RESUMO
Introducción: El burnout académico (BA) es un proceso insidioso caracterizado por el sentimiento de agotamiento emocional a causa de las demandas de la vida académica, y pese a su repercusión en la salud de las personas, su prevalencia aún no ha sido reportada en Perú. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue reportar la prevalencia de BA, basado en el agotamiento emocional, que experimentan los estudiantes universitarios, y la diferencia según sexo y año de estudio. Método: Participaron 341 estudiantes universitarios (76% mujeres) de diversas instituciones que se encontraban entre el segundo y cuarto año de estudios. Fue utilizada la Escala de Cansancio Emocional en la evaluación de los estudiantes. Resultados: La prevalencia de BA fue descrita mediante porcentajes y la comparación entre grupos fue realizada con medidas de magnitud del efecto. Los resultados revelan niveles de BA a un nivel alto (31.4%) y en riesgo (11.7%). Por otro lado, las mujeres puntúan más alto que los hombres en BA, pero no se hallaron diferencias según el año de estudio. La asociación con ansiedad y depresión fue moderada. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de burnout académico fue significativa, y se asocia con ansiedad y depresión.
Background: Academic burnout (AB) is an insidious process characterized by the feeling of emotional exhaustion due to the demands of academic life. Despite its impact on people's health, its prevalence has not yet been reported in Peru. The objective was to estimate the prevalence of AB, based on the emotional exhaustion experienced by university students, and the differences according to the student's year of study and sex. Method: Participants were 341 college students (76% women) from several institutions who were enrolled between the second and fourth year-of-studies. The Emotional Exhaustion Scale was used to measure students' AB. Results: The prevalence of AB was described by percentages and the comparison between groups was performed with effect size measures. The results reveal BA levels at a high level (31.4%) and risk (11.7%). On the other hand, women score higher than men in BA, but no differences were found according to the year of study. The association with anxiety and depression was moderate. Conclusions: The prevalence of academic burnout was significant, and it is associated with anxiety and depression.
RESUMO
Exposure to fluoride (F) during the development affects central nervous system of the offspring rats which results in the impairment of cognitive functions. However, the exact mechanisms of F neurotoxicity are not clearly defined. To investigate the effects of perinatal F exposure on memory ability of young rat offspring, dams were exposed to 5 and 10 mg/L F during gestation and lactation. Additionally, we evaluated the possible underlying neurotoxic mechanisms implicated. The results showed that the memory ability declined in 45-day-old offspring, together with a decrease of catalase and glutamate transaminases activity in specific brain areas. The present study reveals that exposure to F in early stages of rat development leads to impairment of memory in young offspring, highlighting the alterations of oxidative stress markers as well as the activity of enzymes involved in the glutamatergic system as a possible mechanisms of neurotoxicity.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fluoretos/toxicidade , Troca Materno-Fetal , Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Alquil e Aril Transferases/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Aprendizagem da Esquiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Catalase/metabolismo , Feminino , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Gravidez , Ratos Wistar , Transferases (Outros Grupos de Fosfato Substituídos)/metabolismoRESUMO
Pregnant rats were treated with 0.3 and 0.6 mg cadmium (CdCl2)/kg injected subcutaneously on a daily basis from gestational day 7 to day 15 (organogenesis period). One control group was not injected and other received saline. The 45-day-old offspring were tested in a step-down inhibitory avoidance to evaluate short-term and long-term memory and in a radial maze for the study of spatial memory. These studies showed that gestational exposure to 0.6 mg Cd/kg produced in the male offspring a significant impairment in the retention of long-term memory evaluated 24 hours after training in the step-down inhibitory avoidance. The radial maze also demonstrated that the male offspring prenatally exposed to 0.6 mg Cd presented a significant deficit in the retention of spatial memory evaluated 42 days after training. These results demonstrate that the exposure to Cd during organogenesis may affect the retention of some types of memory.
