RESUMO
Assessing genetic diversity within species is key for conservation strategies in the context of human-induced biotic changes. This is important in marine systems, where many species remain undescribed while being overfished, and conflicts between resource-users and conservation agencies are common. Combining niche modelling with population genomics can contribute to resolving those conflicts by identifying management units and understanding how past climatic cycles resulted in current patterns of genetic diversity. We addressed these issues on an undescribed but already overexploited species of sardine of the genus Harengula. We find that the species distribution is determined by salinity and depth, with a continuous distribution along the Brazilian mainland and two disconnected oceanic archipelagos. Genomic data indicate that such biogeographic barriers are associated with two divergent intraspecific lineages. Changes in habitat availability during the last glacial cycle led to different demographic histories among stocks. One coastal population experienced a 3.6-fold expansion, whereas an island-associated population contracted 3-fold, relative to the size of the ancestral population. Our results indicate that the island population should be managed separately from the coastal population, and that a Marine Protected Area covering part of the island population distribution can support the viability of this lineage.
Assuntos
Genômica , Metagenômica , Humanos , Brasil , SalinidadeRESUMO
The labrisomid genus Malacoctenus from Southwestern Atlantic is reviewed. Two new species of scaly blennies formerly reported by several authors as Malacoctenus triangulatus are described. One is found at the oceanic islands Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and Atol das Rocas, and the other is distributed along the Brazilian coastline. The two new species differ from other species of the genus and from each other by different combinations of the number of lateral-line scales, number and size of head cirri, and color pattern. Molecular data also support species' distinctiveness between M. triangulatus and the species described herein. Two additional recognized Brazilian species, M. delalandii and M. brunoi are described and illustrated and an identification key to all recognized Atlantic species is provided.
Assuntos
Peixes , AnimaisRESUMO
Poecilia vivipara, a small euryhaline guppy is reported at the Maceió River micro-basin in the Fernando de Noronha oceanic archipelago, northeast Brazil. However, the origin (human-mediated or natural dispersal) of this insular population is still controversial. The present study investigates how this population is phylogenetically related to the surrounding continental populations using the cytochrome oxidase I mitochondrial gene from eleven river basins in South America. Our phylogenetic reconstruction showed a clear geographical distribution arrangement of P. vivipara lineages. The Fernando de Noronha haplotype fell within the 'north' clade, closely related to a shared haplotype between the Paraíba do Norte and Potengi basins; the geographically closest continental drainages. Our phylogenetic reconstruction also showed highly divergent lineages, suggesting that P. vivipara may represent a species complex along its wide distribution. Regarding to the insular population, P. vivipara may have been intentionally introduced to the archipelago for the purpose of mosquito larvae control during the occupation of a U.S. military base following World War II. However, given the euryhaline capacity of P. vivipara, a potential scenario of natural (passive or active) dispersal cannot be ruled out.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Motor dysfunction and fatigue are the most common impairments that are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Walk tests and scales demonstrate the presence of fatigue in patients with MS with different levels of disability. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate objective and subjective fatigue in MS patients without disability. METHODS: Were selected MS patients with relapsing remitting clinical course, from 18 to 55 years old and EDSS 0 to 1.5; controls were paired for age, gender, body mass index, and physical activity level. Fatigue caused by pulmonary diseases, anemia, diabetes, thyroid disease, psychiatry diseases (except depression), and orthopedic and rheumatologic diseases are excluded. All participants performed the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), the MS Functional Composite (MSFC), and completed the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) and the Beck Depression Inventory. A multivariate model was applied to identify the variables associated with fatigue. RESULTS: 54 individuals were selected (31 patients; 23 controls). In the MSFC and 6MWT, no significant difference was observed between the groups. A MFIS total score indicated fatigue in 35% of the patients, 42% in the physical domain, 25.8% in the cognitive domain, and 29% in the psychosocial domain, which differed from the controls in all comparisons. Fatigue was associated with MS, low-physical activity, and mood disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Fatigue occurs in patients with MS in the absence of motor dysfunction and is associated with the disease itself, the sedentary lifestyle, and mood disorders. The 6MWT is not useful to demonstrate motor fatigue in subjects without neurological disability.
Assuntos
Pessoas com Deficiência/psicologia , Fadiga/etiologia , Esclerose Múltipla/complicações , Esclerose Múltipla/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Avaliação da Deficiência , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Exame Neurológico , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Caminhada , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Estudos recentes demonstram a alta prevalência da fadiga na esclerose múltipla (EM) e seu grande impacto sobre a qualidade de vida. No entanto, ainda não há consenso sobre as diferentes dimensões da fadiga na EM. É apresentada neste trabalho uma revisão sistemática da literatura de estudos publicados entre 1988 e 2010 utilizando uma combinação das palavras-chaves: multiple sclerosis, fatigue e scales com o objetivo de descrever os instrumentos utilizados para avaliar fadiga em pacientes com EM e discutir sua aplicabilidade. Foram selecionados 12 estudos que descreveram tanto escalas subjetivas quanto instrumentos para análise objetiva. Entre as escalas subjetivas, os auto- questionários que analisam o sintoma de forma unidimensional (escala de severidade de fadiga) ou multidimensional, incluindo itens sobre seu impacto nos domínios psíquico, físico, e psicossocial (escala modificada de impacto da fadiga), foram as mais amplamente difundidas. Os instrumentos de testagem objetiva foram desenvolvidos mais recentemente e demonstraram que a fadiga motora e mental ocorre com maior freqüência em pacientes com EM do que em controles e não se correlaciona com depressão, incapacidade ou tempo de doença.
