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1.
Vet Res Commun ; 2024 Jul 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39023847

RESUMO

Choloepus didactylus (two-toed sloth) is a Xenarthran mammal whose morphology has so far been little studied. Given the increasing number of sloths requiring clinical and surgical interventions, this lack of clarity regarding anatomical features and landmarks has had a negative impact on veterinary decision-making for this species. We therefore sought to describe the topography of the medullary cone (MC) of Choloepus didactylus in order to provide guidance to qualified professionals on the ideal access for locoregional anesthesia. In evaluating four specimens, radiographs and dissections revealed that Choloepus didactylus has three lumbar vertebrae and five sacral vertebrae. The lumbar intumescence is located between T14 and the cranial half of L2, the medullary cone is located between the caudal half of L2 and L3, with an average length of 2.26 cm, and the cauda equina extends from S1 to S5. Based on these anatomical findings, we propose that the lumbosacral region would be the most suitable target for epidural anesthesia in Choloepus didactylus.

2.
Vet Res Commun ; 2024 Jul 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38954255

RESUMO

Due to events related to the urbanization process, specimens of Saimiri collinsi are often referred to veterinarians specializing in the treatment of wild animals. With these professionals and the oral health of this species in mind, we evaluated the skull and the exact location of the infraorbital, mentual and mandibular foramens, with the aim of supporting the anesthetic block for dental procedures in Saimiri collinsi. The infraorbital foramen was located in the maxillary bone and was arranged with one on each side, except in one individual, with a pair in each antimer. The mentual foramen was located in the diastema between the canine tooth and the lateral incisor. The mandibular foramen was located medially on the ramus of the mandible, close to the mandibular incisure. The distances between the foramina and the main reference points, were greater in females than in males (p < 0.05). For access purposes, in the foramens investigated we suggest using a Gingival Needle 30G 21 mm Short, positioned externally at 15º to the maxillary bone to access the infraorbital foramen. Externally, perpendicular to the chin, in the diastema between the lower lateral incisor tooth and the canine tooth, to approach the mentual foramen, and ventral to the edge of the mandibular body, at a 90º angle, to access the mandibular foramen.

3.
Microsc Res Tech ; 2024 Jun 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38934119

RESUMO

The species Cuniculus paca is highly subject to predation, whether natural or anthropogenic, and the ability of species to withstand different levels of depredation depends directly on their reproductive dynamics. However, there is little literature on the developmental biology of this species, and so the aim of this paper was to describe the fetal development of the urinary tract of C. paca through morphological analysis. Twelve specimens with estimated gestational ages of between 75 and 157 days were used, divided into 3 groups. We found the urinary tract in pelvic-abdominal topography with macroscopic differentiation between the organs already present in the first ages studied; in addition, the microscopic structural pattern changed little between the groups. This evidence reinforces the precocial development of these individuals. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: With the results obtained for development of urinary tract in Cuniculus paca reinforces the precocial development of these individuals. The urinary tract had pelvic-abdominal topography with macroscopic differentiation between the organs already present in the first ages studied. The microscopic structural pattern changed little between the groups. At all analyzed fetal ages, the cortical region of kidney was characterized by the presence of glomeruli arranged throughout the region, formed by capillary plexuses surrounded by a glomerular capsule. In addition, the cortical region also presented convoluted tubules with cubic epithelial tissue cells and a brush border. The presence of a developed macula densa was observed next to the glomeruli, suggesting the initial formation of the fetal juxtaglomerular apparatus.

4.
Anat Histol Embryol ; 53(2): e13028, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38425156

RESUMO

A local anaesthetic block performed in cranial and mandibular foramina contributes towards analgesia and the reduction of systemic anaesthesia in procedures in the oral cavity. However, anatomical differences between in wild animals may require adaptations to the anaesthetic and surgical manoeuvres of the head used in domestic animals. With that in mind, we aimed to describe the topography and morphometry of the infraorbital and mandibular foramina in Bradypus variegatus, to support perineural anaesthetic approaches in the cranio-mandibular region of this species. We demonstrated that in B. variegatus there is no significant variability in the morphometric data, allowing access to the studied foramina to occur in a similar way in adult individuals. Finally, we understand that the techniques for the infraorbital and mandibular foramen needed to be adapted due to the anatomical singularities of the species, which culminated in new reference points for more assertive needle positioning.


