RESUMO
Monoacylglycerols are eco-friendly and inexpensive emulsifiers with a range of applications. The traditional synthetic route is not eco-friendly, while enzymatic catalysis offers milder reaction conditions and higher selectivity. However, its application still is limited due to the costs. In this context, endophytic fungi can be source to new biocatalysts with enhanced catalytic activity. Based on this perspective, the aim of this study was perform the synthesis of MAG's through transesterification reactions of solketal and different vinyl esters, using crude and immobilized lipolytic extracts from the endophytic fungi Stemphylium lycopersici, isolated from Humiria balsamifera. The reactions were conducted using 100â mg of biocatalyst, 1â mmol of substrates, 9 : 1 n-heptane/acetone, at 40 °C, 200â rpm for 96 h. In the reactions using the ILE and stearate, laureate and decanoate vinyl esters it was possible to obtain the correspondent products with conversion rates of 52-75 %. Also, according to the structure drivers used in MCM-48 synthesis, different morphologies and conversions rates were observed. Employing [C16MI] Cl, [C14MI] Cl and [C4MI] Cl, the 1-lauroyl- glycerol conversion was 36 %, 79 % and 44 %, respectively. This is the first work involving the immobilization of an endophytic fungi and its utilization as a biocatalyst in the production of MAG's.
Assuntos
Biocatálise , Monoglicerídeos , Monoglicerídeos/química , Monoglicerídeos/metabolismo , Porosidade , Ascomicetos/metabolismoRESUMO
There are many blackberry cultivars in Brazil; however, the characteristics and applications of the Cherokee cultivar have not yet been widely studied. For this reason, this research investigated the behaviour of maltodextrin (MD), gum Arabic (GA), and pectin (PEC), as carriers combined in different proportions (20% MD, 15% MD + 5% GA, 15% MD + 5% PEC), on encapsulation of Cherokee blackberry pulp extract obtained by freeze-drying. The results of moisture content (2.73-3.36%), water activity (aw) (0.11-0.15), solubility (52.40-54.11%), hygroscopicity (17.59-21.11%), colour (hue 0.24-0.32), retention of anthocyanins (51.55-60.53%), total phenolic compounds (39.72-70.73 mg GAE/100g), antioxidant activity at 25 mg/mL (77.89-80.02%), IC50 (12.26-14.53), simulated in vitro digestion and morphology were discussed. Concerning morphology, blackberry powders had irregular structures and amorphous structures. Comparatively, the best results were obtained for MD-GA. MD-GA presented the highest content of phenolic compounds (70.73 ± 1.84 mg GAE/100g) and antioxidant activity (80.02%), as well as the lowest IC50 value (12.26). In general, all powders showed an increase in phenolic compounds during in vitro digestion, because of the pH conditions and digestive enzymes present in the simulated digestive fluid. This result shows that the wall material provides protection, since the blackberry rich extract (RE) showed degradation of phenolic compounds in in vitro digestion. In this sense, freeze-drying is a suitable technique for the encapsulation of Cherokee blackberry pulp extract.
Assuntos
Goma Arábica , Rubus , Goma Arábica/química , Antioxidantes/química , Rubus/química , Brasil , Pectinas , Antocianinas/química , Composição de Medicamentos/métodos , Fenóis/químicaRESUMO
Poultry processing plants generate large amounts of wastewater in the many steps necessary to provide high quality and safe products. Carcass chilling is one of these steps, where the temperature of the carcass is reduced from 40°C to 4°C, for reducing the growth rate of microorganisms and affecting flavour, texture and appearance. In this operation, carcasses are continually displaced through a series of two tanks (called pre-chiller and chiller) filled with cold water, thus being responsible for a considerable amount of wastewater generation. This work aimed to regenerate the wastewater of the pre-chiller tank employing microfiltration (pore size 0.10 and 0.20â µm) and ultrafiltration (UF; MWCO 10 and 50â kDa) polymeric membranes in bench and pilot scales, with the final purpose of reuse. Membrane performance was evaluated in terms of the capacity of removing the contaminants and producing sufficient permeate flux in different working pressures. Bench-scale UF membrane presented the highest initial permeate flux of 112.1â L/m2h at 200â kPa. The four membranes tested presented good retention of microorganisms, with apparent rejection of up to 100%. Pilot-scale membranes presented better apparent rejection, with retentions above 99% for turbidity, apparent colour and fat content. Moreover, organic matter retention was also very high, up to 94% for chemical oxygen demand and 92% for total organic carbon. The use of membranes seems to be a promising approach for recycling and reuse of poultry pre-chiller wastewater.