RESUMO
Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic disease caused by different Leptospira species, such as Leptospira interrogans, that colonize the renal tubules of wild and domestic animals. Thus far, attempts to develop effective leptospirosis vaccines, both for humans and animals, have failed to induce immune responses capable of conferring protection and simultaneously preventing renal colonization. In this study, we evaluated the protective immunity induced by subunit vaccines containing seven different recombinant Leptospira interrogans outer membrane proteins, including the carboxy-terminal portion of the immunoglobulinlike protein A (LigA(C)) and six novel antigens, combined with aluminum hydroxide (alum) or Salmonella flagellin (FliC) as adjuvants. Hamsters vaccinated with the different formulations elicited high antigen-specific antibody titers. Immunization with LigA(C), either with alum or flagellin, conferred protective immunity but did not prevent renal colonization. Similarly, animals immunized with LigA(C) or LigA(C) coadministered with six leptospiral proteins with alum adjuvant conferred protection but did not reduce renal colonization. In contrast, immunizing animals with the pool of seven antigens in combination with flagellin conferred protection and significantly reduced renal colonization by the pathogen. The present study emphasizes the relevance of antigen composition and added adjuvant in the efficacy of antileptospirosis subunit vaccines and shows the complex relationship between immune responses and renal colonization by the pathogen.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/imunologia , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Flagelina/administração & dosagem , Leptospira interrogans/imunologia , Leptospirose/prevenção & controle , Hidróxido de Alumínio/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/genética , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Bacterianas/genética , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Rim/microbiologia , Leptospira interrogans/genética , Leptospirose/imunologia , Masculino , Mesocricetus , Análise de Sobrevida , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/genética , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/imunologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Sintéticas/genética , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT The modified Middlebrook 7H11 cultivation technique was comparedwith the tradicional culture techniqueby using the Stonebrink medium. The purpose of this comparison was to to evaluate the sensitivity and the time for the detection of positive cultures of mycobacteria in milk samples experimentally inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis (strain AN5), at a dilution of 10-2 , and submitted to two types of procedures: technique 1 (skin milk) and technique 2 (pellet), decontamined by modified the Petroff´s method, added with Tween 80, and compared with total milk samples submitted to tradicional Petroff method in the same media types. The results of the two tecniques were compared with each other by the non-parametric Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney. The results obtained from this experiment showed that: techniques 1 and 2 produced great number of colonies and higher proportion of positive culture than the tradicional one by using total milk; the time needed for the detection of mycobacteria colonies was slightly shorter by the thin layer technique than by the tradicional culture method; in order to improve the epidemiological surveillance, this technique should be used as a complementary method to the tradicional one in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis.
RESUMO O meio de Middlebrook 7H11 modificado foi comparado ao meio de Stonebrink, a fim de se avaliar a sensibilidade e o tempo de detecção de micobactérias em amostras de leite, experimentalmente inoculadas com Mycobacterium bovis (estirpe AN5), em uma diluição 10-2, e submetidas a duas diferentes técnicas de processamento: gordura (técnica 1) e sedimento (técnica 2), descontaminadas pelo método de Petroff modificado (adicionado de Tween 80), confrontadas com a técnica do leite total submetida ao método de Petroff tradicional. Os resultados destas técnicas (1 e 2) foram comparados entre si pelos testes não paramétricos de Wilcoxon e de MannWhitney e demonstraram que as técnicas 1 e 2 forneceram maior recuperação de micobactérias e proporção de cultivos positivos nos meios de Stonebrink e Middlebrook 7H11; o meio de Middlebrook 7H11 permitiu a visualização precoce das micobactérias, podendo ser utilizado como uma técnica de diagnóstico rápida da tuberculose bovina, em amostras de leite, para fins de vigilância epidemiológica.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT The objectives of the present trial were to evaluate the reproductive parameters in a Holstein bovine herd affected by leptospirosis during the outbreak of abortion and stillborn fetus and treated with streptomycin sulfate. Animals were divided in 2 groups of 10 cows each: G1, treated with streptomycin sulfate 25 mg/kg/lw for 3 days by IM route; and; G2, untreated control. Serum samples were collected on the onset of abortions and after that every 15 or 30 days until completing 270 days. Samples were analyzed by means of MAT microscopic agglutination test that showed sera conversion to serovar Canicola with titers ranging from 100 to 51,200; 7/20 of the urine samples were positive for Leptospira spp. by PCR After streptomycin sulfate therapy, the outbreak ended and urine samples also got negative to PCR and no fetus samples were positive in either techniques. However, it did not influence the evolution in antibody titers of serological profiles in both groups, which got negative after around 200 days of the onset of symptoms. Although there was no significant difference of the frequency of pregnancy/AI and calving/pregnancy rates between treated and untreated groups (p > 0.05), reproductive rates were lower in the untreated group.
