RESUMO

This study aimed to apply the theory of planned behavior to determine the effects of attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms on the intention of dairy farmers toward high-grain feeding. Quantitative data were collected through interviews with 150 dairy farmers in Paraná, Brazil. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. We observed that farmers with a positive perception of grain feeding (attitude) and a positive perception of their ability to increase the use of grains (perceived behavioral control) had higher intention to increase grain feeding. Social pressure (subjective norm) had no effect on the intention to grain feed. These results can contribute to the development of public strategies and policies that encourage the use of high-grain diets in dairy farms.

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RESUMO

Milk production is an important economic and social activity in Brazil. Failure to meet institutional and market demands for quality and sustainability has led farmers, particularly small-scale farmers, to leave agriculture. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the sustainability of dairy farms in Paraná, Brazil. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 75 dairy farm operators. Sustainability indicators were generated on the basis of economic, environmental and social data using exploratory factor analysis. Factor scores were subjected to hierarchical clustering, which resulted in the formation of three groups of dairy farms. Groups 1, 2 and 3 had high, intermediate and low levels of sustainability, respectively. Group 1 comprised large-scale dairy farms with high productivity. Dairy farms with intermediate sustainability (group 2) had medium production capacity, and farms with low sustainability (group 1) had the smallest production scale and capacity. Large-scale dairy farms have greater economic, environmental and social sustainability and are, therefore, more likely to survive in the medium and long term.

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RESUMO

O trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os efeitos da adição dos níveis de 0, 5, 10, 15, e 20% na matéria natural, de casca de mandioca seca ao sol ou do farelo de varredura de mandioca sobre o valor nutricional da silagem de ponta de cana-de-açúcar. Para tal foram utilizados 36 silos experimentais pesados ao fechamento e após 60 dias de fermentação, antes da abertura para obtenção das perdas gasosas e por efluentes. Foram feitas amostragens para determinação dos valores de pH e composição química. Valores de matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, matéria mineral e nutrientes digestíveis totais foram determinados. Houve diferenças entre as silagens para todas as variáveis, com exceção da proteína bruta, na utilização da casca ou farelo de varredura de mandioca. Os valores de pH e produção de efluentes não foram influenciados pelo uso dos resíduos, já as perdas gasosas foram menores quando foi adicionada a casca de mandioca. Para melhorar a qualidade das silagens de ponta de cana-de-açúcar recomenda-se o uso de casca de mandioca seca ao sol ou de farelo de varredura de mandioca, ao nível de 20% na matéria natural, no ato da ensilagem.

The study aimed to determine the effects of adding levels of 0; 5; 10; 15 and 20% of cassava natural matter, peel dried in the sun or bran scan cassava over the nutritional value of sugarcane tip silage. To reach the proposal, 36 experimental silos were used. They were weighed at closing and after 60 days of fermentation, before opening to obtain the gas and effluent losses. Samples were collected for pH determination and chemical composition. Values of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, mineral matter and total digestible nutrients were determined. There were differences between silages for all variables, except for crude protein when cassava peel or cassava bran scan was used. The pH values and effluent production were not affected by the use of the residues. However, the gas losses were lower when cassava peel was added. To improve the quality of sugar cane tip silage, it is recommended the use of cassava peel dried in the sun or cassava bran scan at the level of 20% in natural matter, upon ensilage.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os efeitos da adição dos níveis de 0, 5, 10, 15, e 20% na matéria natural, de casca de mandioca seca ao sol ou do farelo de varredura de mandioca sobre o valor nutricional da silagem de ponta de cana-de-açúcar. Para tal foram utilizados 36 silos experimentais pesados ao fechamento e após 60 dias de fermentação, antes da abertura para obtenção das perdas gasosas e por efluentes. Foram feitas amostragens para determinação dos valores de pH e composição química. Valores de matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, matéria mineral e nutrientes digestíveis totais foram determinados. Houve diferenças entre as silagens para todas as variáveis, com exceção da proteína bruta, na utilização da casca ou farelo de varredura de mandioca. Os valores de pH e produção de efluentes não foram influenciados pelo uso dos resíduos, já as perdas gasosas foram menores quando foi adicionada a casca de mandioca. Para melhorar a qualidade das silagens de ponta de cana-de-açúcar recomenda-se o uso de casca de mandioca seca ao sol ou de farelo de varredura de mandioca, ao nível de 20% na matéria natural, no ato da ensilagem. (AU)

