RESUMO
Urea recycling occurs in all mammalian species and represents an important source of ruminal nitrogen (N) for ruminants fed protein-restricted diets. However, its importance for cattle fed adequate amounts of protein and energy remains unclear. Six Nellore feedlot steers fed concentrate-based diets were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate ruminal fermentation, urea kinetics, and N excretion. Treatments consisted of 3 protein sources (PS: soybean meal plus urea [SU], corn gluten meal [CGM], and dry distillers grains [DDG]) and 2 inclusion levels (PL; 11% and 14%). Steers were adapted to the diets for 14 d followed by 8 d of sample collection. Feed intake, fecal output, and urine production were measured from day 18 to day 22 of each period. Blood samples were collected every 6 h on day 18. [15N-15N]-urea was infused into the jugular vein for 82 h over day 19 to day 22, and measurement of 15N in background (day 18) and enriched feces and urine (day 21) were used to evaluate urea kinetics. To evaluate the incorporation of recycled urea N into microbial protein (MICP), ruminal and duodenal fluid were collected on day 22. Steers fed SU diets had lower (P < 0.05) nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), greater (P < 0.05) urea-N entry rate (UER), and tended (P < 0.10) to have greater gastrointestinal entry rate of urea-N (GER) compared with those fed CGM or DDG. In addition, steers fed SU had greater (P < 0.05) urea-N returned to ornithine cycle (ROC) compared with those fed CGM or DDG. Increasing PL tended (P < 0.10) to increase UER. The proportion of total microbial N from recycled urea-N was greater (P < 0.05) for steers fed CGM compared with those fed SU and also greater for steers fed diets with 11% CP than for those fed with 14% CP. Diets with 11% CP can be used for Nellore feedlot cattle fed concentrate-based diets without negatively affecting intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation. Moreover, diets containing rumen undegradable protein (RUP) feed sources (CGM or DDG) compared with diets with SU markedly increased NUE, while maintaining microbial protein (MICP) synthesis. Results from this study suggest that the equation adopted by NASEM (NASEM. 2016. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 8th revised ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press) was not accurate in estimating the urea-N used for anabolism (UUA) in Nellore feedlot cattle fed concentrate-based diets.
Assuntos
Rúmen , Ureia , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Bovinos , Dieta/veterinária , Proteínas Alimentares/metabolismo , Digestão , Fermentação , Cinética , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Rúmen/metabolismo , Ureia/metabolismoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to determine whether a combination of crude glycerin (CG) and soyabean oil (SO) could be used to partially replace maize in the diet of Nellore steers while maintaining optimum feed utilisation. Eight castrated Nellore steers fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a double 4×4 Latin square design balanced for residual effects, in a factorial arrangement (A×B), when factor A corresponded to the provision of SO, and factor B to the provision of CG. Steers feed SO and CG showed similar DM intake, DM, organic matter and neutral-detergent fibre digestibility to that of steers fed diets without oil and without glycerine (P>0·05). Both diets with CG additions reduced the acetate:propionate ratio and increased the proportion of iso-butyrate, butyrate, iso-valerate and valerate (P<0·05). Steers fed diets containing SO had less total N excretion (P<0·001) and showed greater retained N expressed as % N intake (P=0·022). SO and CG diet generated a greater ruminal abundance of Prevotella, Succinivibrio, Ruminococcus, Syntrophococcus and Succiniclasticum. Archaea abundance (P=0·002) and total ciliate protozoa were less in steers fed diets containing SO (P=0·011). CG associated with lipids could be an energy source, which is a useful strategy for the partial replacement of maize in cattle diets, could result in reduced total N excretion and ruminal methanogens without affecting intake and digestibility.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Bovinos/fisiologia , Glicerol/administração & dosagem , Rúmen/microbiologia , Óleo de Soja/administração & dosagem , Zea mays , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Bovinos/microbiologia , Clostridiales/isolamento & purificação , Clostridiales/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinária , Digestão , Fermentação , Masculino , Prevotella/isolamento & purificação , Prevotella/metabolismo , Rúmen/metabolismo , Ruminococcus/isolamento & purificação , Ruminococcus/metabolismo , Succinivibrionaceae/isolamento & purificação , Succinivibrionaceae/metabolismo , Veillonellaceae/isolamento & purificação , Veillonellaceae/metabolismoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to investigate three storage methods and four storage times for rumen sampling in terms of quality and yield of extracted metagenomic DNA as well as the composition of the rumen bacterial