RESUMO O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito do tratamento com sulfato de estreptomicina sobre o perfil sorológico de um rebanho bovino acometido de um surto de leptospirose pelo sorovar Canicola e avaliar os parâmetros reprodutivos no ciclo reprodutivo subseqüente. Foram formados 2 grupos de 10 fêmeas bovinas: G1-tratado com sulfato de estreptomicina, 25 mg/kg/pv por 3 dias, via IM; G2 sem tratamento. Amostras de soro foram colhidas no início dos abortamentos e posteriormente a cada 15 ou 30 dias num total de 270 dias e examinadas pela reação de soroaglutinação microscópica-SAM. Vinte amostras de urina colhidas no início dos sintomas e 10 -15 dias após tratamento e seis fetos abortados (rins, fígado, pulmão e conteúdo abomasal) foram submetidos ao exame bacteriológico para pesquisa de bactérias causadoras de abortamento e à técnica de PCR para Leptospira spp. Ocorreu soroconversão predominante para Leptospira spp. sorovar Canicola (títulos: 100 a 51.200); 7/20 amostras de urina foram positivas para Leptospira spp. na PCR, sendo todas negativas no exame bacteriológico e nenhuma amostra fetal foi positiva em ambas as técnicas. Os abortamentos cessaram após a antibioticoterapia, e as amostras de urina negativaram-se na PCR. O sulfato de estreptomicina foi eficaz na eliminação da doença, entretanto, não influenciou a evolução dos títulos de anticorpos no perfil sorológico quando comparado ao grupo controle, ambos negativando-se ao redor de 200 dias após o início dos sintomas. Embora não houvesse diferença estatística entre as taxas de prenhez/IA e parto/prenhez do grupo tratado em relação ao não tratado (p > 0,05), talvez devido ao baixo número amostrado, as taxas reprodutivas foram menores no grupo não tratado.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT Sera from swine fromfamily-employed farms in Monte Negro County, state of Rondônia, Brazil, were evaluated againstbacterial and viral agents. Brucellosis was evaluated by Rose-Bengal agglutination (RBA), standard tube agglutination (STA), and mercaptoethanol (ME); and leptospirosis by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) against 24 leptospira serovars. Anti-porcine parvovirus antibodies were tested by haemmaglutination inhibition assay, and ELISA technique was used for detection of antibodies against classical swine fever virus and Aujeszky disease virus. Only 1 (0.9%) from 104 tested sera reacted by RBA, and no samples reacted in STA and ME. Leptospira spp. antibodies were detected in 29 (32.9%) of 88 tested sera and the most frequent serovars detected were Castellonis, Bratislava and Canicola. Antibodies against porcine parvovirus were detected in 7.7% (8/104) of the sera. None of the examined samples reacted to classical swine fever virus or Aujeszky disease virus.
