RESUMO
The vaginal microbiota has been shown to be important in local immune regulation and may play a role in reproduction and fertility. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have been used to characterize the bovine vaginal microbiota, mainly using short-read sequencing (Illumina). However, the main limitation of this technique is its inability to classify bacteria at the species level. The objective of this study was to characterize the bovine vaginal microbiota at the species level using long-read sequencing (PacBio) and to compare it with the results of short-read sequencing. In addition, the vaginal microbiota of cows that became pregnant after artificial insemination (AI) was compared with that of infertile animals. Thirteen Holstein cows had vaginal swabs collected prior to AI. DNA was extracted and subjected to Illumina and PacBio sequencing to characterize the V4 region and the entire 16S rRNA gene, respectively. PacBio sequencing yielded 366,509 reads that were assigned to 476 species from 27 phyla. However, none of the most abundant reads (>1%) could be classified at the species level. Illumina sequencing yielded more reads and consequently was able to detect a more observed species, but PacBio sequencing was able to detect more unique and rare species. The composition of the vaginal microbiota varies according to the sequencing method used, which might complicate the interpretation of results obtained in the majority of the current studies. The present study expands on the current knowledge of bovine microbiota, highlighting the need for further efforts to improve the current databanks.
Assuntos
Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Microbiota , Feminino , Gravidez , Animais , Bovinos , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Bases de Dados Factuais , Fertilidade , Microbiota/genéticaRESUMO
This study used Holstein cattle to evaluate the following: I) the productive and reproductive characteristics of cows with low, intermediate and high antral follicle counts (AFCs) that were subjected to artificialin semination (AI) and comparison of AFC variability at the time of AI (nonpregnant) and at two time points during pregnancy (30 and 60 days), and II) whether the pregnancy status and different pregnancy periods in heifers improves the efficiency at in vitro embryo production (IVEP). In study I, 75 high-milk production cows with body condition scores (BCSs) of 2.75 to 4.75 and ages of 23 to 99 months were selected. Onthe day of estrus, AFCs (follicles ≥ 3 mm), BCS, body weight, and diameters of the dominant follicle, ovaries and the corpus luteum were evaluated. Posteriorly, AFC was monitored in pregnant cows at 30 days (n =35) and at 60 days for comparison of AFC before pregnancy versus different periods. In study II, heifers (n = 9) with BCS of 2.5 to 3.5 and ages of 10 to 16 months were selected for ovum pick-up and an IVEP program before AI (nonpregnant) as well as at 0 to 30, 31 to 60, and > 60 days of pregnancy. Statistical analysis was performed using PROC GLM and binary logistic regression model (P ≤ 0.05). In study I, AFC was not associated with variations in productive and reproductive parameters. However, AFCs in the low group increased following pregnancy (AI: 14.82 ± 1.36, 30 days: 23.45 ± 2.31 and 60 days: 35.18 ± 3.17 follicles). AFCs increased from AI to 60 days in the intermediate group but did not vary among time points in the high group. AFCs varied among AFC groups in AI and at 30 days of pregnancy but not at 60 days. In study II, the mean of total oocytes (17.43 ± 4.52 vs. 41.67 ± 3.79) and viable oocytes (13.77 ± 3.63 vs. 30.56± 3.45) increased from AI (nonpregnant) to the first 30 days of pregnancy. [...]
Este estudo utilizou fêmeas da raça Holandesa para avaliar: i) variação da contagem de folículos antrais na gestação; ii) resultado da produção in vitro de embriões em doadoras antes e depois da gestação. No estudo I, 75 vacas de alta produção de leite com escores de condição corporal (ECC) de 2,75 a 4,75 e idades de 23 a 99 meses foram selecionadas. No dia do estro a CFA foi avaliada (folículos ≥ 3 mm) além do escore corporal, peso corporal e diâmetros do folículo dominante, ovários e corpo lúteo. Posteriormente, a CFA foi monitorada nas vacas gestantes (n = 35) aos 30 e 60 dias. No estudo II, novilhas (n = 9) com ECC de 2,5 a 3,5 e idades de 10 a 16 meses foram selecionadas para obtenção de oócitos antes e depois da gestação, no primeiro, segundo e acima dos dois meses de gestação. A análise estatística foi realizada usando PROC GLM e modelo de regressão logística binária (P ≤ 0,05). No estudo I, a CFA não foi associada a variações nos parâmetros produtivos e reprodutivos. No entanto, as vacas de baixa CFA apresentaram aumento no número de folículos após início da gestação (IA: 14,82 ± 1,36, 30 dias: 23,45 ± 2,31 e 60 dias:35,18 ± 3,17 folículos). A CFA aumentou da IA para 60 dias no grupo de CFA intermediária, mas não variou ao longo do tempo no grupo de alta CFA. A CFA variou entre os grupos comparando-se o momento da IA e 30 dias de gestação. No estudo II, entre a IA e o primeiro mês de gestação, houve aumento do total de oócitos (17,43 ± 4,52 vs. 41,67 ± 3,79), bem como de oócitos viáveis (13,77 ± 3,63 vs. 30,56 ± 3,45). O número médio de embriões produzidos aumentou durante a gestação, [...]