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Purificação da Água , Animais , Membranas Artificiais , Ultrafiltração , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos , Águas Residuárias , ÁguaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) extract (YME) on oxidative stress parameters and pathological changes in the lungs of mice chronically exposed to hand-rolled cornhusk cigarette (HRC) smoke. Twenty-four male Swiss mice were divided into four groups exposed to the following treatments: control (ambient air), HRC, YME, and HRC plus YME. The animals were exposed to four HRCs per session, with 3 sessions/day, every day for 30 days. Twenty-four hours after the last inhalation, the mice were killed, and the left lungs were removed. The results showed that HRC contains elevated levels of tin and carbon oxide, but less arsenic, cobalt, manganese, and selenium than commercial cigarettes. YME administration reversed fibrosis, alveolar enlargement, and hemorrhage induced by HRC smoke. In addition, the YME and HRC significantly reduced the production of oxidants, oxidative damage and promoted a significant increase in total thiol. In conclusion, exposure to HRC smoke compromised pulmonary histoarchitecture by promoting structural changes and increasing oxidative stress in tissues. However, concomitant treatment with YME regulated the redox state and reduced the harmful effects of HRC smoke exposure in the lungs.
Assuntos
Ilex paraguariensis , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Oxirredução , Estresse Oxidativo , Extratos Vegetais , Fumaça , FumarRESUMO
Ilex paraguariensis, yerba mate is a native plant from the southern region of Brazil. Studies showed that yerba mate has an antioxidant potential, which could help to reduce the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases, as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). It's known that I. paraguariensis grows in acid soils with aluminium (Al), which is bioavailable in these soils. Al has a neurotoxic potential related with the progression of neurological disorders. This study aim was to evaluate the potential of I. paraguariensis in the etiology of AD using strains of Caenorhabditis elegans and the concentration of Al and antioxidants in the yerba mate extract. The results of the I. paraguariensis infusions made at 65°C and at 75° C show that there was no significant difference between both temperatures when preparing the tea infusion in relation to the presence of Al, methylxanthines, phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Additionally, in the case of Al, there was no difference between the extracts prepared at both temperatures. The behavioral parameters of C. elegans were altered after a long-term exposure to both factors: I. paraguariensis extract and Al. Through the antioxidant levels results along with the Al content on the Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity it is possible to observe that the acute and chronic exposure to Al and I. paraguariensis leaves extract are very similar to wild-type worms. Moreover, we can observe that the results in both the transgenic strains long-term exposed to I. paraguariensis leaves extract and to the Al concentrations presented an increase in the AChE activity.
Assuntos
Alumínio/toxicidade , Doença de Alzheimer/etiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Contaminação de Alimentos , Ilex paraguariensis/química , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Chás de Ervas/efeitos adversos , Acetilcolinesterase/química , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Alumínio/análise , Doença de Alzheimer/prevenção & controle , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Antioxidantes/análise , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Brasil , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/agonistas , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Flavonoides/análise , Flavonoides/uso terapêutico , Ilex paraguariensis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/fisiopatologia , Fenóis/análise , Fenóis/uso terapêutico , Folhas de Planta/química , Folhas de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Chás de Ervas/análise , Testes de Toxicidade Aguda , Testes de Toxicidade Crônica , Xantinas/análise , Xantinas/química , Xantinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
In this work, the use of ultrasound energy for chromium removal from residual tannery leather was investigated. The following parameters were evaluated: complexation temperature (60-90 °C), chromium/complexant molar ratio (1:0 to 1:6), complexation time (30-120 min), washing steps (1-14), washing temperature (25-80 °C), and washing time (1-10 min). For all evaluated conditions, chromium removal was monitored by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The residual tannery leather after different extraction strategies were characterized using a scanning electron microscopy. For the proposed method, the optimized conditions were: 3 g of residual tannery leather to be treated, 100 mL of extraction solution (chromium/complexant molar ratio of 1:3), at 80 °C and 30 min of sonication. To complete the chromium removal, only five washing cycles (50 mL of water at 50 °C) of 3 min were required. Using these conditions, a chromium removal higher than 98% was achieved. Under the same reaction conditions, the results were compared with mechanical stirring (100 rpm), which allowed observing the significant effects of ultrasound for chromium removal. Comparing to the conventional method, the total time of the process (including extraction and washing steps) was decreased from 150 to 45 min and the water volume for the washing was reduced from 450 to 250 mL. Therefore, the proposed ultrasound-assisted process can be considered as a suitable alternative for chromium removal from residual tannery leather.