The study aimed to determine the effects of adding levels of 0; 5; 10; 15 and 20% of cassava natural matter, peel dried in the sun or bran scan cassava over the nutritional value of sugarcane tip silage. To reach the proposal, 36 experimental silos were used. They were weighed at closing and after 60 days of fermentation, before opening to obtain the gas and effluent losses. Samples were collected for pH determination and chemical composition. Values of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, mineral matter and total digestible nutrients were determined. There were differences between silages for all variables, except for crude protein when cassava peel or cassava bran scan was used. The pH values and effluent production were not affected by the use of the residues. However, the gas losses were lower when cassava peel was added. To improve the quality of sugar cane tip silage, it is recommended the use of cassava peel dried in the sun or cassava bran scan at the level of 20% in natural matter, upon ensilage. (AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

This work reports Ga(+) focused ion beam nanopatterning to create amorphous defects with periodic square arrays in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and the use of Raman spectroscopy as a new protocol to test and compare progresses in ion beam optics, for low fluence bombardment or fast writing speed. This can be ultimately used as a metrological tool for comparing different FIB machines and can contribute to Focused Ion Beam (FIB) development in general for tailoring nanostructures with higher precision. In order to do that, the amount of ion at each spot was varied from about 10(6) down to roughly 1 ion per dot. These defects were also analyzed by using high resolution scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The sensitivities of these techniques were compared and a geometrical model is proposed for micro-Raman spectroscopy in which the intensity of the defect induced D band, for a fixed ion dose, is associated with the diameter of the ion beam. In addition, the lateral increase in the bombarded spot due to the cascade effect of the ions on graphite surface was extracted from this model. A semi-quantitative analysis of the distribution of ions at low doses per dot or high writing speed for soft modification of materials is discussed.

RESUMO

Foram avaliados os efeitos de duas fontes de gordura, Lac100® (Yakult), fonte de ácido graxo ômega-6, e linhaça em grão (Linum usitatissimum) (LIN), fonte de ácido graxo ômega-3, sobre a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (DMS), proteína bruta (DPB), fibra em detergente neutro (DFDN), fibra em detergente ácido (DFDA) e extrato etéreo (DEE), e concentrações sanguíneas de HDL, LDL, VLDL, colesterol, triglicerídeos, glicose, cálcio, fósforo, N-ureico e progesterona. Foram utilizadas 10 vacas da raça Holandesa em lactação, distribuídas nos dois tratamentos, em um delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado. Os animais alimentados com Lac100® apresentaram maiores valores de DFDN (57,44 por cento vs. 50,80 por cento) e DEE (77,70 por cento vs. 72,18 por cento) quando comparados aos alimentados com LIN. Os animais alimentados com Lac100® apresentaram maiores concentrações de LDL (111,00 vs. 45,46mg/dL), HDL (82,27 vs. 64,93mg/dL) e colesterol total (203,60 vs. 116,13mg/dL) e menor concentração de N-ureico (13,22 vs. 15,19mg/dL) em relação aos animais alimentados com linhaça em grão. As concentrações sanguíneas de glicose, cálcio, fósforo e progesterona não foram alteradas. Os resultados sugerem que a fonte de gordura na dieta modifica a DFDN e a DEE e, as concentrações sanguíneas de LDL, HDL e colesterol total em vacas em lactação.(AU)

The effect of two sources of fat, calcium salts of soybean oil, Lac100® (Yakult), a source of omega-6 fatty acids or whole flaxseed (Linum usitatissiumum), a source of omega-3 fatty acids were evaluated to determine the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DDM), crude protein (DCP), neutral detergent fiber (DNDF), acid detergent fiber (DADF), and ether extract (DEE); and blood concentrations of HDL, LDL, VLDL, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, N-urea, and progesterone. Ten lactating Holstein cows were allocated in two treatments and a completely randomized design was used. Cows fed Lac100® had higher values of DNDF (57.44 percent vs. 50.80 percent) and DEE (77.70 percent vs. 72.18 percent) compared to those fed flaxseed. Cows fed Lac100® had higher blood concentrations of LDL (111.00 vs. 45.46mg/dL), HDL (82.27 vs. 64.93mg/dL), and total cholesterol (203.60 vs. 116.13mg/dL) and lower N-urea (13.22 vs. 15.19mg/dL) compared to those fed flaxseed. Blood concentrations of glucose, calcium, phosphorus, and progesterone were similar between the treatments. These results suggest that dietary fat modifies DNDF and DEE and blood concentrations of LDL, HDL, VLDL, and total cholesterol in lactating dairy cows.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Foram avaliados os efeitos de duas fontes de gordura, Lac100® (Yakult), fonte de ácido graxo ômega-6, e linhaça em grão (Linum usitatissimum) (LIN), fonte de ácido graxo ômega-3, sobre a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (DMS), proteína bruta (DPB), fibra em detergente neutro (DFDN), fibra em detergente ácido (DFDA) e extrato etéreo (DEE), e concentrações sanguíneas de HDL, LDL, VLDL, colesterol, triglicerídeos, glicose, cálcio, fósforo, N-ureico e progesterona. Foram utilizadas 10 vacas da raça Holandesa em lactação, distribuídas nos dois tratamentos, em um delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado. Os animais alimentados com Lac100® apresentaram maiores valores de DFDN (57,44 por cento vs. 50,80 por cento) e DEE (77,70 por cento vs. 72,18 por cento) quando comparados aos alimentados com LIN. Os animais alimentados com Lac100® apresentaram maiores concentrações de LDL (111,00 vs. 45,46mg/dL), HDL (82,27 vs. 64,93mg/dL) e colesterol total (203,60 vs. 116,13mg/dL) e menor concentração de N-ureico (13,22 vs. 15,19mg/dL) em relação aos animais alimentados com linhaça em grão. As concentrações sanguíneas de glicose, cálcio, fósforo e progesterona não foram alteradas. Os resultados sugerem que a fonte de gordura na dieta modifica a DFDN e a DEE e, as concentrações sanguíneas de LDL, HDL e colesterol total em vacas em lactação.