Assuntos
Anestésicos , Bloqueio Nervoso , Bichos-Preguiça , Humanos , Animais , Crânio , Bloqueio Nervoso/veterinária , Boca
5.
Anat Histol Embryol ; 52(6): 956-966, 2023 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37605845

RESUMO

Thirteen black agouti (Dasyprocta fuliginosa) male fetuses, acquired in two areas of the Amazon Forest, were used for the purpose of morphologically describing the fetal male urogenital organs with a focus on addressing histological and macroscopic aspects. The organs of interest were dissected and photographed in situ and ex situ. Fragments were collected and subjected to routine histological processing for inclusion in paraffin, which was cut and stained by haematoxylin and eosin and Gomori's Trichrome methods and subsequently analysed in a light microscope. The results showed that the urinary tract is like that of domestic animals and is composed of smooth unilobed kidneys covered by a dense capsule of connective tissue and divided into two well-defined regions, cortical and medullary. Ureters, urethra and urinary bladder also showed macroscopic and microscopic characteristics similar to those of domestic animals. The penis of these animals has fibroelastic characteristics, with numerous keratinized structures at its apex. In the middle third of the penis, a "U" shaped penile flexure was seen; the glans penis is covered by a keratinized epidermis containing horny spicules. The presence of a penile bone in an endochondral ossification process was observed, being more developed in gestational ages greater than 76 days. The annex glands were not observed, probably because they were fetuses; only the ampulla of the ductus deferens was identified.


Assuntos
Cuniculidae , Dasyproctidae , Masculino , Animais , Diferenciação Sexual , Pênis/anatomia & histologia , Uretra , Ducto Deferente
6.
Anat Histol Embryol ; 51(3): 400-410, 2022 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35285538

RESUMO

Paw pads are specializations of the integument and important shock absorbers of the locomotor system, as well as pressure, pain, temperature, storage and excretion sensors. Aiming to describe the paw pad morphology of the main arboreal xenarthras species in the Amazon, 16 animals were studied, Bradypus variegatus (6), Choloepus didactylus (5), Tamandua tetradactyla (3) and Cyclopes didactylus (2) that after death were donated to the Animal Morphological Research Laboratory (LaPMA / Ufra). The corpses were thawed and fixed with 10% aqueous formalin solution. The paw pads were measured, photographed and removed by skin incision dorsally to them. Fragments were used for routine histological processing, using two staining techniques: Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Gomori's Trichrome, in sections of 6 to 8 µm. Choloepus didactylus, Tamandua tetradactyla and Cyclopes didactylus have digital paw pads, one in each digit, and one palm, as well as a plantar, whose shapes and colours are distinct from each other. Bradypus variegatus, however, has only one palmar and one plantar pad. Histologically, they have keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, supported by a large amount of collagen fibres and fibroblast cords in the dermis and hypodermis. Groups of eccrine sweat glands were observed in the reticular dermis of C. didactylus, B. variegatus, T. tetradactyla and only in the hypodermis of Cyclopes didactylus.


Assuntos
Bichos-Preguiça , Árvores , Animais , Extremidades , Pele/anatomia & histologia
7.
Rev. Fac. Med. (Bogotá) ; 68(1): 107-116, Jan.-Mar. 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1125614

RESUMO

Abstract Introduction: Serological tests are used to confirm Trypanosoma cruzi infection and their discriminatory accuracy depends on the established decision threshold. Both, the standard methodology and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve methodology allow obtaining such threshold. Objective: To compare the discriminatory accuracy of the standard methodology and the ROC curve methodology regarding serological tests for confirming T. cruzi infection. Materials and methods: A set of anti-T. cruzi antibodies values from subjects previously classified as healthy or as having Chagas disease were used, and computer simulations were performed under homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity conditions. Sensitivity, specificity, 100% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and perfect-decision were calculated. Results: The discriminatory accuracy obtained with the standard methodology favored specificity (98.22% to 99.56%) over sensitivity (67.25% to 87.14%), while in the ROC curve methodology a balance between sensitivity (94.56% and 96.44%) and specificity (90.35% and 92.11%) was observed. Also, in the ROC curve methodology a greater perfect-decision ratio was observed, which, under homoscedasticity conditions, was >90%. Decisions thresholds were affected by het-eroscedasticity conditions. Conclusion: The ROC curve methodology showed better discriminatory accuracy, therefore its use for calculating decision thresholds in serological tests for detecting Chagas disease is recommended.


Resumen Introducción. Las pruebas serológicas se utilizan para detectar infección por Trypanosoma cruzi y su precisión discriminatoria depende del umbral de decisión establecido. La metodología estándar y la de curva característica operativa del receptor (COR) permiten obtener tal umbral. Objetivo. Comparar la precisión discriminatoria de la metodología estándar y la metodología de curva COR en lo que respecta a pruebas serológicas para detectar infección por T. cruzi. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó un conjunto de valores de anticuerpos contra T. cruzi de individuos clasificados como chagásicos o sanos y se realizaron simulaciones computarizadas en condiciones homocedásticas y heterocedásticas. Se calculó sensibilidad, especificidad, sensibilidad = 100%, especificidad = 100% y decisión-perfecta. Resultados. La precisión discriminatoria de la metodología estándar favoreció la especificidad (98.22% a 99.56%) sobre la sensibilidad (67.25% a 87.14%), mientras que la de la curva COR mostró un equilibrio entre sensibilidad (94.56% y 96.44%) y especificidad (90.35% y 92.11%). Esta última metodología también evidenció una mayor proporción de decisión-perfecta, la cual llegó a ser >90% en condiciones de homocedasticidad. Los umbrales de decisión fueron afectados por las condiciones de heterocedasticidad. Conclusión. La metodología de la curva COR mostró una mejor precisión discriminatoria, por lo que se recomienda su uso para el cálculo de umbrales de decisión en pruebas serológicas para la enfermedad de Chagas.

