RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the pattern of injuries and illnesses sustained during the Games of the XXXI Olympiad, hosted by Rio de Janeiro from 5 to 21 August 2016. METHODS: We recorded the daily incidence of athlete injuries and illnesses (1) through the reporting of all National Olympic Committee (NOC) medical teams and (2) in the polyclinic and medical venues by the Rio 2016 medical staff. RESULTS: In total, 11 274 athletes (5089 women, 45%; 6185 men, 55%) from 207 NOCs participated in the study. NOC and Rio 2016 medical staff reported 1101 injuries and 651 illnesses, equalling 9.8 injuries and 5.4 illnesses per 100 athletes over the 17-day period. Altogether, 8% of the athletes incurred at least one injury and 5% at least one illness. The injury incidence was highest in BMX cycling (38% of the athletes injured), boxing (30%), mountain bike cycling (24%), taekwondo (24%), water polo (19%) and rugby (19%), and lowest in canoe slalom, rowing, shooting, archery, swimming, golf and table tennis (0%-3%). Of the 1101 injuries recorded, 40% and 20% were estimated to lead to ≥1 and >7 days of absence from sport, respectively. Women suffered 40% more illnesses than men. Illness was generally less common than injury, with the highest incidence recorded in diving (12%), open-water marathon (12%), sailing (12%), canoe slalom (11%), equestrian (11%) and synchronised swimming (10%). Illnesses were also less severe; 18% were expected to result in time loss. Of the illnesses, 47% affected the respiratory system and 21% the gastrointestinal system. The anticipated problem of infections in the Rio Olympic Games did not materialise, as the proportion of athletes with infectious diseases mirrored that of recent Olympic Games (3%). CONCLUSION: Overall, 8% of the athletes incurred at least one injury during the Olympic Games, and 5% an illness, which is slightly lower than in the Olympic Summer Games of 2008 and 2012.
Assuntos
Traumatismos em Atletas/epidemiologia , Gastroenteropatias/epidemiologia , Doenças Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Aniversários e Eventos Especiais , Atletas , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the use of medications and nutritional supplements among top-level male futsal players during international tournaments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective survey of the four consecutive 2000 to 2012 FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) Futsal World Cup tournaments analyzes data about the use of medications and nutritional supplements by each player prior to every match. A total of 5264 reports on 1064 futsal players were collected from the 188 matches played. RESULTS: A total of 4237 medications and 8494 nutritional supplements (0.8 and 1.6 per player per match, resp.) were prescribed, and 64% of the players used at least one type of medication over the four tournaments. The most frequently prescribed medication was nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (41.1%), whereby 45.7% of all players consumed at least one NSAID during the tournament and 27.4% did so prior to every match. CONCLUSIONS: The intake of medications, particularly of NSAIDs, is frequently high among top-level futsal players and follows a similar pattern to that found in FIFA Football World Cups. Campaigns should be instituted to understand this prescription practice by team physicians involving professional football players, with the aim to decrease its use and to prevent athletes from potential short- and long-term risks.
Assuntos
Atletas/estatística & dados numéricos , Suplementos Nutricionais/estatística & dados numéricos , Prescrições de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Uso de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Futebol/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Uso de Medicamentos/tendências , Humanos , Internacionalidade , Masculino , Futebol/tendências , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the use of medication of top-level male players during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil. DESIGN: Retrospective survey. PARTICIPANTS/INFORMATION: 736 top level players. SETTING: The teams' physicians disclosed a list of the medications used by each player within 72â h before each match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil. OUTCOME MEASURES: Average number of medications used per player per match or during the tournament; average number and percentage of players using at least one medication per match or during the tournament. RESULTS: 67.0% of all players took various types of medication during the tournament. The most used medications during the tournament were non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), by 54.2% of all players, followed by analgaesics (12.6%); ß-2 agonists were only used by 0.5%. On average, 0.8 medications per player were used before each match. More players were reported taking medications during the knockout round than during the qualification round (0.36±0.48 vs 0.49±0.50, p<0.001). Players from the South American and Asian Confederations took twice as many medications per match as players from the African Confederation (1.17±1.55 and 1.01±1.26 vs 0.48±0.69, both p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There was high use of NSAIDs during the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Although the intake of NSAIDs per match (0.35±0.46 vs 0.31±0.48, p<0.01) in the 2014 FIFA World Cup decreased compared to the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the average use was still higher than in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and the average number of all used medications per player remained the same level as 4â years prior, with all its implications for the player's health. More efforts need to be undertaken worldwide in order to reduce the administration of medications in sports, through continuous education for players, starting from a young age, as well as for doctors and paramedics.