Assuntos
Cádmio/toxicidade , Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Animais , Aprendizagem da Esquiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Masculino , Troca Materno-Fetal , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Equine piroplasmosis is a disease of Equidae, including horses, donkeys, mules, and zebras, caused by either Theileria equi or Babesia caballi. This disease represents a serious problem for the horse industry and its control is critical for the international trade of horses. The objective of the present study was to detect B. caballi and T. equi infections in horses reared in western Cuba. Blood samples from 100 horses were tested for the presence of piroplasms by using Giemsa-stained blood smears and nested PCR (nPCR) assays targeting merozoite antigen genes of B. caballi (bc48) and T. equi (ema-1). All animals were inspected for the detection of tick infestation and tick specimens were collected for species identification. Erythrocyte inclusions were observed in 13 (13%) of the analyzed samples. nPCR analysis showed that 25 (25%) samples were positive for B. caballi, 73 (73%) for T. equi, and 20 (20%) showed dual infections. Only one tick species was found infesting horses, Dermacentor nitens. In addition, three nearly full-length sequences of T. equi 18S rRNA gene were obtained and subjected to phylogenetic analyses. This study reports a high prevalence of T. equi and B. caballi single and coinfections in horses in western Cuba. Molecular analysis of the 18S rRNA gene of T. equi suggested that different genotypes of this hemoparasite circulate in Cuba. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the molecular detection of B. caballi and T. equi in horses in Cuba.
Assuntos
Babesia/genética , Babesiose/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/parasitologia , Cavalos/parasitologia , Theileria/genética , Theileriose/epidemiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Animais , Babesia/isolamento & purificação , Bovinos , Coinfecção , Cuba/epidemiologia , Equidae/parasitologia , Feminino , Masculino , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , Theileria/isolamento & purificação , Carrapatos/parasitologiaRESUMO
Glyphosate-based herbicides (Gly-BHs) lead the world pesticide market. Although are frequently promoted as safe and of low toxicity, several investigations question its innocuousness. Previously, we described that oral exposure of rats to a Gly-BH during pregnancy and lactation decreased locomotor activity and anxiety in the offspring. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mechanisms of neurotoxicity of this herbicide. Pregnant Wistar rats were supplied orally with 0.2 and 0.4% of Gly-BH (corresponding to 0.65 and 1.30 g/l of pure Gly, respectively) from gestational day (GD) 0, until weaning (postnatal day, PND, 21). Oxidative stress markers were determined in whole brain homogenates of PND90 offspring. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), transaminases, and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were assessed in prefrontal cortex (PFC), striatum, and hippocampus. Recognition memory was evaluated by the novel object recognition test. Brain antioxidant status was altered in Gly-BH-exposed rats. Moreover, AChE and transaminases activities were decreased and AP activity was increased in PFC, striatum and hippocampus by Gly-BH treatment. In addition, the recognition memory after 24 h was impaired in adult offspring perinatally exposed to Gly-BH. The present study reveals that exposure to a Gly-BH during early stages of rat development affects brain oxidative stress markers as well as the activity of enzymes involved in the glutamatergic and cholinergic systems. These alterations could contribute to the neurobehavioral variations reported previously by us, and to the impairment in recognition memory described in the present work.
Assuntos
Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/fisiopatologia , Reconhecimento Psicológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Análise de Variância , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Feminino , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismoRESUMO
AIM OF THE STUDY: Several extracts of Schinus molle var. areira L. plant proved to be useful for the treatment of different pathologies and for the control of insect pest. Due to these potential uses, it is necessary to study their safety. In this work, we evaluated the effects of subchronic exposure to ethanolic extracts from leaves and fruits of Schinus molle var. areira in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The plant extract was added to the diet at 1 g/kg body weight/day for 90 days. At the end of the exposure, behavioral and functional parameters in a functional observational battery and motor activity in an open field were assessed. Finally, several biochemical and histopathological studies were realized. RESULTS: The exposure to extract from leaves produced an increase in the number of rearings in the open field and of urine pools in the functional observational battery. On the other hand, the exposure to extract from fruits produced an increase in the neutrophil count and a decrease in the lymphocyte count and in the total cholesterol levels. None of the exposures affected the different organs evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that subchronic exposure to ethanolic extracts from leaves and fruits of Schinus molle var. areira should be potentially useful in the treatment of lipid pathologies and safe to use.
