RESUMO

Biomass burning in the Brazilian Amazon is modulated by climate factors, such as droughts, and by human factors, such as deforestation, and land management activities. The increase in forest fires during drought years has led to the hypothesis that fire activity decoupled from deforestation during the twenty-first century. However, assessment of the hypothesis relied on an incorrect active fire dataset, which led to an underestimation of the decreasing trend in fire activity and to an inflated rank for year 2015 in terms of active fire counts. The recent correction of that database warrants a reassessment of the relationships between deforestation and fire. Contrasting with earlier findings, we show that the exacerbating effect of drought on fire season severity did not increase from 2003 to 2015 and that the record-breaking dry conditions of 2015 had the least impact on fire season of all twenty-first century severe droughts. Overall, our results for the same period used in the study that originated the fire-deforestation decoupling hypothesis (2003-2015) show that decoupling was clearly weaker than initially proposed. Extension of the study period up to 2019, and novel analysis of trends in fire types and fire intensity strengthened this conclusion. Therefore, the role of deforestation as a driver of fire activity in the region should not be underestimated and must be taken into account when implementing measures to protect the Amazon forest.

RESUMO

Abstract This research evaluated the effect of flooding on the microphytobenthos community structure in a microbial mat from a tropical salt flat. Field samples were collected during four consecutive days: on the first three days the salt flat was dry, on the fourth day it was flooded by rain. In order to evaluate the community maintained in flood conditions, samples from this area were collected and kept in the laboratory for 10 days with sea water. The results of total abundance of microphytobenthos varied from 4.2 × 108 to 2.9 × 109 organisms L–1, total density increased one order of magnitude under the effect of water for both situations of precipitation in the salt flat and in experimental conditions, an increase due to the high abundance of Microcoleus spp. Shannon index (H’) was higher during the desiccation period. Our data suggest that changes in the abundance of organisms were due to the effect of water. The dominance of the most abundant taxa remained the same under conditions of desiccation and influence of water, and there is probably a consortium of microorganisms in the microbial mat that helps to maintain these dominances.

Resumo Esse trabalho avaliou os efeitos da inundação na estrutura da comunidade microfitobentônica de um tapete microbiano em uma planície hipersalina tropical. As amostragens foram realizadas no campo durante quatro dias consecutivos: nos três primeiros dias o local estava seco e no quarto dia foi inundando com chuva. Para avaliar a comunidade mantida em condições de inundação, foram coletadas amostras dessa região, sendo mantidas em laboratório por 10 dias com água do mar. Os resultados mostraram que a abundância total do microfitobentos variou de 4.2 × 108 a 2.9 × 109 organismos L–1, a densidade aumentou em uma ordem de grandeza com a influência da água, tanto na planície hipersalina como nas condições experimentais, um aumento que foi devido às maiores abundâncias de Microcoleus spp. O índice de Shannon (H’) foi mais elevado durante o período de dessecação. Nossos dados sugerem que as mudanças na abundância dos organismos foram devidas ao efeito da água, a dominância dos táxons mais abundantes permaneceu a mesma durante as condições de dessecação e inundação, e possivelmente existe um consórcio entre os microrganismos do tapete microbiano no qual eles ajudam a manter essa dominância.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This research evaluated the effect of flooding on the microphytobenthos community structure in a microbial mat from a tropical salt flat. Field samples were collected during four consecutive days: on the first three days the salt flat was dry, on the fourth day it was flooded by rain. In order to evaluate the community maintained in flood conditions, samples from this area were collected and kept in the laboratory for 10 days with sea water. The results of total abundance of microphytobenthos varied from 4.2 × 108 to 2.9 × 109 organisms L1, total density increased one order of magnitude under the effect of water for both situations of precipitation in the salt flat and in experimental conditions, an increase due to the high abundance of Microcoleus spp. Shannon index (H) was higher during the desiccation period. Our data suggest that changes in the abundance of organisms were due to the effect of water. The dominance of the most abundant taxa remained the same under conditions of desiccation and influence of water, and there is probably a consortium of microorganisms in the microbial mat that helps to maintain these dominances.(AU)