The effect of two sources of fat, calcium salts of soybean oil, Lac100® (Yakult), a source of omega-6 fatty acids or whole flaxseed (Linum usitatissiumum), a source of omega-3 fatty acids were evaluated to determine the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DDM), crude protein (DCP), neutral detergent fiber (DNDF), acid detergent fiber (DADF), and ether extract (DEE); and blood concentrations of HDL, LDL, VLDL, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, N-urea, and progesterone. Ten lactating Holstein cows were allocated in two treatments and a completely randomized design was used. Cows fed Lac100® had higher values of DNDF (57.44 percent vs. 50.80 percent) and DEE (77.70 percent vs. 72.18 percent) compared to those fed flaxseed. Cows fed Lac100® had higher blood concentrations of LDL (111.00 vs. 45.46mg/dL), HDL (82.27 vs. 64.93mg/dL), and total cholesterol (203.60 vs. 116.13mg/dL) and lower N-urea (13.22 vs. 15.19mg/dL) compared to those fed flaxseed. Blood concentrations of glucose, calcium, phosphorus, and progesterone were similar between the treatments. These results suggest that dietary fat modifies DNDF and DEE and blood concentrations of LDL, HDL, VLDL, and total cholesterol in lactating dairy cows.

RESUMO

Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição da pastagem pela silagem de rama de mandioca (SRM) sobre a produção e constituintes do leite e sobre a qualidade da gordura do leite de vacas da raça Holandesa. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi um duplo quadrado latino 4x4, e para o fator níveis de suplementação, foi usado regressão. A dieta-controle foi 50 por cento concentrado e 50 por cento volumoso, e as proporções de substituição do volumoso foram 0, 20, 40 e 60 por cento com base na matéria seca. Todas as dietas eram isoprotéicas. Foram analisados: produção de leite (PL), PL corrigida a 4 por cento (PLC), acidez, gordura ( por cento), densidade, proteína, lactose, sólidos totais, contagem de células somáticas (CCS), ureia e perfil dos ácidos graxos da gordura do leite. Houve efeito linear decrescente da substituição do volumoso pela SRM sobre a PL, PLC e ureia no leite, e efeito (P<0,05) linear crescente sobre a concentração de ácido gama linolênico e ácido palmítico. A acidez, densidade, proteína, gordura, lactose, sólidos totais, CCS e demais ácidos graxos da gordura do leite permaneceram inalterados com a incorporação da SRM na dieta.(AU)