RESUMO Foram avaliados soros de suínos provenientes de propriedades rurais que desenvolvem agricultura familiar no Município de Monte Negro, Rondônia, frente a agentes bacterianos e virais. Para a pesquisa de anticorpos contra Brucella spp., foram utilizados o Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado (AAT), a Soroaglutinação Lenta em Tubos (SAL) e a prova do 2-Mercaptoetanol (2-ME). Para a pesquisa de Leptospira spp. utilizou-se a Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM) contra 24 sorovares de leptospira. Anticorpos contra Parvovírus Suíno (PVS) foram pesquisados pela Inibição da Hemaglutinação (IH), enquanto que o vírus da Peste Suína Clássica (PSC) e da Doença de Aukeszky (DA) por Ensaio Imunoenzimático (ELISA). Apenas uma (0,9%) das 104 amostras testadas foi reagente na AAT e nenhuma na SAL e 2-ME. Para Leptospira spp. foram testados 88 soros, sendo detectados anticorpos em 29 amostras (32,9%) e os sorovares mais freqüentes foram Castellonis, Bratislava e Canicola. Foram detectados anticorpos contra PVS em 7,7% (8/104) dos soros testados. Nenhuma amostra foi reagente para PSC e DA.
RESUMO
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Developmental lumbar stenosis is a rare entity, exceptionally described in the literature. No study has been directly devoted to this condition. The purpose of the present study was to examine specific features, particularly clinical and anatomic expression, observed in a series of operated patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eleven patients from the French Antilles were treated for developmental lumbar stenosis between 1996 and 2000. The Verbiest criteria were used to define canal narrowness. Signs of degeneration and presence of discal herniation were exclusion criteria. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected for the 11 patients. The degree of sagittal stenosis (fixed diameter at the bone level and mobile diameter at the discal level) was measured on computed tomography images. Transverse stenosis was determined by measuring the interpedicular and interapophyseal distances. Lateral stenosis was determined by measuring the depth of the recessus. RESULTS: These patients were young (mean age 42.4 years). Most of the clinical signs were monoradicular. Discal level stenosis predominated, generally at level L4-L5. It was generally central and lateral, sagittal and transverse. The interpedicular distance was the only diameter that remained within normal limits. Soft tissues (yellow ligaments and joint capsules) played an important role in the stenosis. DISCUSSION: The rare reports of developmental lumbar stenosis describe decompensated stenosis due to discal herniation in the adolescent. Developmental lumbar stenosis is considered to be a genetic disease and its particular high frequency in the French Antilles favors this hypothesis. The stenosis results from bony (short pedicles, hypertrophic lateral masses) and ligament (hypertrophy of the yellow ligament and joint capsules) structures. CONCLUSION: Developmental lumbar stenosis produces a global (sagittal, transverse, central, lateral) narrowing of the lumbar canal where soft tissue structures apparently play a greater role than usually thought. A prospective study examining the impact of ethnic origin is required to analyze the genetic hypothesis.
Assuntos
Doenças do Desenvolvimento Ósseo , Estenose Espinal , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Antropometria , Doenças do Desenvolvimento Ósseo/diagnóstico , Doenças do Desenvolvimento Ósseo/epidemiologia , Doenças do Desenvolvimento Ósseo/etiologia , Doenças do Desenvolvimento Ósseo/cirurgia , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Humanos , Incidência , Laminectomia , Dor Lombar/etiologia , Masculino , Martinica/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fusão Vertebral , Estenose Espinal/diagnóstico , Estenose Espinal/epidemiologia , Estenose Espinal/etiologia , Estenose Espinal/cirurgia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Fracture of lateral process of the talus is an uncommon injury, fracture of the posteromedial tubercle of the talus is quite rare, and association of the two lesions is not reported previously. We report a case of an associated fracture of posteromedial tubercle an lateral process of the talus. PATIENT AND METHODS: The mechanism of injury was forced ankle dorsiflexion and pronation, this mechanism was responsible of an avulsion of the posteromedial tubercle by the postero talotibial ligament and a fracture of lateral process by compression between the lateral malleolus and the calcaneus. RESULTS: Conventional radiographs permitted the diagnosis of the lateral process fracture but the fracture of the posteromedial tubercle was showed only on CT scans. DISCUSSION: The fracture of the posteromedial tubercle was treated by internal fixation, through a posteromedial approach. At 12 months follow-up the patient was able to walk without pain and radiographic result was excellent (no avascular necrosis of the tubercle and no Arthrosis of subtalar joint).
