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This study aimed to evaluate by means of Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR), co-cultivation and sequencing, with genetic comparison between strains (mother/newborn), the occurrence of vertical transmission of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) from naturally occurring nannies infected for their offspring. For the detection of SRLV seropositive progenitors, blood was collected from 42 nannies in the final third of gestation in tubes with and without anticoagulant. The diagnostic tests used were Western Blot (WB) and nPCR. During the period of birth, the same blood collection procedure was performed on 73 newborns at zero hours of birth, with the same diagnostic tests. Seventeen blood samples from seven-day-old kids, proven positive for SRLV by nPCR, chosen at random, were subjected to coculture in goat synovial membrane (GSM) cells for 105 days. The pro-viral DNA extracted from the cell supernatant from the coculture was subjected to nPCR. For DNA sequencing from the nPCR products, nine positive samples were chosen at random, four nannies with their respective offspring, also positive. Each sample was performed in triplicate, thus generating 27 nPCR products of which only 19 were suitable for analysis. Among the 42 pregnant goats, in 50% (21/42) pro-viral DNA was detected by nPCR, while in the WB, only 7.14% (3/42) presented antibodies against SRLV. Regarding neonates, of the 73 kids, 34 (46.57%) were positive for the virus, using the nPCR technique, while in the serological test (WB), three positive animals (4.10%) were observed. The coculture of the 17 samples with a positive result in the nPCR was confirmed in viral isolation by amplification of the SRLV pro-viral DNA. When aligned, the pro-viral DNA sequences (nannies and their respective offspring) presented homology in relation to the standard strain CAEV Co. It was concluded that the transmission of SRLV through intrauterine route was potentially the source of infection in the newborn goats.

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Contagious agalactia is a disease caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae that leads to a reduction or complete stop of milk production. Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is an infectious disease caused by a lentivirus of the Retroviridae family, member of the small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) group. Although these diseases are caused by distinct pathogens, the clinical presentation is similar. Hence, this study aimed to perform a serological investigation, as well as to assess correlation between both diseases and risk factors associated in two mesoregions of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for contagious agalactia and western blot for CAE. A total of 538 serum samples were used in this study that were collected from goats and sorted from a blood bank of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation. Seroprevalence of M. agalactiae in flocks from Rio Grande do Norte was 7.8% (42/538). In both regions that were investigated, 25.9% (14/54) of farms had positive animals. CAE results revealed that 3.9% (21/538) of animals and 42.6% (23/54) of farms had this disease. Concerning risk factors, only sex and animal category presented significant relevance (P < 0.05) for contagious agalactia, in which females presented higher frequency of seropositive individuals (10.1%; 39/387). In the animal category, 4.3% (14/326) and 11.1% (36/323) of female breeders were positive for CAE and contagious agalactia, respectively, and significance was identified only in the latter (P < 0.05). In conclusion, there was no correlation between the investigated diseases, considering that no animal demonstrated antibodies for both pathogens.

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Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) is a retrovirus that infects goats. This study evaluated the prevalence of CAEV in breeder goats from the states of Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Alagoas, Sergipe, Rio Grande do Norte, and Paraíba. We collected a total of 531 serum samples from 251 properties. On average, two male breeder goats were examined from each farm. Results from western blotting demonstrated that the prevalence of CAEV was 6.2% (32/513). In each state, the following prevalence values were found: Piauí, 5.9% (7/119); Maranhão, 2.0% (01/48); Sergipe, 7.1% (03/42); Alagoas, 17.6% (03/17); Rio Grande do Norte, 4.7% (05/105); Paraíba, 2.1% (02/94); and Ceará, 12.5% (11/34). We also conducted a univariate analysis to determine the risk factors that are associated with CAEV. This analysis revealed that breeding season, records of herd data, criteria adopted for the first mating of females, castration of male goats, origin of breeders, and identification of the animal were associated with CAEV. Adopting control measures to identify CAEV-positive animals and avoid virus transmission to females, especially during breeding seasons, is crucial since, males carrying CAEV can be sources of infection for the entire herd.

Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar a prevalência da Artrite Encefalite Caprina (CAE) em reprodutores dos estados do Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Alagoas, Sergipe, Rio Grande do Norte e Paraíba. Para tanto, foram examinadas em média dois reprodutores por criatório, totalizando 513 amostras de soros e 251 propriedades. A prevalência encontrada através do Western Blotting foi de 6,2% (32/513). Em cada estado participante do estudo foram encontradas as prevalências descritas a seguir: Piauí 5,9% (7/119), Maranhão 2,0% (01/48), Sergipe 7,1% (03/42), Alagoas 17,6% (03/17), Rio Grande do Norte 4,7% (05/105), Paraíba 2,1% (02/94) e Ceará 12,5% (11/34). Na análise univariável para os fatores de risco, as variáveis associadas (p ≤ 0,20) a frequência de positividade nos reprodutores foi: estação de monta, anotações em relação ao rebanho, critério adotado para a primeira cobertura das fêmeas, castração dos caprinos machos, origem dos reprodutores e identificação dos animais. Na análise de regressão logística múltipla, não foram encontrados fatores de risco para a infecção em estudo.

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Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) is a retrovirus that infects goats. This study evaluated the prevalence of CAEV in breeder goats from the states of Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Alagoas, Sergipe, Rio Grande do Norte, and Paraíba. We collected a total of 531 serum samples from 251 properties. On average, two male breeder goats were examined from each farm. Results from western blotting demonstrated that the prevalence of CAEV was 6.2% (32/513). In each state, the following prevalence values were found: Piauí, 5.9% (7/119); Maranhão, 2.0% (01/48); Sergipe, 7.1% (03/42); Alagoas, 17.6% (03/17); Rio Grande do Norte, 4.7% (05/105); Paraíba, 2.1% (02/94); and Ceará, 12.5% (11/34). We also conducted a univariate analysis to determine the risk factors that are associated with CAEV. This analysis revealed that breeding season, records of herd data, criteria adopted for the first mating of females, castration of male goats, origin of breeders, and identification of the animal were associated with CAEV. Adopting control measures to identify CAEV-positive animals and avoid virus transmission to females, especially during breeding seasons, is crucial since, males carrying CAEV can be sources of infection for the entire herd.(AU)

Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar a prevalência da Artrite Encefalite Caprina (CAE) em reprodutores dos estados do Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Alagoas, Sergipe, Rio Grande do Norte e Paraíba. Para tanto, foram examinadas em média dois reprodutores por criatório, totalizando 513 amostras de soros e 251 propriedades. A prevalência encontrada através do Western Blotting foi de 6,2% (32/513). Em cada estado participante do estudo foram encontradas as prevalências descritas a seguir: Piauí 5,9% (7/119), Maranhão 2,0% (01/48), Sergipe 7,1% (03/42), Alagoas 17,6% (03/17), Rio Grande do Norte 4,7% (05/105), Paraíba 2,1% (02/94) e Ceará 12,5% (11/34). Na análise univariável para os fatores de risco, as variáveis associadas (p ≤ 0,20) a frequência de positividade nos reprodutores foi: estação de monta, anotações em relação ao rebanho, critério adotado para a primeira cobertura das fêmeas, castração dos caprinos machos, origem dos reprodutores e identificação dos animais. Na análise de regressão logística múltipla, não foram encontrados fatores de risco para a infecção em estudo.(AU)

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Background: Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) is a disease that causes productive losses in dairy goat flocks due to thereduction in milk production, followed by lesions in joints and mammary glands. An early diagnosis is essential, consideringthat there is frequent occurrence of asymptomatic animals. Hence, this study aimed to perform a comparison of immunological and molecular based diagnostic tests, represented by Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID), Western Blot (WB) andnested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR). In addition, the mammary glands (MG) of dairy goats were clinically evaluated.Materials, Methods & Results: Blood collection and clinical examination were performed in 1191 dairy goats of 12 farms locatedin Northeastern and Southeastern regions of Brazil. Serological (AGID, WB) and molecular (nPCR) test results were comparedand the data, along with MG alterations, were analyzed using Epi-info 7 and WinEpiscope 2.0. Seroprevalence in AGID test was41.14% (490/1191). In WB, 51.47% (613/1191) of animals were seropositive and nPCR detected 69.44% (827/1191) positiveanimals. Hence, WB was more sensitive (P < 0.001) than AGID. However, nPCR detected more positive animals than AGID (P< 0.001) and WB (P < 0.001). The analysis of mammary glands revealed that 105 out of 1096 nanny goats presented alterations,of which 101 presented altered consistency, 16 presented elevated temperatures and 60 had enlarged retromammary lymph nodes.There was significant statistic difference (P < 0.05) only when comparing the results of serological tests with MG alterations.Discussion: In general, AGID technique is most frequently used when screening flocks for the disease due to the practicalityand low cost this test presents. However, the results demonstrated that AGID detected the lowest number of positive animals.This low sensitivity that the test presented may be attributed to its antigen-antibody interaction mechanism...(AU)

