RESUMO

We evaluated the clinical aspects and feeding behavior of cattle with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) caused by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Ten healthy Nelore heifers were subjected to an adjusted SARA induction protocol using citrus pulp (CP). Clinical examinations were performed at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 h intervals after induction, with ruminal fluid, blood, and feces sampling. The animals' feeding behavior was evaluated on, before, and for 3 days after SARA by observing the animals every 5 min for 24 h. The dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily. The ruminal pH during SARA was always lower than baseline, with an acidotic duration of 547 ± 215 min, a minimum pH of 5.38 ± 0.16, and an average pH of 5.62 ± 0.1. SARA was mainly caused by SCFAs (maximum 118.4 ± 9.3 mmol/L), with the production of l-lactic acids (7.17 mmol/L) and d-lactic acids (0.56 mmol/L) 6 h after the experiment began. The DMI was reduced by 66% and 48% on days 1 and 2, respectively, and returned to normal levels on day 3. SARA caused a reduction in feed intake and rumination time, as well as an increase in the time spent in decubitus on days 1 and 2. These results were influenced by the ruminal pH, ruminal movement, and osmolarity. Furthermore, SARA caused different degrees of depression, which became more pronounced with higher ruminal lactic acid concentrations.

RESUMO

This study aimed to characterize oligofructose-induced laminitis in zebu cattle and comparatively evaluate four different diagnostic methods for laminitis. A total of 29 rumen-cannulated Nelore heifers, weighing 474.5 ± 58.5 kg were used. Laminitis was experimentally induced by intraruminal administration of 0.765 g/kg oligofructose twice daily for three consecutive days, followed by a single dose of 10.71 g/kg oligofructose on the fourth day. The animals were evaluated before administration of the highest dose of oligofructose (basal) and every six hours for up to 24 hours (6, 12, 18, 24 hours) and thereafter, every 12 hours for up to 72 hours (36, 48, 60, 72 hours) post-induction. The following diagnostic methods were used: hoof pain sensitivity test (hoof-testing), locomotion scoring, hoof infrared thermography, and force platform. Diagnosis of laminitis was confirmed after two positive responses to hoof pressure testing. Using a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve, we defined the appropriate cut-off for infrared thermography and force plate as 30 °C and < 24%, respectively. From the 29 heifers, 27 developed laminitis (93.1%) which occurred between 24 h to 72 h in the digits from two limbs, with more frequent sensitivity in the lateral digits. Locomotion analysis detected twenty-eight heifers with laminitis and showed that a greater (P = 0.006) number of animals had lameness in two limbs (n = 13; 56%). Using hoof-testing as gold standard for the diagnosis of laminitis the locomotion score displayed 100% sensitivity, 97% specificity and 98% accuracy; infrared thermography showed 96% sensitivity, 63% specificity, and 75% accuracy whilst force plate had 76% sensitivity, 82% specificity and 79% accuracy. This suggests that, for the diagnosis of laminitis in cattle, pain evaluation is more efficient. Considering the difficult to evaluate pain sensitivity in Nelore animals, filmed locomotion score, infrared thermography and force plate methods can be indicated for non-invasive lameness detection in beef farms.

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RESUMO

The objective of this study was to characterize oligofructose-induced acute rumen lactic acidosis and its consequences in zebu cattle. We used 29 Nellore heifers which were submitted to experimental induction of laminitis by oligofructose excess. During the induction period, the animals underwent clinical examination, including laminitis diagnosis (hoof pressure testing and locomotion score) and blood and ruminal fluid sampling every six hours (over the initial 24 h) and every 12 h (up to 72 h), after the highest dose. Almost half of the animals (48.1%) required treatment with bicarbonate and saline to correct metabolic acidosis and dehydration. Due to this treatment, the animals were analyzed in treated (n = 13) and non-treated (n = 14) groups. The induction model promoted marked reduction in rumen pH, rumen anaerobiosis, carbon dioxide pressure, and increase in rumen lactate, blood osmolarity, and cortisol concentration. The animals treated had lower values of rumen pH and marked dehydration, evidenced by the increase in globular volume and serum urea. The clinical condition caused by excess oligofructose is severe, with the differential of the appearance of ephemeral fever and respiratory compensation against systemic acidosis, in addition to the frequent appearance of laminitis.