RESUMO
The present study evaluated the purification of inulinase by changing the ionic strength of the medium by addition of NaCl and CaCl2 followed by precipitation with n-propyl alcohol or iso-propyl alcohol. The effects of the concentration of alcohols and the rate of addition of alcohols in the crude extract on the purification yield and purification factor were evaluated. Precipitation caused an activation of enzyme and allowed purification factors up to 2.4-fold for both alcohols. The purification factor was affected positively by the modification of the ionic strength of the medium to 0.5 mol.L-1 NaCl before precipitation with the alcohol (n-propyl or iso-propyl). A purification factor of 4.8-fold and an enzyme yield of 78.1 % could be achieved by the addition of 0.5 mol.L-1 of NaCl to the crude extract, followed by the precipitation with 50 % (v/v) of n-propyl alcohol, added at a flow rate of 19.9 mL/min.
Assuntos
Álcoois/química , Precipitação Química , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/química , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/isolamento & purificação , Concentração Osmolar , Cloreto de Cálcio/química , Meios de Cultura/química , Kluyveromyces/química , Kluyveromyces/isolamento & purificação , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sais/química , Cloreto de Sódio/química , Solventes/químicaRESUMO
ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the purification of inulinase by changing the ionic strength of the medium by addition of NaCl and CaCl2 followed by precipitation with n-propyl alcohol or iso-propyl alcohol. The effects of the concentration of alcohols and the rate of addition of alcohols in the crude extract on the purification yield and purification factor were evaluated. Precipitation caused an activation of enzyme and allowed purification factors up to 2.4-fold for both alcohols. The purification factor was affected positively by the modification of the ionic strength of the medium to 0.5 mol.L-1 NaCl before precipitation with the alcohol (n-propyl or iso-propyl). A purification factor of 4.8-fold and an enzyme yield of 78.1 % could be achieved by the addition of 0.5 mol.L-1 of NaCl to the crude extract, followed by the precipitation with 50 % (v/v) of n-propyl alcohol, added at a flow rate of 19.9 mL/min.
Assuntos
Concentração Osmolar , Precipitação Química , Álcoois/química , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/isolamento & purificação , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/química , Valores de Referência , Sais/química , Solventes/química , Kluyveromyces/isolamento & purificação , Kluyveromyces/química , Cloreto de Cálcio/química , Cloreto de Sódio/química , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Meios de Cultura/químicaRESUMO
Dairy industry wastewater contains high levels of organic matter, consisting mainly of fat, protein and products of their partial microbial decomposition. In the present study, the use of continuous electrocoagulation is proposed for the primary treatment of dairy wastewater. The electrochemical treatment was carried out in a continuous flow cell with aluminum electrodes. The influence of the voltage, the distance between the electrodes and the hydraulic residence time (HRT) on the process performance was assessed, by measuring the removal of color, turbidity, total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The optimum voltage, distance between the electrodes and HRT were 10 V, 1 cm and 90 min, respectively, yielding a current density of 13.3 A.m(-2). Under these conditions, removal of color, turbidity, TOC and COD were 94%, 93%, 65% and 69%, respectively, after a steady state was reached in the continuous flow reactor.
Assuntos
Técnicas Eletroquímicas , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Águas Residuárias/química , Alumínio/química , Análise da Demanda Biológica de Oxigênio , Indústria de Laticínios , Eletrodos , Concentração de Íons de HidrogênioRESUMO
An experimental design was carried out to evaluate the effect of the concentrations of sodium alginate, glutaraldehyde and activated coal on the immobilization of inulinase from Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-7571. The experimental condition of 20 g/L of sodium alginate, 50 mL/L of glutaraldehyde and 30 g/L of activated coal led to the highest specific activity (2,063.5 U/mg of protein), corresponding to an enhancement of about 26 times compared to the activity of the free enzyme (79.1 U/mg of protein). The effect of pH and temperature on the immobilized enzyme activity was also evaluated, showing optimal activities at pH of 5.5 and 55 °C. The study of storage of immobilized inulinase in different temperatures showed that the extract kept its initial activity after 43 days of storage at 40 and 50 °C and after 138 days of storage either at 4 or 25 °C.