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Background: Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) is a disease that causes productive losses in dairy goat flocks due to thereduction in milk production, followed by lesions in joints and mammary glands. An early diagnosis is essential, consideringthat there is frequent occurrence of asymptomatic animals. Hence, this study aimed to perform a comparison of immunological and molecular based diagnostic tests, represented by Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID), Western Blot (WB) andnested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR). In addition, the mammary glands (MG) of dairy goats were clinically evaluated.Materials, Methods & Results: Blood collection and clinical examination were performed in 1191 dairy goats of 12 farms locatedin Northeastern and Southeastern regions of Brazil. Serological (AGID, WB) and molecular (nPCR) test results were comparedand the data, along with MG alterations, were analyzed using Epi-info 7 and WinEpiscope 2.0. Seroprevalence in AGID test was41.14% (490/1191). In WB, 51.47% (613/1191) of animals were seropositive and nPCR detected 69.44% (827/1191) positiveanimals. Hence, WB was more sensitive (P < 0.001) than AGID. However, nPCR detected more positive animals than AGID (P< 0.001) and WB (P < 0.001). The analysis of mammary glands revealed that 105 out of 1096 nanny goats presented alterations,of which 101 presented altered consistency, 16 presented elevated temperatures and 60 had enlarged retromammary lymph nodes.There was significant statistic difference (P < 0.05) only when comparing the results of serological tests with MG alterations.Discussion: In general, AGID technique is most frequently used when screening flocks for the disease due to the practicalityand low cost this test presents. However, the results demonstrated that AGID detected the lowest number of positive animals.This low sensitivity that the test presented may be attributed to its antigen-antibody interaction mechanism...

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Background: Contagious agalactia is an infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae (M. agalactiae) that occurs in small ruminants leading to productive and economic losses. Due to the similarity of clinical signs presented in Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE), which is a viral disease, a differential diagnosis is important. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of anti-Mycoplasma agalactiae antibodies in dairy goat flocks in Ceará State and possible correlation with CAE.Materials, Methods & Results: The research was performed in four mesoregions in Ceará State (Metropolitan Region of FortalezaMRF; Northeast Ceará - NeC; North Ceará - NC; Sertões in Ceará - SC), from which 16 productions located in 10 cities with the highest representativeness for goat milk production within the State or mesoregion were sampled. A total of 417 females and 69 males (486 animals) of breeds with dairy production aptitude, pure or crossbreed, maintained in semi-intensive or intensive systems, were tested. Blood serum was obtained by venipuncture of the jugular vein with vacuum pressure syringe followed by centrifugation at 1,500 g for 10min. Antibodies against the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) were detected with micro technique of agarose gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and Western Blot (WB). The anti-Mycoplasma agalactiae antibodies were detected with commercial kit of enzymatic immunoassay (IDEXX Laboratories™). Seroprevalence of M. agalactiae in dairy goat flocks in Ceará State was 0.62% (3/486). From the total of 16 visited productions, 18.75% (3/16) had seropositive animals for M. agalactiae located in MRF, NC and SC mesoregions. CAE was diagnosed in 56.25% (9/16) of productions with AGID and in 81.25% (13/16) with WB. In addition, 5.2% (25/486) of animals were seropositive for CAE with AGID and 16.6% (80/486) with WB.[...]