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Bovinos , Fertilidade/genética , Prenhez/genética , Técnicas de Cultura Embrionária/veterináriaRESUMO
This study used Holstein cattle to evaluate the following: I) the productive and reproductive characteristics of cows with low, intermediate and high antral follicle counts (AFCs) that were subjected to artificialin semination (AI) and comparison of AFC variability at the time of AI (nonpregnant) and at two time points during pregnancy (30 and 60 days), and II) whether the pregnancy status and different pregnancy periods in heifers improves the efficiency at in vitro embryo production (IVEP). In study I, 75 high-milk production cows with body condition scores (BCSs) of 2.75 to 4.75 and ages of 23 to 99 months were selected. Onthe day of estrus, AFCs (follicles ≥ 3 mm), BCS, body weight, and diameters of the dominant follicle, ovaries and the corpus luteum were evaluated. Posteriorly, AFC was monitored in pregnant cows at 30 days (n =35) and at 60 days for comparison of AFC before pregnancy versus different periods. In study II, heifers (n = 9) with BCS of 2.5 to 3.5 and ages of 10 to 16 months were selected for ovum pick-up and an IVEP program before AI (nonpregnant) as well as at 0 to 30, 31 to 60, and > 60 days of pregnancy. Statistical analysis was performed using PROC GLM and binary logistic regression model (P ≤ 0.05). In study I, AFC was not associated with variations in productive and reproductive parameters. However, AFCs in the low group increased following pregnancy (AI: 14.82 ± 1.36, 30 days: 23.45 ± 2.31 and 60 days: 35.18 ± 3.17 follicles). AFCs increased from AI to 60 days in the intermediate group but did not vary among time points in the high group. AFCs varied among AFC groups in AI and at 30 days of pregnancy but not at 60 days. In study II, the mean of total oocytes (17.43 ± 4.52 vs. 41.67 ± 3.79) and viable oocytes (13.77 ± 3.63 vs. 30.56± 3.45) increased from AI (nonpregnant) to the first 30 days of pregnancy. [...](AU)
Este estudo utilizou fêmeas da raça Holandesa para avaliar: i) variação da contagem de folículos antrais na gestação; ii) resultado da produção in vitro de embriões em doadoras antes e depois da gestação. No estudo I, 75 vacas de alta produção de leite com escores de condição corporal (ECC) de 2,75 a 4,75 e idades de 23 a 99 meses foram selecionadas. No dia do estro a CFA foi avaliada (folículos ≥ 3 mm) além do escore corporal, peso corporal e diâmetros do folículo dominante, ovários e corpo lúteo. Posteriormente, a CFA foi monitorada nas vacas gestantes (n = 35) aos 30 e 60 dias. No estudo II, novilhas (n = 9) com ECC de 2,5 a 3,5 e idades de 10 a 16 meses foram selecionadas para obtenção de oócitos antes e depois da gestação, no primeiro, segundo e acima dos dois meses de gestação. A análise estatística foi realizada usando PROC GLM e modelo de regressão logística binária (P ≤ 0,05). No estudo I, a CFA não foi associada a variações nos parâmetros produtivos e reprodutivos. No entanto, as vacas de baixa CFA apresentaram aumento no número de folículos após início da gestação (IA: 14,82 ± 1,36, 30 dias: 23,45 ± 2,31 e 60 dias:35,18 ± 3,17 folículos). A CFA aumentou da IA para 60 dias no grupo de CFA intermediária, mas não variou ao longo do tempo no grupo de alta CFA. A CFA variou entre os grupos comparando-se o momento da IA e 30 dias de gestação. No estudo II, entre a IA e o primeiro mês de gestação, houve aumento do total de oócitos (17,43 ± 4,52 vs. 41,67 ± 3,79), bem como de oócitos viáveis (13,77 ± 3,63 vs. 30,56 ± 3,45). O número médio de embriões produzidos aumentou durante a gestação, [...](AU)