Esse trabalho avaliou os efeitos da inundação na estrutura da comunidade microfitobentônica de um tapete microbiano em uma planície hipersalina tropical. As amostragens foram realizadas no campo durante quatro dias consecutivos: nos três primeiros dias o local estava seco e no quarto dia foi inundando com chuva. Para avaliar a comunidade mantida em condições de inundação, foram coletadas amostras dessa região, sendo mantidas em laboratório por 10 dias com água do mar. Os resultados mostraram que a abundância total do microfitobentos variou de 4.2 × 108 a 2.9 × 109 organismos L1, a densidade aumentou em uma ordem de grandeza com a influência da água, tanto na planície hipersalina como nas condições experimentais, um aumento que foi devido às maiores abundâncias de Microcoleus spp. O índice de Shannon (H) foi mais elevado durante o período de dessecação. Nossos dados sugerem que as mudanças na abundância dos organismos foram devidas ao efeito da água, a dominância dos táxons mais abundantes permaneceu a mesma durante as condições de dessecação e inundação, e possivelmente existe um consórcio entre os microrganismos do tapete microbiano no qual eles ajudam a manter essa dominância.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

This research evaluated the effect of flooding on the microphytobenthos community structure in a microbial mat from a tropical salt flat. Field samples were collected during four consecutive days: on the first three days the salt flat was dry, on the fourth day it was flooded by rain. In order to evaluate the community maintained in flood conditions, samples from this area were collected and kept in the laboratory for 10 days with sea water. The results of total abundance of microphytobenthos varied from 4.2 × 108 to 2.9 × 109 organisms L-1, total density increased one order of magnitude under the effect of water for both situations of precipitation in the salt flat and in experimental conditions, an increase due to the high abundance of Microcoleus spp. Shannon index (H') was higher during the desiccation period. Our data suggest that changes in the abundance of organisms were due to the effect of water. The dominance of the most abundant taxa remained the same under conditions of desiccation and influence of water, and there is probably a consortium of microorganisms in the microbial mat that helps to maintain these dominances.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract This research evaluated the effect of flooding on the microphytobenthos community structure in a microbial mat from a tropical salt flat. Field samples were collected during four consecutive days: on the first three days the salt flat was dry, on the fourth day it was flooded by rain. In order to evaluate the community maintained in flood conditions, samples from this area were collected and kept in the laboratory for 10 days with sea water. The results of total abundance of microphytobenthos varied from 4.2 × 108 to 2.9 × 109 organisms L1, total density increased one order of magnitude under the effect of water for both situations of precipitation in the salt flat and in experimental conditions, an increase due to the high abundance of Microcoleus spp. Shannon index (H) was higher during the desiccation period. Our data suggest that changes in the abundance of organisms were due to the effect of water. The dominance of the most abundant taxa remained the same under conditions of desiccation and influence of water, and there is probably a consortium of microorganisms in the microbial mat that helps to maintain these dominances.

Resumo Esse trabalho avaliou os efeitos da inundação na estrutura da comunidade microfitobentônica de um tapete microbiano em uma planície hipersalina tropical. As amostragens foram realizadas no campo durante quatro dias consecutivos: nos três primeiros dias o local estava seco e no quarto dia foi inundando com chuva. Para avaliar a comunidade mantida em condições de inundação, foram coletadas amostras dessa região, sendo mantidas em laboratório por 10 dias com água do mar. Os resultados mostraram que a abundância total do microfitobentos variou de 4.2 × 108 a 2.9 × 109 organismos L1, a densidade aumentou em uma ordem de grandeza com a influência da água, tanto na planície hipersalina como nas condições experimentais, um aumento que foi devido às maiores abundâncias de Microcoleus spp. O índice de Shannon (H) foi mais elevado durante o período de dessecação. Nossos dados sugerem que as mudanças na abundância dos organismos foram devidas ao efeito da água, a dominância dos táxons mais abundantes permaneceu a mesma durante as condições de dessecação e inundação, e possivelmente existe um consórcio entre os microrganismos do tapete microbiano no qual eles ajudam a manter essa dominância.

