RESUMO
Desmodus rotundus is one of the hematophagous bat species that are responsible for significant losses to livestock and has important involvement on public health. The great interest on this bat species made it becomes the target of many investigations a required its maintenance in laboratories. Similarly to others mammals, hematological evaluation has been utilized to assess the health and morbidity state of bats, however there are scarce studies with captive bats. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that is possible to feed the vampire bat D. rotundus with frozen blood treated with citrate during a long captivity period without hematological dyscrasias. Therefore, complete blood count was performed monthly from 15 adult females kept for 345 days in cages and fed with frozen blood added to citrate.The erythrocyte concentration (9.02 ± 1.43 x1012/L), PCV (0.47 ± 0.08 L/L) and hemoglobin (163.9 ± 31.5 g/L) obtained from free-living bats (immediately after capture) were lower or similar to those obtained after 345 days of captivity, presenting erythrocytes count of 11.01 ± 0.82 x1012/L, packed cell volume of 0.50 ± 0.05 L/L and hemoglobin level of 158 ± 10.1 g/L. The total white blood cell (11.09 ± 6.07 x109/L) and segmented neutrophil counts (9.85 ± 3.5 x109/L) of free living D. rotundus decreased significantly after 345 days of captivity, with values of 3.9
Desmodus rotundus é a espécie de quiróptero hematófago responsável por significativos prejuízos à pecuária e à saúde pública. O grande interesse sobre esta espécie tornou-a alvo de muitas investigações que exigem sua manutenção em laboratórios. Assim como em outros mamíferos, a avaliação hematológica tem sido utilizada para avaliar o estado de higidez e de morbidade dos quirópteros, porém são escassos os estudos com quirópteros mantidos em cativeiro. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a hipótese de que é possível alimentar morcegos hematófagos D. rotundus com sangue citratado congelado por longo período em cativeiro sem que ocorra discrasias hematológicas. Para tal, realizou-se mensalmente o hemograma completo de 15 fêmeas adultas mantidas por 345 dias em gaiolas e alimentadas com sangue total citratado congelado. A concentração de eritrócitos (9,02 ± 1,43 x1012/L), volume globular (0,47 ± 0,08 L/L) e hemoglobina (163,9 ± 31,5 g/L) obtidos dos morcegos de vida livre (logo após a captura) foram menores ou similares aos dos obtidos após 345 de cativeiro, com valores de hemácias 11,01 ± 0,82 x1012/L, VG de 0,50 ± 0,05 L/L e hemoglobina de 158 ± 10,1 g/L. A contagem total de leucócitos (11,09 ± 6,07 x109/L) e segmentados (9,85 ± 3,5 x109/L) de D. rotundus de vida livre baixaram significativamente após 345 dias de cativeiro, chegando a valores de 3,98 ± 1,98 e 1,87 ± 97
RESUMO
Desmodus rotundus is one of the hematophagous bat species that are responsible for significant losses to livestock and has important involvement on public health. The great interest on this bat species made it becomes the target of many investigations a required its maintenance in laboratories. Similarly to others mammals, hematological evaluation has been utilized to assess the health and morbidity state of bats, however there are scarce studies with captive bats. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that is possible to feed the vampire bat D. rotundus with frozen blood treated with citrate during a long captivity period without hematological dyscrasias. Therefore, complete blood count was performed monthly from 15 adult females kept for 345 days in cages and fed with frozen blood added to citrate.The erythrocyte concentration (9.02 ± 1.43 x1012/L), PCV (0.47 ± 0.08 L/L) and hemoglobin (163.9 ± 31.5 g/L) obtained from free-living bats (immediately after capture) were lower or similar to those obtained after 345 days of captivity, presenting erythrocytes count of 11.01 ± 0.82 x1012/L, packed cell volume of 0.50 ± 0.05 L/L and hemoglobin level of 158 ± 10.1 g/L. The total white blood cell (11.09 ± 6.07 x109/L) and segmented neutrophil counts (9.85 ± 3.5 x109/L) of free living D. rotundus decreased significantly after 345 days of captivity, with values of 3.9