RESUMO

Background: Physiological and immunological adaptations occurred in peripartum period may be responsible for susceptibility to intramammary infections during colostrogenesis. Increase in blood flow and hormones cause physiological edema by accumulation of lymphatic fluid in interstitial space. Specific composition of mammary secretion increases the susceptibility to mastitis. So, the study of physical, cellular and microbiological changes in the mammary gland in this period are fundamental for understanding, diagnosing and adopting prophylactic measures for bovine mastitis. This study aimed to characterize physiological and pathological changes that occur in the mammary gland during transition period. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirteen cows, in second to fourth lactation were followed from 3 weeks pre-calving to 3 weeks post-calving. Cows were submitted weekly to physical examination of mammary gland, strip cup test, California Mastitis Test (CMT), Microscopic Somatic Cell Count (MSCC), and bacteriological examination of mammary secretion. Mammary quarters were divided into two groups: BAC-: samples that did not present bacteriological growth throughout transition period; BAC+: samples that presented bacteriological growth in at least two isolates of the same bacterial genus. Regarding physical examination of mammary gland, the parameters localized or generalized alteration in volume, asymmetry, reddish color, reduced skin elasticity, increased temperature, and swollen consistency presented higher frequencies in the BAC- group. On the other hand, infection in mammary quarters of cows from BAC+ group promoted a decrease in frequencies of increased volume, decreased elasticity, and elevated temperature in the mammary gland, in addition to a higher positivity to CMT and higher cellularity. Overall rate of intramammary...

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RESUMO

No presente trabalho, descrevem-se as condições predisponentes que facilitam o surgimento do Complexo Respiratório Bovino (CRB) em vacas leiteiras causado por bactérias, vírus e vermes, tanto no seu curso agudo como crônico, destacando-se os meios e métodos exploratórios mais preponderantes para o diagnóstico clínico, os principais exames complementares, assim como indicações de tratamento.

It is described the predisposing conditions that facilitates the outcome of cattle respiratory disease in dairy cows caused by bacteria, viruses and worms, either acute or chronic, emphasizing the main clinical exploratory and laboratory methods for its diagnosis, as well as the treatments.

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RESUMO

A ingestão excessiva ou anormal de carboidratos solúveis favorece o surgimento das acidoses ruminais, existindo dois tipos: a provocada pelo aumento de ácidos graxos voláteis caracterizada por pH ruminal entre 5,6 a 5,1 e a decorrente da produção anormal de ácido láctico, gerando um pH ruminal inferior a 5,1. Essas enfermidades provocam depressão no estado geral, diminuição do apetite, da produção leiteira, da frequência ruminal e da ruminação, causam diarreia, desidratação entre outros sinais. A prevenção é a chave do manejo da acidose ruminal e está baseada na identificação dos casos clínicos, observação de casos de laminite, melhora no manejo favorecendo a salivação, oferecimento e distribuição adequada da dieta, adaptação gradual aos concentrados, uso de tampões e aditivos alimentares.

Rumen acidosis (RA) is caused by excessive or abnormal intake of soluble carbohydrates. There two types of acidosis: those caused by increased production of volatile fatty acids with a rumen pH between 5.6 and 5.1, and excessive production of lactic acid with a rumen pH lower than 5.1. RA generates mental depression, decrease in the appetite, lowered milk production and rumen contraction rate, diarrhea, dehydration etc. Preventive measures are based on the its clinical identification, including the frequency of laminitis, improvement of the alimentary management in order to increase the salivation, adequate distribution and offering of the meals, gradual adaptation to concentrates, and use of buffers and additives.

Assuntos

RESUMO

No presente trabalho, descrevem-se as condições predisponentes que facilitam o surgimento do Complexo Respiratório Bovino (CRB) em vacas leiteiras causado por bactérias, vírus e vermes, tanto no seu curso agudo como crônico, destacando-se os meios e métodos exploratórios mais preponderantes para o diagnóstico clínico, os principais exames complementares, assim como indicações de tratamento.(AU)

It is described the predisposing conditions that facilitates the outcome of cattle respiratory disease in dairy cows caused by bacteria, viruses and worms, either acute or chronic, emphasizing the main clinical exploratory and laboratory methods for its diagnosis, as well as the treatments.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