community. One Nellore steer fitted with a ruminal silicone-type cannula was used as a donor of ruminal contents. The experiment comprised 11 experimental groups: pellet control (PC), lyophilized control (LC), P-20: pellet stored frozen at -20°C for a period of 3, 6, and 12 months, P-80: pellet stored frozen at -80°C for a period of 3, 6, and 12 months, and L-20: lyophilized sample stored frozen at -20°C for a period of 3, 6, and 12 months. Metagenomic DNA concentrations were measured spectrophotometrically and fluorometrically and ion torrent sequencing was used to assess the bacterial community composition. The L-20 method could not maintain the yield of DNA during storage. In addition, the P-80 group showed a greater yield of metagenomic DNA than the other groups after 6 months of storage. Rumen samples stored as pellets (P-20 and P-80) resulted in lower richness Chao 1, ACE, and Shannon Wiener indices when compared to PC, while LC and PC were only different in richness ACE. The storage method and storage time influenced the proportions of 14 of 17 phyla identified by sequencing. In the P-20 group, the proportion of Cyanobacteria, Elusimicrobia, Fibrobacteres, Lentisphaerae, Proteobacteria, and Spirochaetes phyla identified was lower than 1%. In the P-80 group, there was an increase in the proportion of the Bacteroidetes phylum (p = 0.010); however, the proportion of Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, SR1, Synergistetes, TM7, and WPS.2 phyla were unchanged compared to the PC group (p > 0.05). The class Clostridium was the most abundant in all stored groups and increased in its proportion, especially in the L-20 group. The rumen sample storage time significantly reduced the yield of metagenomic DNA extracted. Therefore, the storage method can influence the abundance of phyla, classes, and bacterial families studied in rumen samples and affect the richness and diversity index.
Assuntos
Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Criopreservação/métodos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Rúmen/microbiologia , Animais , Bactérias/genética , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Bacterianos , Biodiversidade , Bovinos , DNA Bacteriano , Fluorometria , Liofilização , Congelamento , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Espectrofotometria , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Protozoa population, microbial synthesis efficiency and rumen degradability of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber in cattle fed on diets with different lipid rates were evaluated. Nine 16-month-old Nelore young bulls, cannulated in the rumen and duodenum, weighing 232 ± 35 kg, were used in the trial. Experimental design consisted of a 3 x 3 square in triplicate, comprising the following treatments: 2, 4 and 6% lipid in diet. In situ degradability was assessed by rumen incubation of corn silage, soybean, soybean meal and citrus pulp during 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96h. The flow of microbial nitrogen and microbial efficiency were not influenced (p > 0.05) by the inclusion of lipid levels in the diet. When the animals received diet with 4% lipid, there was a reduction (p 0.05) in the potential and effective degradation of dry matter of corn silage (64.10 and 55.04%, respectively), soybean meal (94.55 and 60.83%, respectively) and soybeans (98.45 and 76.44%, respectively). Since the degradability of neutral detergent fiber was not affected, 4 and 6% lipid levels in the diet may be used without altering the parameters of rumen degradation of fiber.
RESUMO
This review aimed to present the main environmental impacts related to livestock, especially as regards the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the possible ways to mitigate these externalities. The creation of ruminants in Brazil comes mainly extensively, often in areas of degraded pasture and hence low productivity. This fact enables the activity a great opportunity to reduce the impact to the environment, since actions taken to improve animal performance should result in a lower consumption of natural resources (land and water) and greater efficiency of the digestive system animal. The main problems identified by researchers in relation to cattle production are the methane emitted from enteric fermentation of ruminants, nitrous oxide emitted by feces of grazing animals and carbon dioxide exchanged by soil and vegetation. Many factors influence the production of CH4 from enteric ruminants, including the type of carbohydrate fermentation, the animal's digestive system, and the amount and type of food consumed. In this light, researchers have been working technologies to reduce methane emissions through improved food handling practices, manipulation of rumen by supplementation with monensin, lipids, organic acids and plant compounds. Other strategies to reduce methane that were investigated are defaunation and vaccines, which seek to inhibit methanogens and methanogenesis. Thus, the search for more efficient production systems has been one of the prospects of livestock worldwide, aiming to reduce emissions and increase animal production.