Desmodus rotundus é a espécie de quiróptero hematófago responsável por significativos prejuízos à pecuária e à saúde pública. O grande interesse sobre esta espécie tornou-a alvo de muitas investigações que exigem sua manutenção em laboratórios. Assim como em outros mamíferos, a avaliação hematológica tem sido utilizada para avaliar o estado de higidez e de morbidade dos quirópteros, porém são escassos os estudos com quirópteros mantidos em cativeiro. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a hipótese de que é possível alimentar morcegos hematófagos D. rotundus com sangue citratado congelado por longo período em cativeiro sem que ocorra discrasias hematológicas. Para tal, realizou-se mensalmente o hemograma completo de 15 fêmeas adultas mantidas por 345 dias em gaiolas e alimentadas com sangue total citratado congelado. A concentração de eritrócitos (9,02 ± 1,43 x1012/L), volume globular (0,47 ± 0,08 L/L) e hemoglobina (163,9 ± 31,5 g/L) obtidos dos morcegos de vida livre (logo após a captura) foram menores ou similares aos dos obtidos após 345 de cativeiro, com valores de hemácias 11,01 ± 0,82 x1012/L, VG de 0,50 ± 0,05 L/L e hemoglobina de 158 ± 10,1 g/L. A contagem total de leucócitos (11,09 ± 6,07 x109/L) e segmentados (9,85 ± 3,5 x109/L) de D. rotundus de vida livre baixaram significativamente após 345 dias de cativeiro, chegando a valores de 3,98 ± 1,98 e 1,87 ± 97
RESUMO
During the past two decades a close relationship between the energy state of the cell and glutamate neurotoxicity has been suggested. We have previously shown that increasing the extracellular concentration of glutamate does not cause neuronal death unless a deficit in energy metabolism occurs. The mechanisms of glutamate-induced neuronal death have been extensively studied in vitro and it has been associated with a rapid and severe decrease in ATP levels, accompanied with mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study we aimed to investigate the time course of the changes in energy metabolites during glutamate-induced neuronal death, in the presence of a moderate inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism in the rat striatum in vivo. We also aimed to study whether or not, as reported in vitro, changes in ATP levels are related to the extension of neuronal death. Results show that glutamate-induced lesions are exacerbated when rats are previously treated with a subtoxic dose of the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). However, changes in nucleotide levels were similar in rats injected with glutamate alone and in rats injected with glutamate and previously treated with 3-NP. In spite of the presence of an extensive striatal lesion, nucleotide levels were recovered in 3-NP-treated rats 24 h after glutamate injection. Results show that 3-NP pre-treatment induced an imbalance in nucleotide levels that predisposed cells to glutamate toxicity; however it did not influence the bioenergetic changes induced by glutamate alone. Enhancement of glutamate neurotoxicity in 3-NP pre-treated rats is more related to a sustained nucleotide imbalance than just to a rapid decrease in ATP levels.
Assuntos
Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Glutâmico/farmacologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurotoxinas/farmacologia , Nitrocompostos/farmacologia , Propionatos/farmacologia , Análise de Variância , Animais , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/citologia , Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Proteína Glial Fibrilar Ácida/metabolismo , Ácido Láctico , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Succinato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Impairment of glutamate uptake or the reverse action of its transporters has been suggested as the mechanism responsible for the increased glutamate extracellular levels associated with ischemic neuronal damage. In previous studies we have shown that glutamate uptake inhibition by L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (PDC) in the rat striatum and hippocampus in vivo does not induce neuronal death despite the notable increase in the extracellular levels of glutamate and aspartate. However, PDC intracerebral administration leads to neuronal death in rats chronically injected with the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). In the present study we have determined the time course of inhibition of SDH activity in the striatum of rats acutely injected with a single dose of 3-NP (20 mg/kg), and studied its relation to PDC neurotoxicity. PDC induced larger lesions when administered during maximum inhibition of SDH activity while smaller lesions were found when it was injected during recovery of enzyme activity. We also studied the neuroprotective effect of different energy substrates such as creatine, pyruvate, and the ketone bodies beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate in this experimental model. Our results show partial protection with all compounds except for beta-hydroxybutyrate that showed no protection, while MK-801 completely prevented PDC-induced neuronal damage. We believe that the present results might be of relevance for the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for ischemic neuronal death and its prevention.