RESUMO

Dredging is a catastrophic disturbance that directly affects key biological processes in aquatic ecosystems, especially in those small and shallow. In the tropics, metabolic responses could still be enhanced by the high temperatures and solar incidence. Here, we assessed changes in the aquatic primary production along a small section of low-flow tropical downstream (Imboassica Stream, Brazil) after dredging. Our results suggested that these ecosystems may show catastrophic shifts between net heterotrophy and autotrophy in waters based on three short-term stages following the dredging: (I) a strongly heterotrophic net primary production -NPP- coupled to an intense respiration -R- likely supported by high resuspended organic sediments and nutrients from the bottom; (II) a strongly autotrophic NPP coupled to an intense gross primary production -GPP- favored by the high nutrient levels and low solar light attenuation from suspended solids or aquatic macrophytes; and (III) a NPP near to the equilibrium coupled to low GPP and R rates following, respectively, the shading by aquatic macrophytes and high particulate sedimentation. In conclusion, changes in aquatic primary production could be an important threshold for controlling drastic shifts in the organic matter cycling and the subsequent silting up of small tropical streams after dredging events.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract Dredging is a catastrophic disturbance that directly affects key biological processes in aquatic ecosystems, especially in those small and shallow. In the tropics, metabolic responses could still be enhanced by the high temperatures and solar incidence. Here, we assessed changes in the aquatic primary production along a small section of low-flow tropical downstream (Imboassica Stream, Brazil) after dredging. Our results suggested that these ecosystems may show catastrophic shifts between net heterotrophy and autotrophy in waters based on three short-term stages following the dredging: (I) a strongly heterotrophic net primary production -NPP- coupled to an intense respiration -R- likely supported by high resuspended organic sediments and nutrients from the bottom; (II) a strongly autotrophic NPP coupled to an intense gross primary production -GPP- favored by the high nutrient levels and low solar light attenuation from suspended solids or aquatic macrophytes; and (III) a NPP near to the equilibrium coupled to low GPP and R rates following, respectively, the shading by aquatic macrophytes and high particulate sedimentation. In conclusion, changes in aquatic primary production could be an important threshold for controlling drastic shifts in the organic matter cycling and the subsequent silting up of small tropical streams after dredging events.

Resumo Dragagem é um distúrbio catastrófico que afeta diretamente processos biológicos chave nos ecossistemas aquáticos, especialmente naqueles pequenos e rasos. Nos trópicos, as respostas metabólicas podem ser ainda mais intensificadas pelas altas temperaturas e incidência solar. No presente estudo, avaliamos mudanças na produção primária aquática ao longo de uma pequena seção de um riacho tropical após uma dragagem (riacho Imboassica, Brasil). Nossos resultados sugeriram que estes ecossistemas podem apresentar mudanças catastróficas desde heterotrofia à autotrofia líquida na água, baseadas em três etapas de curto prazo após a dragagem: (I) uma produção primária líquida -PPL- fortemente heterotrófica associada a uma intensa respiração -R-, provavelmente sustentada por sedimentos orgânicos e nutrientes advindos do fundo; (II) uma PPL fortemente autotrófica associada a uma intensa produção primária bruta -PPB- favorecida pelos elevados níveis de nutrientes e baixa atenuação da luz solar pelos sólidos em suspensão ou macrófitas aquáticas; e (III) uma PPL próxima ao equilíbrio associada às reduzidas taxas de PPB e R seguindo os sombreamento pelas macrófitas aquáticas e elevada sedimentação de particulados. Como conclusão, mudanças na produção primária aquática poderiam ser um importante limiar para controlar drásticas alterações na ciclagem da matéria orgânica e no subsequente assoreamento de pequenos riachos tropicais após eventos de dragagem.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Dredging is a catastrophic disturbance that directly affects key biological processes in aquatic ecosystems, especially in those small and shallow. In the tropics, metabolic responses could still be enhanced by the high temperatures and solar incidence. Here, we assessed changes in the aquatic primary production along a small section of low-flow tropical downstream (Imboassica Stream, Brazil) after dredging. Our results suggested that these ecosystems may show catastrophic shifts between net heterotrophy and autotrophy in waters based on three short-term stages following the dredging: (I) a strongly heterotrophic net primary production -NPP- coupled to an intense respiration -R- likely supported by high resuspended organic sediments and nutrients from the bottom; (II) a strongly autotrophic NPP coupled to an intense gross primary production -GPP- favored by the high nutrient levels and low solar light attenuation from suspended solids or aquatic macrophytes; and (III) a NPP near to the equilibrium coupled to low GPP and R rates following, respectively, the shading by aquatic macrophytes and high particulate sedimentation. In conclusion, changes in aquatic primary production could be an important threshold for controlling drastic shifts in the organic matter cycling and the subsequent silting up of small tropical streams after dredging events.(AU)

