistical analysis was carried out through the Chi square and the Spearman correlation tests. The theoretical estimated incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis was calculated, according to the annual increment of antibody prevalence among the age groups. The overall prevalence of toxoplasmosis was 33 percent, while only six individuals (18.2 percent) were positive to IgM. The highest prevalence was observed in the 11-35 year-old age group. The theoretical estimated incidence was 1.5 for 100 pregnancies in women of 21-25 year-old group; it decreased until 0.1 percent in the 41-45 year-old age group. The findings show a high prevalence of toxoplasmosis in this community with a high infection risk in women of the studied age group and the high cat population observed, suggesting that the transmission way by contaminated soils may play a main role in the spreading of toxoplasmosis in this community.
A finalidade do presente estudo foi determinar a prevalência de anticorpos totais e IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii, em mulheres em idade fértil. Estudaram-se 100 amostras de soro de mulheres com idade entre 11 e 45 anos. Amostras foram escolhidas ao acaso. A determinação de anticorpos totais foi realizada com a técnica de hemaglutinação indireta e a determinação de anticorpos IgM, pela técnica de ELISA. A análise estatística foi realizada usando a prova do Chi quadrado e a correlação de Spearman. A incidência teórica estimada da toxoplasmose congênita foi calculada de acordo com o incremento anual da prevalência de anticorpos entre os diversos grupos de acordo com a idade. A prevalência geral de toxoplasmose foi de 33 por cento, enquanto somente seis pacientes (l8,2 por cento) foram positivos para IgM. A prevalência maior foi observada no grupo de 11-35 anos de idade. A incidência teórica estimada foi de 1,5 por 100 mulheres grávidas no grupo de 21-25 anos de idade; diminuiu até 0,1 por cento no grupo de 41-45 anos de idade. Os resultados obtidos refletem alta prevalência de toxoplasmose nesta comunidade, além de alto risco de infecção nas mulheres no grupo de idade estudado, sugerindo-se que a transmissão através de fezes de gato, pode ter papel preponderante.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Incidência , Pobreza , Prevalência , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasmose Congênita/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose/diagnóstico , Venezuela/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Chagas disease is a tropical parasitic disease distributed throughout America, from southern United States to Argentina, mostly, in poor and rural areas of Central and South America. According to the latest estimates, there are 8 million people all over the world infected by the parasite and in 2008, 11000 deaths were registered. Currently, with the occurrence of internal migrations from rural areas to cities, the disease is changing the establishment of its epidemiological profile. Instead of an effective control or eradication, as consequences of the antichagasic campaign initiated in Venezuela 47 years ago, as many cases are emerging today, in some westerns states of the country, as those reported at the beginning of the last century. In addition, there is a considerable increase in the oral transmission of the disease, through neglect and the lack of sanitary controls in food processing. For these reasons, a monitoring system of rapid response must be implemented by the Venezuelan health system to control the disease.