Assuntos
Sistema X-AG de Transporte de Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/enzimologia , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Degeneração Neural/enzimologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Neurotoxinas/farmacologia , Succinato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/farmacologia , Acetoacetatos/farmacologia , Sistema X-AG de Transporte de Aminoácidos/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Isquemia Encefálica/fisiopatologia , Convulsivantes/farmacologia , Creatina/farmacologia , Ácidos Dicarboxílicos/farmacologia , Interações Medicamentosas/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Masculino , Neostriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Neostriado/enzimologia , Neostriado/fisiopatologia , Degeneração Neural/fisiopatologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/enzimologia , Inibidores da Captação de Neurotransmissores/farmacologia , Nitrocompostos , Propionatos/farmacologia , Pirrolidinas/farmacologia , Ácido Pirúvico/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Succinato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
AIM: To assess the diagnostic value of the combination of computed tomography and angiography in patients with blunt thoracic trauma and suspicion of aortic injury. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of six patients, aged 22 to 72 years old, with traumatic thoracic aorta injury secondary to severe trauma, specially car accidents, seen between 1985 and 1994. RESULTS: An early diagnosis was done in three patients. One patient, in whom diagnosis was delayed, died before surgery. In three cases, CAT scan showed indirect evidence of aortic rupture, consisting in alterations of aortic outline. In other three patients, it showed hemomediastinum, associated to a left hemothorax in one case. Angiography confirmed the diagnosis, localized and characterized the injury in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: The delay in the diagnosis of aortic injury may be fatal. The combination of CAT scan and angiography has a high sensitivity and specificity to localize and characterize lesions of the aorta or its branches or associated organs, essential step for surgical planning. CAT scan restricts the use of angiography, avoiding false negative studies, but cannot be used as the sole diagnostic procedure.
Assuntos
Aorta Torácica/diagnóstico por imagem , Aorta Torácica/lesões , Adulto , Idoso , Algoritmos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Ultrasound is a sensible and specific method for the diagnosis, study of natural course and follow up of medical treatment of gallstones. Thus it is important to specify the concordance between echographic and pathological findings of the gallbladder. Ninety one patients were subjected to an ultrasound gallbladder examination immediately before elective surgery and the excised organ was pathologically examined right after the operation. The number and size of stones, the diameters and wall thickness of the gallbladder and the presence of polyps and septa were compared with both methods. The correlation was fair for the number or size of the stones considered separately; however the correct diagnosis of both parameters was obtained in only a third of the cases. Diameters of the gallbladder were underestimated by ultrasound; wall thickness measurement showed a very good correlation with both methods. No correlation was found for polyps or septa. Although ultrasound is excellent for the diagnosis of gallstones, its precision, is insufficient to determine the exact number and size of the stones.
Assuntos
Colelitíase/diagnóstico por imagem , Colelitíase/patologia , Vesícula Biliar/diagnóstico por imagem , Vesícula Biliar/patologia , Humanos , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Computed tomography (CT) allows the performance of fine needle aspiration biopsies in situations in which ultrasound or conventional X rays do not correctly visualize the lesion or the needle tract. One hundred four patients with a clinical suspicion of neoplasia were subjected to CT guided percutaneous aspiration biopsies in a lapse of 6 years. The most frequently biopsied organs were the lung (39.5%), liver and gallbladder (20.2%) and pancreas (15.4%). Forty nine percent of procedures were performed in the thorax and 51% in the abdomen. Of 51 patients with suspicion of thoracic cancer, there was only one false negative and no false positive results, with an overall accuracy of 98%. For abdominal procedures, there were no false positive results, although there were 6 false negative results, specially for pancreatic or retroperitoneal lesions. Overall accuracy for abdominal procedures was 88%. It is concluded that CT guided fine needle biopsy is a safe and accurate method for the diagnosis of thoracic and abdominal lesions.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Abdominais/diagnóstico , Biópsia por Agulha/métodos , Neoplasias Torácicas/diagnóstico , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos TestesRESUMO
Intravesical administration of BCG may be used as an ancillary immunotherapy after endoscopic resection for cancer of the bladder. Local side effects are usually mild. Here is reported a patient who developed miliary tuberculosis after this form of therapy. Radiologic studies of the thorax and liver biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. The patient recovered after treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs (TA-81 scheme). Epithelial trauma may be invoked as an alteration facilitating this complication. Although it develops infrequently, patients with bladder cancer treated with BCG must be monitored for this complication.