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Background: Contagious agalactia is an infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae (M. agalactiae) that occurs in small ruminants leading to productive and economic losses. Due to the similarity of clinical signs presented in Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE), which is a viral disease, a differential diagnosis is important. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of anti-Mycoplasma agalactiae antibodies in dairy goat flocks in Ceará State and possible correlation with CAE.Materials, Methods & Results: The research was performed in four mesoregions in Ceará State (Metropolitan Region of FortalezaMRF; Northeast Ceará - NeC; North Ceará - NC; Sertões in Ceará - SC), from which 16 productions located in 10 cities with the highest representativeness for goat milk production within the State or mesoregion were sampled. A total of 417 females and 69 males (486 animals) of breeds with dairy production aptitude, pure or crossbreed, maintained in semi-intensive or intensive systems, were tested. Blood serum was obtained by venipuncture of the jugular vein with vacuum pressure syringe followed by centrifugation at 1,500 g for 10min. Antibodies against the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) were detected with micro technique of agarose gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and Western Blot (WB). The anti-Mycoplasma agalactiae antibodies were detected with commercial kit of enzymatic immunoassay (IDEXX Laboratories™). Seroprevalence of M. agalactiae in dairy goat flocks in Ceará State was 0.62% (3/486). From the total of 16 visited productions, 18.75% (3/16) had seropositive animals for M. agalactiae located in MRF, NC and SC mesoregions. CAE was diagnosed in 56.25% (9/16) of productions with AGID and in 81.25% (13/16) with WB. In addition, 5.2% (25/486) of animals were seropositive for CAE with AGID and 16.6% (80/486) with WB.[...](AU)

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Background: Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus have been detected in sperm of breeding goats causing economic losses. In order to control the virus, researches aiming to identify natural extracts with potential antiviral effects are performed. However, aqueous or ethanolic extracts must be diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which is a substance with unknown effects in sperm quality when present in diluting media. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate sperm viability of refrigerated caprine semen diluted in media containing DMSO. This was performed to provide data that aid in researches involving the use of this component with natural extracts that may inactivate the caprine lentivirus in sperm.Materials, Methods & Results: The experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Seminal Technology in Embrapa Goats and Sheep in the city of Sobral, Brazil. Sperm viability was assessed in caprine semen refrigerated in two dilution media with crescent concentrations of DMSO. Sperm samples of five goats seronegative for the caprine lentivirus were pooled and diluted in minimal essential medium (MEM) enriched with glucose at 0.01 M added of crescent concentrations of DMSO (0%, 1.5%, 1.75%, 2.0%, 2.25% and 2.5%). The same breeders provided the pool of sperm to test Tris added 2.5% of egg yolk and the same concentrations of DMSO previously mentioned. Treatments were refrigerated at 7°C and evaluated up until four h after DMSO addition. Individual progressive motility (MIP), sperm vigor (V), percentage of spermatozoa reactive to hypoosmotic test (HO) and morphologically normal (NOR) were evaluated. IPM, vigor and NOR remained within normal standards for the caprine species in all treatments test. Percentage results of spermatozoa reactive to hypoosmotic was higher in Tris yolk with values ranging between 34.66% to 46.33%. Sperm vigor was positively correlated (r = 0.85) with IPM in the MEM diluted pool of sperm.[...]

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Background: Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus have been detected in sperm of breeding goats causing economic losses. In order to control the virus, researches aiming to identify natural extracts with potential antiviral effects are performed. However, aqueous or ethanolic extracts must be diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which is a substance with unknown effects in sperm quality when present in diluting media. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate sperm viability of refrigerated caprine semen diluted in media containing DMSO. This was performed to provide data that aid in researches involving the use of this component with natural extracts that may inactivate the caprine lentivirus in sperm.Materials, Methods & Results: The experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Seminal Technology in Embrapa Goats and Sheep in the city of Sobral, Brazil. Sperm viability was assessed in caprine semen refrigerated in two dilution media with crescent concentrations of DMSO. Sperm samples of five goats seronegative for the caprine lentivirus were pooled and diluted in minimal essential medium (MEM) enriched with glucose at 0.01 M added of crescent concentrations of DMSO (0%, 1.5%, 1.75%, 2.0%, 2.25% and 2.5%). The same breeders provided the pool of sperm to test Tris added 2.5% of egg yolk and the same concentrations of DMSO previously mentioned. Treatments were refrigerated at 7°C and evaluated up until four h after DMSO addition. Individual progressive motility (MIP), sperm vigor (V), percentage of spermatozoa reactive to hypoosmotic test (HO) and morphologically normal (NOR) were evaluated. IPM, vigor and NOR remained within normal standards for the caprine species in all treatments test. Percentage results of spermatozoa reactive to hypoosmotic was higher in Tris yolk with values ranging between 34.66% to 46.33%. Sperm vigor was positively correlated (r = 0.85) with IPM in the MEM diluted pool of sperm.[...](AU)

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