Recent studies show a high prevalence of fatigue on multiple sclerosis (MS) and its enormous impact on daily life. Thus, there is no agreement on the multiple dimensions of MS fatigue. On this work, we present a systematic review of published literature between 1988 and 2010, using keywords combination: multiple sclerosis, fatigue and scales, in order to describe the tools to analyze fatigue on MS patients and discuss its applicability. Twelve studies were selected that described subjective scales, as well as tools for objective analysis. Among subjective scales, auto-questionnaires which analyze the symptom in a one-dimensional manner (fatigue severity scale) or multi-dimensional (modified fatigue impact scale), including items about the impact on psychic, physical and psycho-social domains were the most widely used. Objective testing instruments were developed more recently and showed that motor and mental fatigue occur more frequently on patients with MS thanon controls and are not related to depression, incapacity or length of illness
Assuntos
Esclerose Múltipla/diagnóstico , Fadiga/diagnóstico , Inquéritos e Questionários , Perfil de Impacto da Doença , Prevalência , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
This study developed a predictive model to identify pleural tuberculosis. A consecutive cases study of patients investigating the cause of pleural effusion, in an area of high prevalence of tuberculosis (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Clinical and laboratory variables were compared among patients with tuberculosis (TB) and without tuberculosis (NTB), individually and using logistic regression. The performance was described as diagnostic accuracy, compared to a gold standard in a masked way. We have studied 104 TB patients, 41 with malignant, 29 transudates, 28 parapneumonic, 13 with miscellaneous diseases. After identification of individual discrimination power aided by clinical, radiological and laboratory variables, the following ones were included in a multivariate analysis: ADA, total leukocytes, percentile of lymphocytes, protein, lactate dehydrogenase, duration of disease, age and gender. A logistic regression model to predict pleural tuberculosis including the five first variables showed the best performance. A receiver operating characteristic curve identified the best cutoff at 0.7, resulting in a sensitivity and specificity of more then 95%. The predictive model improved the specificity of ADA alone, keeping its sensitivity. This model seems helpful when a microbiological or histological diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis could not be established. External validation of these results is necessary before recommendation for routine application.
Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/análise , Ensaios Enzimáticos Clínicos/métodos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/análise , Derrame Pleural/enzimologia , Tuberculose Pleural/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Contagem de Linfócitos , Masculino , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Curva ROCRESUMO
This study developed a predictive model to identify pleural tuberculosis. A consecutive cases study of patients investigating the cause of pleural effusion, in an area of high prevalence of tuberculosis (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Clinical and laboratory variables were compared among patients with tuberculosis (TB) and without tuberculosis (NTB), individually and using logistic regression. The performance was described as diagnostic accuracy, compared to a gold standard in a masked way. We have studied 104 TB patients, 41 with malignant, 29 transudates, 28 parapneumonic, 13 with miscellaneous diseases. After identification of individual discrimination power aided by clinical, radiological and laboratory variables, the following ones were included in a multivariate analysis: ADA, total leukocytes, percentile of lymphocytes, protein, lactate dehydrogenase, duration of disease, age and gender. A logistic regression model to predict pleural tuberculosis including the five first variables showed the best performance. A receiver operating characteristic curve identified the best cutoff at 0.7, resulting in a sensitivity and specificity of more then 95 percent. The predictive model improved the specificity of ADA alone, keeping its sensitivity. This model seems helpful when a microbiological or histological diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis could not be established. External validation of these results is necessary before recommendation for routine application.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adenosina Desaminase/análise , Ensaios Enzimáticos Clínicos/métodos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/análise , Derrame Pleural/enzimologia , Tuberculose Pleural/diagnóstico , Modelos Logísticos , Contagem de Linfócitos , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Curva ROCRESUMO
Introdução: apesar do critério de Light (cL) ser o mais empregado para diferenciar exsudatos de transudatos pleurais, alguns autores têm sugerido outras variáveis com a mesma finalidade. O objetivo deste estudo é calcular o melhor valor discriminatórioe o rendimento do Colesterol (COL) como teste diagnóstico para diferenciação entre transudatos e exsudatos. Metodologia: num estudo transversal histórico, foram estudados os níveis do COL em 283 líquidos pleurais obtidos, de forma consecutiva, de pacientes em investigação para a causa de síndrome do derrame pleural, num Hospital Universitário e num Centro de Investigações Pneumológicas. Resultados: estudando 250 exsudatos e 33 transudatos, calculamos uma sensibilidade de 83% (IC95% 75,8-85,8) e especificidade de 97% (IC95% 84,2-99,5) para o diagnóstico de exsudato, utilizando o valor discriminatório de 50 mg/dL. Com esta prevalência, de 88,3% de exsudato, o valor preditivo positivo foi de 99,5% eo negativo, de 42,67%. A razão de verossimilhança positiva foi de 27,33 e a negativa, de 0,18. Conclusão: a sensibilidade foi algo inferior ao cL, enquanto a especificidade foi superior. Os resultados obtidos são semelhantes aos observados por outros autores e apresentam o colesterol como parâmetro valioso, rápido e econômico, isolado ou associado a outros marcadores.