Na presente revisão, buscou-se apresentar os principais impactos ambientais causados pela pecuária, sobretudo, em relação às emissões de gases efeito estufa (GEE). Além disso, buscou-se apresentar possíveis formas de mitigar essas externalidades. A criação de bovinos, no Brasil, acontece de forma extensiva, muitas vezes em áreas com pastagem degradada e, portanto, de baixa produtividade. Isso possibilita à atividade uma oportunidade de redução do impacto causado ao meio ambiente, uma vez que ações tomadas, no sentido de melhorar o rendimento animal, devem resultar em um menor consumo de recursos naturais (terra e água) e maior eficiência do sistema digestivo animal. Os principais problemas apontados pelos pesquisadores, no que tange à pecuária extensiva, são o metano emitido pela fermentação entérica dos ruminantes, o óxido nitroso emitido pelos dejetos dos animais em pastejo e o dióxido de carbono trocado pelo solo e vegetação. Muitos fatores influenciam a produção de CH4 entérico dos ruminantes, inclusive o tipo de carboidrato fermentado, o sistema digestivo do animal, a quantidade e o tipo de alimentos consumidos. Diante do exposto, pesquisadores têm desenvolvido tecnologias para reduzir a emissão de metano, através da melhoria das práticas de manejo alimentar, manipulação ruminal, por meio de suplementação com monensina, lipídios, ácidos orgânicos e compostos de plantas. Outras estratégias de redução de metano que foram investigadas são: defaunação e vacinas, que buscam inibir micro-organismos metanogênicos e a metanogênese. Assim, a busca por sistemas de produção eficientes tem sido uma das perspectivas da pecuária mundial para reduzir a emissão de poluentes e intensificar a produção animal.
RESUMO
Protozoa population, microbial synthesis efficiency and rumen degradability of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber in cattle fed on diets with different lipid rates were evaluated. Nine 16-month-old Nelore young bulls, cannulated in the rumen and duodenum, weighing 232 ± 35 kg, were used in the trial. Experimental design consisted of a 3 x 3 square in triplicate, comprising the following treatments: 2, 4 and 6% lipid in diet. In situ degradability was assessed by rumen incubation of corn silage, soybean, soybean meal and citrus pulp during 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96h. The flow of microbial nitrogen and microbial efficiency were not influenced (p > 0.05) by the inclusion of lipid levels in the diet. When the animals received diet with 4% lipid, there was a reduction (p 0.05) in the potential and effective degradation of dry matter of corn silage (64.10 and 55.04%, respectively), soybean meal (94.55 and 60.83%, respectively) and soybeans (98.45 and 76.44%, respectively). Since the degradability of neutral detergent fiber was not affected, 4 and 6% lipid levels in the diet may be used without altering the parameters of rumen degradation of fiber.
RESUMO
This review aimed to present the main environmental impacts related to livestock, especially as regards the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the possible ways to mitigate these externalities. The creation of ruminants in Brazil comes mainly extensively, often in areas of degraded pasture and hence low productivity. This fact enables the activity a great opportunity to reduce the impact to the environment, since actions taken to improve animal performance should result in a lower consumption of natural resources (land and water) and greater efficiency of the digestive system animal. The main problems identified by researchers in relation to cattle production are the methane emitted from enteric fermentation of ruminants, nitrous oxide emitted by feces of grazing animals and carbon dioxide exchanged by soil and vegetation. Many factors influence the production of CH4 from enteric ruminants, including the type of carbohydrate fermentation, the animal"s digestive system, and the amount and type of food consumed. In this light, researchers have been working technologies to reduce methane emissions through improved food handling practices, manipulation of rumen by supplementation with monensin, lipids, organic acids and plant compounds. Other strategies to reduce methane that were investigated are defaunation and vaccines, which seek to inhibit methanogens and methanogenesis.