A ingestão excessiva ou anormal de carboidratos solúveis favorece o surgimento das acidoses ruminais, existindo dois tipos: a provocada pelo aumento de ácidos graxos voláteis caracterizada por pH ruminal entre 5,6 a 5,1 e a decorrente da produção anormal de ácido láctico, gerando um pH ruminal inferior a 5,1. Essas enfermidades provocam depressão no estado geral, diminuição do apetite, da produção leiteira, da frequência ruminal e da ruminação, causam diarreia, desidratação entre outros sinais. A prevenção é a chave do manejo da acidose ruminal e está baseada na identificação dos casos clínicos, observação de casos de laminite, melhora no manejo favorecendo a salivação, oferecimento e distribuição adequada da dieta, adaptação gradual aos concentrados, uso de tampões e aditivos alimentares.(AU)

Rumen acidosis (RA) is caused by excessive or abnormal intake of soluble carbohydrates. There two types of acidosis: those caused by increased production of volatile fatty acids with a rumen pH between 5.6 and 5.1, and excessive production of lactic acid with a rumen pH lower than 5.1. RA generates mental depression, decrease in the appetite, lowered milk production and rumen contraction rate, diarrhea, dehydration etc. Preventive measures are based on the its clinical identification, including the frequency of laminitis, improvement of the alimentary management in order to increase the salivation, adequate distribution and offering of the meals, gradual adaptation to concentrates, and use of buffers and additives.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The present work is a retrospective study of respiratoryendoscopies performed in male cattle aged two days to twoyears at the Bovine and Small Ruminants Clinic, School ofVeterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University ofSão Paulo, in order to define the normal range for this test incattle. It were examined 45 animals, performing an averageof seven endoscopies in each animal, totaling 321 procedures.The entire respiratory tract was observed as to mucosal colorand appearance, the presence or absence of secretion, edema,and congestion, in addition to the length and anatomiccharacteristics of the respiratory tract. This informationhelps in the diagnosis, treatment, and study of the primaryrespiratory diseases that affect large animals. Also, because itis a test involving technification, it should be adapted to theclinical routine for the provision of reliable information on thejustification of the cost/benefit of the applied procedure.(AU)

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo retrospectivo das endoscopiasrespiratórias realizadas em bovinos machos com dois dias adois anos de idade, na Clínica de Bovinos e Pequenos Ruminantesda Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidadede São Paulo, visando ao estabelecimento de um padrãode normalidade para esse exame em bovinos. Foram utilizados 45animais submetidos em média a sete exames endoscópicos cada,totalizando 321 procedimentos. Foi observado todo o trato respiratórioquanto à coloração e aparência das mucosas, presença ounão de secreção, edema e congestão, além do comprimento doaparelho respiratório e das suas características anatômicas. Essas informaçõesauxiliam no diagnóstico, no tratamento e no estudo dasprincipais doenças respiratórias que acometem os grandes animais.Além disso, por tratar-se de um exame que envolve tecnificação,ele deve ser adaptado à rotina para o fornecimento de informaçõesseguras na justificativa da relação custo/benefício da técnica.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The present work is a retrospective study of respiratoryendoscopies performed in male cattle aged two days to twoyears at the Bovine and Small Ruminants Clinic, School ofVeterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University ofSão Paulo, in order to define the normal range for this test incattle. It were examined 45 animals, performing an averageof seven endoscopies in each animal, totaling 321 procedures.The entire respiratory tract was observed as to mucosal colorand appearance, the presence or absence of secretion, edema,and congestion, in addition to the length and anatomiccharacteristics of the respiratory tract. This informationhelps in the diagnosis, treatment, and study of the primaryrespiratory diseases that affect large animals. Also, because itis a test involving technification, it should be adapted to theclinical routine for the provision of reliable information on thejustification of the cost/benefit of the applied procedure.

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo retrospectivo das endoscopiasrespiratórias realizadas em bovinos machos com dois dias adois anos de idade, na Clínica de Bovinos e Pequenos Ruminantesda Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidadede São Paulo, visando ao estabelecimento de um padrãode normalidade para esse exame em bovinos. Foram utilizados 45animais submetidos em média a sete exames endoscópicos cada,totalizando 321 procedimentos. Foi observado todo o trato respiratórioquanto à coloração e aparência das mucosas, presença ounão de secreção, edema e congestão, além do comprimento doaparelho respiratório e das suas características anatômicas. Essas informaçõesauxiliam no diagnóstico, no tratamento e no estudo dasprincipais doenças respiratórias que acometem os grandes animais.Além disso, por tratar-se de um exame que envolve tecnificação,ele deve ser adaptado à rotina para o fornecimento de informaçõesseguras na justificativa da relação custo/benefício da técnica.

Assuntos