Assuntos
Fraturas Ósseas/diagnóstico por imagem , Tálus/diagnóstico por imagem , Tálus/lesões , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Adulto , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was to analyse the results of tibial intramedullary nailing using an unreamed "Universal Elastic Bundle Nail". MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-three intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft were done in 43 patients with recents fractures, from May 1993 and May 1996. There were 36 males and 7 females. The average age was 31.5 years (range 17-68 years). Thirty-three were injured in a traffic accident (20 motorcycles, 5 pedestrians and 8 car passengers), seven were injured in a home accident (fall) and three had a sport injury. There were 13 open fractures according to Gustilo: 5 grade I, 7 grade II and one grade III B. Eight fractures involved the proximal metaphyseal part of the tibia, 16 the distal metaphyseal part and 14 the tibial shaft; in five cases there were segmental fractures. According to AO classification there were: 10 fractures type A, 24 fractures type B and 9 fractures type C (5 segmental fractures). In 5 cases there were associated femoral fractures: three ipsilaterals and two controlaterals. All were treated in the same time: four by UEBN device and one by AO's nail. All the patients with type B and C fractures were positioned on a Maquet table with a boot traction or transcalcaneal pin traction (in the distal fractures). The nail was introduced after closed reduction through a vertical transpatellar tendon incision, without reaming procedure. RESULTS: Forty one fractures healed after an average time of 96 days (60-120). In 11 open fractures bone union occurred after 98 days (85-120). The distal fractures healed after a mean time of 86 days (60-120), proximal fractures in 123 days and mid shaft fractures in 98 days. In type A fractures bone union occurred after an average time of 68 days, while bone union occurred after a mean time of 100 days in type B and C fractures. Two patients with an open proximal type B fracture, had a delayed union: both healed after proximal screws removal. Two fractures healed with a valgus angulaton 5 degrees and 10 degrees. No infection, no loss of reduction and no bundle migration has been noted. DISCUSSION: The Marchetti-Vicenzi's nail (UEBN) permitted a stable fixation in tibial fractures. The use of this unreamed nailing coupled with an automatic distal locking in the metaphyseal cancellous bone, reduced operative time and shortened X Ray's radiation exposure. At the follow-up fracture healing occurred in 41 cases 95.3 p. 100 at four months. Two delayed union occurred after four months, the two cases were open fractures grade II. All the two cases healed after secondary procedure without any loss of function. Malunion occurred in two patients (in only one case there was a major valgus angulation 10 degrees), the two cases were related to technical error. We had no cases of infection or leg shortening or bundle migration in the ankle joint. CONCLUSION: We believe that Universal Elastic Bundle Nail allows a stable and safety fixation in open or closed tibial fractures without pseudarthrosis and without infection (in our series).
Assuntos
Pinos Ortopédicos , Fixação Intramedular de Fraturas/instrumentação , Fraturas da Tíbia/cirurgia , Acidentes , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Traumatismos em Atletas/complicações , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Elasticidade , Desenho de Equipamento , Feminino , Seguimentos , Fixação Intramedular de Fraturas/efeitos adversos , Fixação Intramedular de Fraturas/métodos , Consolidação da Fratura , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Radiografia , Fraturas da Tíbia/classificação , Fraturas da Tíbia/diagnóstico por imagem , Fraturas da Tíbia/etiologia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Vascularized bone transfer of the lateral border of the scapula is exceptionally used in orthopaedic surgery. The authors report a case of pedicle transfer of the lateral border of the scapula designed to reconstruct a nine centimetre bone defect of the upper third of the humerus following a gunshot wound. A complementary conventional bone graft was performed one month later and consolidation was achieved at the fourth month.