Assuntos
Analgésicos/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Traumatismos em Atletas/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Profissionais/tratamento farmacológico , Futebol/lesões , Adulto , Traumatismos em Atletas/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Futebol/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: FIFA has surveyed match injuries in its tournaments since 1998. AIM: To analyse the incidence and characteristics of match injuries incurred during the 2014 FIFA World Cup in comparison to previous FIFA World Cups. METHODS: The chief physicians of the participating teams reported all newly incurred injuries of their players after the match on a standardised report form. 124 (97%) forms were returned. RESULTS: A total of 104 injuries were reported, equivalent to an incidence of 1.68 injuries per match (95% CI 1.36 to 2.00). 64 (63.4%) injuries were caused by contact with another player. Thigh (26; 25%) and head (19; 18%) were the most frequently injured body parts. The most frequent diagnosis was thigh strain (n=18). Five concussions and three fractures to the head were reported. While most thigh strains (15/17; 88.2%) occurred without contact, almost all head injuries (18/19; 94.7%) were caused by contact. 0.97 injuries per match (95% CI 0.72 to 1.22) were expected to result in absence from training or match. Eight injuries were classified as severe. The incidence of match injuries in the 2014 FIFA World Cup was significantly lower than the average of the four preceding FIFA World Cups, both for all injuries (2.34; 95% CI 2.15 to 2.53) and time-loss injuries (1.51; 95% CI 1.37 to 1.65). CONCLUSIONS: The overall incidence of injury during the FIFA World Cups decreased from 2002 to 2014 by 37%. A detailed analysis of the injury mechanism is recommended to further improve prevention strategies.
Assuntos
Futebol/lesões , Traumatismos em Atletas/epidemiologia , Traumatismos em Atletas/etiologia , Concussão Encefálica/epidemiologia , Concussão Encefálica/etiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Fraturas Ósseas/epidemiologia , Fraturas Ósseas/etiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Luxações Articulares/epidemiologia , Luxações Articulares/etiologia , Masculino , Sistema Musculoesquelético/lesões , Entorses e Distensões/epidemiologia , Entorses e Distensões/etiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The FIFA has implemented an important antidoping programme for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. AIM: To perform the analyses before and during the World Cup with biological monitoring of blood and urine samples. METHODS: All qualified players from the 32 teams participating in the World Cup were tested out-of-competition. During the World Cup, 2-8 players per match were tested. Over 1000 samples were collected in total and analysed in the WADA accredited Laboratory of Lausanne. RESULTS: The quality of the analyses was at the required level as described in the WADA technical documents. The urinary steroid profiles of the players were stable and consistent with previously published papers on football players. During the competition, amphetamine was detected in a sample collected on a player who had a therapeutic use exemption for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The blood passport data showed no significant difference in haemoglobin values between out-of-competition and postmatch samples. CONCLUSIONS: Logistical issues linked to biological samples collection, and the overseas shipment during the World Cup did not impair the quality of the analyses, especially when used as the biological passport of football players.
Assuntos
Dopagem Esportivo/prevenção & controle , Futebol/fisiologia , Anfetamina/análise , Androstenodiona/análogos & derivados , Androstenodiona/análise , Análise Química do Sangue/métodos , Brasil , Clembuterol/análise , Glucocorticoides/análise , Humanos , Manejo de Espécimes/métodos , Esteroides/análise , Detecção do Abuso de Substâncias/métodos , Tramadol/análise , Urinálise/métodosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To deliver a nationwide implementation of the 'FIFA 11 for Health' programme in Brazil and to compare the outcomes with results obtained previously in Sub-Saharan Africa. METHOD: A cohort study among 3694 Brazilian children aged 9-12â years within 128 elementary schools situated in 12 cities in the five Regions of Brazil. The 'FIFA 11 for Health' programme contains 11 90â min sessions: the first 45â min serve to encourage physical activity through the development of football skills (Play Football) and the second 45â min provide a vehicle for delivering 10 health messages (Play Fair). We measured preintervention and postintervention health knowledge (29-item questionnaire) and the children's evaluation of the programme (6-item questionnaire). RESULTS: Mean age of the children across the five Regions was 10.6â years (range 9.2-11.6). The mean preintervention health knowledge score for the five Regions was 60.2% (range 53.8-65.3%); the mean postintervention score was 78.6% (range 70.7-86.8%); thus the mean increase in health knowledge was 18.4% (range 13.6-29.1%). 91% of the children gave a positive evaluation for the programme (range across five Regions: 82.3-96.7%). SUMMARY: The study showed that the 'FIFA 11 for Health' programme, which was originally developed in English and translated into another language, was delivered successfully with results equivalent to those previously obtained in Sub-Saharan Africa. The programme was effective across the five Regions of Brazil.