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Anacardiaceae/química , Frutas/química , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Folhas de Planta/química , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Colesterol/sangue , Etanol , Feminino , Contagem de Leucócitos , Linfócitos/citologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Neutrófilos/citologia , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Testes de Toxicidade CrônicaRESUMO
Objetivo. Demostrar la utilidad de la angiografía cerebral por substracción digital en el diagnóstico de los aneurismas intracraneales. Tipo de diseño: Encuesta descriptiva. Material y métodos. Quince pacientes con diagnóstico de aneurisma intracraneano a los que se les realizó un estudio de angiografía cerebral mediante la técnica de Seldinger empleándose yodotalamato de meglumina como medio de contraste y un equipo de substracción digital. Se confirmó el diagnóstico angiográfico con el quirúrgico y se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados. De los 15 pacientes, 12 (80 por ciento) correspondieron al sexo femenino y 3 (20 por ciento) al masculino. Los hallazgos angiográficos relacionados a la localización de los aneurismas cerebrales se confirmaron en el 100 por ciento de los casos por los hallazgos quirúrgicos. Conclusión. La angiografía por substracción digital es un método útil, confiable y adecuado para la valoración de la patología vascular
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Angiografia , Angiografia , Aneurisma Intracraniano/cirurgia , Cérebro/patologia , Epidemiologia DescritivaRESUMO
Se seleccionó un grupo de 94 mujeres embarazadas sanas, residentes a 2,650 metros sobre el nivel del mar, con promedio de 25 años de edad (D.E.: 7.1), que cursaran de la I a la IV gesta, de marzo a octubre de 1981. El grupo aceptó una alimentación adecuada, suplemento de hierro por vía parenteral, complejo B y ácido fólico. Se aceptaron para el estudio 48 niños en buenas condiciones nutricionales, productos de embarazos normales y partos eutócicos. Los niños fueron alimentados con leche materna. A partir de la primera semana se dividieron en dos grupos: Grupo 1 con suplemento postnatal de hierro y grupo II sin suplemento de hierro postnatal. Se les efectuaron determinaciones de: hemoglobina, hematócrito, eritrocitos, VCM, reticulocitos, leucocitos con cuenta diferencial (a 200 células) y plaquetas, al nacimiento, con muestras de sangre del cordón umbilical y en muestras obtenidas por punción capilar a las 24 y 72 horas y primera, segunda, tercera, cuarta, sexta y octava semanas de vida, lo cual requirió visita domiciliaria para valoración clínica, somatometría y control de la alimentación. La variación de peso y talla se encontró dentro de los límites esperados. Se compararon los resultados obtenidos para la serie roja con los informados en varios países y se observaron diferencias aparentemente relacionadas con los requisitos de selección para las madres y de los niños, la alimentación, la administración de suplementos, las técnicas de laboratorio y la altura sobre el nivel del mar. Se encontró un estudio realizado a nivel del mar con criterios de selección, de alimentación, de administración de complementos y de técnicas de laboratorio semejantes y se decidió la comparación, encontrando que los valores de hemoglobina y hematócrito a 2.650 metros sobre el nivel del mar, son más elevados y que las diferencias son significativas a partir de la cuarta semana para la hemoglobina y de la tercera semana para el hematócrito. Las cifras de leucocitos coinciden con las encontradas por otros autores. Se encontraron plaquetas con valores más altos, pero los resultados no son comparables por diferencia en los métodos de la laboratorio