Dragagem é um distúrbio catastrófico que afeta diretamente processos biológicos chave nos ecossistemas aquáticos, especialmente naqueles pequenos e rasos. Nos trópicos, as respostas metabólicas podem ser ainda mais intensificadas pelas altas temperaturas e incidência solar. No presente estudo, avaliamos mudanças na produção primária aquática ao longo de uma pequena seção de um riacho tropical após uma dragagem (riacho Imboassica, Brasil). Nossos resultados sugeriram que estes ecossistemas podem apresentar mudanças catastróficas desde heterotrofia à autotrofia líquida na água, baseadas em três etapas de curto prazo após a dragagem: (I) uma produção primária líquida -PPL- fortemente heterotrófica associada a uma intensa respiração -R-, provavelmente sustentada por sedimentos orgânicos e nutrientes advindos do fundo; (II) uma PPL fortemente autotrófica associada a uma intensa produção primária bruta -PPB- favorecida pelos elevados níveis de nutrientes e baixa atenuação da luz solar pelos sólidos em suspensão ou macrófitas aquáticas; e (III) uma PPL próxima ao equilíbrio associada às reduzidas taxas de PPB e R seguindo os sombreamento pelas macrófitas aquáticas e elevada sedimentação de particulados. Como conclusão, mudanças na produção primária aquática poderiam ser um importante limiar para controlar drásticas alterações na ciclagem da matéria orgânica e no subsequente assoreamento de pequenos riachos tropicais após eventos de dragagem.(AU)

Assuntos

Assuntos

RESUMO

Although only a small amount of the Earth's water exists as continental surface water bodies, this compartment plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycles connecting the land to the atmosphere. The territory of Brazil encompasses a dense river net and enormous number of shallow lakes. Human actions have been heavily influenced by the inland waters across the country. Both biodiversity and processes in the water are strongly driven by seasonal fluvial forces and/or precipitation. These macro drivers are sensitive to climate changes. In addition to their crucial importance to humans, inland waters are extremely rich ecosystems, harboring high biodiversity, promoting landscape equilibrium (connecting ecosystems, maintaining animal and plant flows in the landscape, and transferring mass, nutrients and inocula), and controlling regional climates through hydrological-cycle feedback. In this contribution, we describe the aquatic ecological responses to climate change in a conceptual perspective, and we then analyze the possible climate-change scenarios in different regions in Brazil. We also indentify some potential biogeochemical signals in running waters, natural lakes and man-made impoundments. The possible future changes in climate and aquatic ecosystems in Brazil are highly uncertain. Inland waters are pressured by local environmental changes because of land uses, landscape fragmentation, damming and diversion of water bodies, urbanization, wastewater load, and level of pollutants can alter biogeochemical patterns in inland waters over a shorter term than can climate changes. In fact, many intense environmental changes may enhance the effects of changes in climate. Therefore, the maintenance of key elements within the landscape and avoiding extreme perturbation in the systems are urgent to maintain the sustainability of Brazilian inland waters, in order to prevent more catastrophic future events.

Assuntos