Na presente revisão, buscou-se apresentar os principais impactos ambientais causados pela pecuária, sobretudo, em relação às emissões de gases efeito estufa (GEE). Além disso, buscou-se apresentar possíveis formas de mitigar essas externalidades. A criação de bovinos, no Brasil, acontece de forma extensiva, muitas vezes em áreas com pastagem degradada e, portanto, de baixa produtividade. Isso possibilita à atividade uma oportunidade de redução do impacto causado ao meio ambiente, uma vez que ações tomadas, no sentido de melhorar o rendimento animal, devem resultar em um menor consumo de recursos naturais (terra e água) e maior eficiência do sistema digestivo animal. Os principais problemas apontados pelos pesquisadores, no que tange à pecuária extensiva, são o metano emitido pela fermentação entérica dos ruminantes, o óxido nitroso emitido pelos dejetos dos animais em pastejo e o dióxido de carbono trocado pelo solo e vegetação. Muitos fatores influenciam a produção de CH4 entérico dos ruminantes, inclusive o tipo de carboidrato fermentado, o sistema digestivo do animal, a quantidade e o tipo de alimentos consumidos. Diante do exposto, pesquisadores têm desenvolvido tecnologias para reduzir a emissão de metano, através da melhoria das práticas de manejo alimentar, manipulação ruminal, por meio de suplementação com monensina, lipídios, ácidos orgânicos e compostos de plantas. Ou
RESUMO
This review aimed to present the main environmental impacts related to livestock, especially as regards the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the possible ways to mitigate these externalities. The creation of ruminants in Brazil comes mainly extensively, often in areas of degraded pasture and hence low productivity. This fact enables the activity a great opportunity to reduce the impact to the environment, since actions taken to improve animal performance should result in a lower consumption of natural resources (land and water) and greater efficiency of the digestive system animal. The main problems identified by researchers in relation to cattle production are the methane emitted from enteric fermentation of ruminants, nitrous oxide emitted by feces of grazing animals and carbon dioxide exchanged by soil and vegetation. Many factors influence the production of CH4 from enteric ruminants, including the type of carbohydrate fermentation, the animal"s digestive system, and the amount and type of food consumed. In this light, researchers have been working technologies to reduce methane emissions through improved food handling practices, manipulation of rumen by supplementation with monensin, lipids, organic acids and plant compounds. Other strategies to reduce methane that were investigated are defaunation and vaccines, which seek to inhibit methanogens and methanogenesis.
Na presente revisão, buscou-se apresentar os principais impactos ambientais causados pela pecuária, sobretudo, em relação às emissões de gases efeito estufa (GEE). Além disso, buscou-se apresentar possíveis formas de mitigar essas externalidades. A criação de bovinos, no Brasil, acontece de forma extensiva, muitas vezes em áreas com pastagem degradada e, portanto, de baixa produtividade. Isso possibilita à atividade uma oportunidade de redução do impacto causado ao meio ambiente, uma vez que ações tomadas, no sentido de melhorar o rendimento animal, devem resultar em um menor consumo de recursos naturais (terra e água) e maior eficiência do sistema digestivo animal. Os principais problemas apontados pelos pesquisadores, no que tange à pecuária extensiva, são o metano emitido pela fermentação entérica dos ruminantes, o óxido nitroso emitido pelos dejetos dos animais em pastejo e o dióxido de carbono trocado pelo solo e vegetação. Muitos fatores influenciam a produção de CH4 entérico dos ruminantes, inclusive o tipo de carboidrato fermentado, o sistema digestivo do animal, a quantidade e o tipo de alimentos consumidos. Diante do exposto, pesquisadores têm desenvolvido tecnologias para reduzir a emissão de metano, através da melhoria das práticas de manejo alimentar, manipulação ruminal, por meio de suplementação com monensina, lipídios, ácidos orgânicos e compostos de plantas. Ou