Assuntos
Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/organização & administração , Futebol/fisiologia , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Brasil , Criança , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Implementação de Plano de Saúde/organização & administração , Humanos , Masculino , Características de ResidênciaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil included 64 matches in temperate to tropical environmental conditions. We analysed performance data in relation to the environmental conditions to identify potential association. METHODS: Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) parameters were obtained at the centre of the field 1â h before the start of play. Environmental stress was estimated (low, moderate and high) for each match using WBGT and relative humidity. Various physical and technical performance indices were recorded during each match (average of both teams). RESULTS: Over the 64 matches, 28 were played under low, 20 under moderate and 16 under high environmental stress. There was no difference in actual playing time (p=0.517), total distance covered (p=0.491), number of goals scored (p=0.485) and number of cards (p=0.618) between the matches played under different environmental stress categories. The number of sprints was lower in high than in moderate or low environmental stress (-10%, p<0.05) but peak speed was unaffected. The distance covered at high intensity was also lower under high (24.8±2.8â m/min/player) than low environmental stress (26.9±2.3â m/min/player, p=0.02). Number of passes was not different but the rate of successful passes was higher under high (76.8±4.4%) than low (73.6±10.8%) environmental stress (p=0.031). CONCLUSIONS: Top-level players seem to modulate their activity pattern during matches in a hot and humid environment (ie, less high-intensity but more low-intensity running and successful passes) to preserve the global match characteristics (ie, similar actual playing time, total distance covered, peak running speed and goals scored).
Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/fisiopatologia , Futebol/fisiologia , Análise de Variância , Brasil , Meio Ambiente , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Temperatura Alta/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Medição de Risco , Corrida/fisiologia , Futebol/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Clenbuterol is a well-established ß2-agonist, which is prohibited in sports and strictly regulated for use in the livestock industry. During the last few years clenbuterol-positive results in doping controls and in samples from residents or travellers from a high-risk country were suspected to be related the illegal use of clenbuterol for fattening. A sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to detect low clenbuterol residues in hair with a detection limit of 0.02 pg/mg. A sub-therapeutic application study and a field study with volunteers, who have a high risk of contamination, were performed. For the application study, a total dosage of 30 µg clenbuterol was applied to 20 healthy volunteers on 5 subsequent days. One month after the beginning of the application, clenbuterol was detected in the proximal hair segment (0-1 cm) in concentrations between 0.43 and 4.76 pg/mg. For the second part, samples of 66 Mexican soccer players were analyzed. In 89% of these volunteers, clenbuterol was detectable in their hair at concentrations between 0.02 and 1.90 pg/mg. A comparison of both parts showed no statistical difference between sub-therapeutic application and contamination. In contrast, discrimination to a typical abuse of clenbuterol is apparently possible. Due to these findings results of real doping control samples can be evaluated.
Assuntos
Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/análise , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/uso terapêutico , Clembuterol/análise , Clembuterol/uso terapêutico , Dopagem Esportivo , Cabelo/química , Adolescente , Adulto , Ciclismo , Feminino , Contaminação de Alimentos , Humanos , Indicadores e Reagentes , Masculino , México , Padrões de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Futebol , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: While injuries in football (soccer) have been the subject of numerous publications, little information is available about the injury risk in futsal. OBJECTIVE: Analysis of the incidence and characteristics of injury in futsal players during top-level international tournaments. DESIGN: Prospective survey. METHODS: Player injuries during three consecutive Futsal World Cups were analysed using an established injury report system. The physicians of all participating teams reported all injuries after each match on a standardised injury report form. The average response rate was 93%. RESULTS: A total of 165 injuries were reported from 127 matches, which is equivalent to an incidence of 195.6 injuries per 1000 player hours (95% CI 165.8 to 225.6) or 130.4 injuries per 1000 player matches (95% CI 110.5 to 150.3). The majority of injuries were caused by contact with another player, and 36% of the injuries occurred during non-contact activities. Most injuries affected the lower extremity (70%), followed by head and neck (13%), upper extremity (10%) and trunk (7%). The most frequent diagnoses were contusion of the lower leg (11%), ankle sprain (10%) and groin strain (8%). On average, one time-loss injury in every two matches was reported. CONCLUSION: While the location and diagnosis of injuries were similar in the two types of football, fewer injuries in futsal than in football were caused by contact with another player and by foul play. More information on injury mechanisms in futsal is needed to develop specific injury preventive interventions.