8.
Anat Histol Embryol ; 49(3): 351-358, 2020 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32004395

RESUMO

The tayra (Eira barbara) is a mammal belonging to the Mustelidae family that occurs in all Brazilian biomes. The present work aimed to describe the morphology of the tongue of these specimens highlighting their structures and particularities that will serve as a subsidy to elucidate the anatomy of the same and for comparative studies among other species of domestic and wild animals. Five adult male specimens of E. barbara were studied, which were fixed using 10% aqueous formaldehyde solution. The tongue was removed by opening the oral cavity and separating the maxillary/mandible bone complex. Being in possession of the material, photodocumentations and collection of the fragments were made for the proper preparation of histological slides and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The lingual papillae found in tayra were mechanical: filiform and conical; and gustative: fungiform and circumvallated. Histologically, the papillae are constituted by keratinized stratified epithelium and in the innermost region, it was composed of tissue connective dense unshaped followed by a layer of muscle bundles of skeletal striated. In the region of the root of the tongue of E. barbara, there were a set of small mixed salivary glands (serous and mucous) and the punctual presence of gustatory corpuscles at the level of epithelium. The morphological description of the E. barbara tongue revealed similarity to that described in literature for other domestic and wild mammals. However, the particularity of the absence of foliate papilla and the quantitative of four papillae circumvallate in the region of the root of the tongue of this species.


Assuntos
Mustelidae , Papilas Gustativas/ultraestrutura , Língua , Animais , Animais Selvagens/anatomia & histologia , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura/veterinária , Mustelidae/anatomia & histologia , Papilas Gustativas/citologia , Língua/anatomia & histologia , Língua/citologia , Língua/ultraestrutura
9.
Anat Histol Embryol ; 48(5): 421-428, 2019 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31259433

RESUMO

The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) is a Felidae of wide geographical distribution and food flexibility; therefore, it is essential to understand the morphology of the species. Thus, we aimed to describe its lingual morphology in order to gain information regarding the anatomy of this carnivore's digestive system. The tongues ​​were removed for ex situ macroscopic and morphometric analyses, as well as for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, of fragments of the different lingual regions. The tongue of L. pardalis had an elongated form that was subdivided into the apex, body and root, in which four papillary types were observed: filiform, fungiform, circumvallate and conical. It presented with a stratified, keratinized squamous epithelium, followed by loose and dense connective tissues, as well as a skeletal striated musculature that comprised most of the organ. In addition, in scanning electron microscopy the filiform papillae showed a complex with multiple layers of keratin with triangular shape projected caudally in oral cavity. The fungiform papillae were distributed among the filiform and showed a rounded shape with some gustatory pores, and are keratinized but in a lower intensity if compared with filiform. The vallate papillae, located in lingual root, showed an oval format, had a deep groove surrounded the papillae and some gustatory pores. The conical papillae are located in lingual root and are similar to the filiform. The tongue of L. pardalis resembles other carnivorous species, mainly among felids. However, it differed in relation to the quantity of vallate papillae and the absence of foliate papillae.


Assuntos
Felidae , Papilas Gustativas/anatomia & histologia , Língua/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Felidae/anatomia & histologia , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura
10.
Heliyon ; 5(6): e01857, 2019 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31198874

RESUMO

Researchers have used dogs with neurological sequelae caused by distemper as an experimental model for multiple sclerosis, owing to the similarities of the neuropathological changes between distemper virus-induced demyelinating leukoencephalitis and multiple sclerosis in humans. However, little is known about the role of mesenchymal stem cells in treating such clinical conditions. Therefore, we investigated the use of mesenchymal stem cells in four dogs with neurological lesions caused by the distemper virus. During the first year after cellular therapy, the animals did not demonstrate significant changes in their locomotive abilities. However, the intense (Grade V) myoclonus in three animals was reduced to a moderate (Grade IV) level. At one year after the mesenchymal stem cell infusions, three animals regained functional ambulation (Grade I), and all four dogs started to move independently (Grades I and II). In two animals, the myoclonic severity had become mild (Grade III). It was concluded that the use of mesenchymal stem cells could improve the quality of life of dogs with neurological sequelae caused by canine distemper, thus presenting hope for similar positive results in human patients with multiple sclerosis.

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