The effect of a partial substitution of pasture for cassava foliage silage (CFS) on milk production and composition on fat quality of Holstein cow milk was studied using a replicated 4 X 4 Latin square design with four treatments. Regression was used for the comparison of nutrition levels. The control diet contained 50 percent pasture and 50 percent concentrate on a dry matter basis. The substitution levels of pasture for CFS were 0, 20, 40, or 60 percent of the forage dry matter. All diets were isonitrogenous. The analyzed parameters were: milk production (MP); 4 percent fat-corrected milk production (FCM); acidity; density; concentrations of fat, protein, lactose, urea, and total solids; somatic cell counts (SCC), and milk fatty acids profile. There was a linear decrease effect (P<0.05) in MP, FCM, and urea content with increasing levels of CFS in the diet. Concentrations of gamma linolenic and palmitic acids in milk fat linearly increased (P<0.05) with higher proportions of CFS in the diet. Other contents of milk fatty acids remained similar among treatments as well as acidity; density; concentrations of protein, fat, lactose, and total solids; and SCC.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição da pastagem pela silagem de rama de mandioca (SRM) sobre a produção e constituintes do leite e sobre a qualidade da gordura do leite de vacas da raça Holandesa. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi um duplo quadrado latino 4x4, e para o fator níveis de suplementação, foi usado regressão. A dieta-controle foi 50 por cento concentrado e 50 por cento volumoso, e as proporções de substituição do volumoso foram 0, 20, 40 e 60 por cento com base na matéria seca. Todas as dietas eram isoprotéicas. Foram analisados: produção de leite (PL), PL corrigida a 4 por cento (PLC), acidez, gordura ( por cento), densidade, proteína, lactose, sólidos totais, contagem de células somáticas (CCS), ureia e perfil dos ácidos graxos da gordura do leite. Houve efeito linear decrescente da substituição do volumoso pela SRM sobre a PL, PLC e ureia no leite, e efeito (P<0,05) linear crescente sobre a concentração de ácido gama linolênico e ácido palmítico. A acidez, densidade, proteína, gordura, lactose, sólidos totais, CCS e demais ácidos graxos da gordura do leite permaneceram inalterados com a incorporação da SRM na dieta.

The effect of a partial substitution of pasture for cassava foliage silage (CFS) on milk production and composition on fat quality of Holstein cow milk was studied using a replicated 4 X 4 Latin square design with four treatments. Regression was used for the comparison of nutrition levels. The control diet contained 50 percent pasture and 50 percent concentrate on a dry matter basis. The substitution levels of pasture for CFS were 0, 20, 40, or 60 percent of the forage dry matter. All diets were isonitrogenous. The analyzed parameters were: milk production (MP); 4 percent fat-corrected milk production (FCM); acidity; density; concentrations of fat, protein, lactose, urea, and total solids; somatic cell counts (SCC), and milk fatty acids profile. There was a linear decrease effect (P<0.05) in MP, FCM, and urea content with increasing levels of CFS in the diet. Concentrations of gamma linolenic and palmitic acids in milk fat linearly increased (P<0.05) with higher proportions of CFS in the diet. Other contents of milk fatty acids remained similar among treatments as well as acidity; density; concentrations of protein, fat, lactose, and total solids; and SCC.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Utilizaram-se nove cabras da raça Saanen, para estudar o efeito de dietas compostas por três diferentes fontes de volumosos, feno de alfafa, silagem de milho e feno de aveia, sobre a ingestão de matéria seca, produção e composição do leite e sobre os constituintes sangüíneos, glicose e uréia plasmáticas, em triplo quadrado latino 3x3. Os consumos de matéria seca e proteína bruta dos animais alimentados com feno de alfafa foram mais altos que os à base de silagem de milho (P<0,05), e os que receberam feno de aveia consumiram mais constituintes da parede celular que os demais (P<0,05). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) das dietas sobre a produção diária de leite (kg/dia), sobre os teores ( por cento) de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais e sobre a contagem de células somáticas (cels/mlx1000). Os animais que consumiram feno de alfafa produziram maiores quantidades (P<0,05) de proteína, gordura e lactose comparados àqueles que receberam dietas com silagem de milho. Não houve efeito das dietas sobre a concentração de glicose plasmática (P>0,05). Os resultados indicaram que a fonte de volumoso, em rações isoenergéticas e isoproteicas, afeta o desempenho dos animais pela alteração no consumo de MS e PB e produção dos constituintes do leite (kg/dia).(AU)

Nine Saanen dairy goats, consuming diets composed of three different sources of roughage (alfalfa hay, corn silage, and oat hay) were used to study the effect of those diets on the ingestion of dry matter (DM), on milk production, milk composition, and plasmatic glucose and urea levels. The experimental design was a triple latin square 3x3. The intakes of DM and crude protein by the animals fed on alfalfa hay were higher than those fed ration based on corn silage (P<0.05), while those receiving oat hay presented a higher intake of the cellular wall compared to the others (P<0.05). There was no percentual effect (P>0.05) of the diets on the daily milk production and on the fat, protein, lactose, and total solids contents, and on the somatic cells count (SCC), but those cows that received diets with alfalfa hay produced higher amounts (g/day) (P<0.05) of protein, fat, and lactose than those that received diets with corn silage. There was no effect of the diets on the concentration of plasmatic glucose (P>0.05). It can be concluded that the forage sources affect the animal performance from changes in both DM and CP intakes and production of milk components (kg/day).(AU)

Assuntos