RESUMO
The distribution of platinum, palladium, and rhodium in soils adjacent to a major road in São Paulo, Brazil, is presented. Sampling was made at four sites with varying traffic volumes and driving styles (stop/start vs. constant speed). High-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) with NiS fire assay collection and Te coprecipitation was used as analytical procedure. The platinum group element (PGE) pattern distribution in the analyzed roadside soil was similar to that of other traffic-related elements such as Zn and Cu, characterized by a strong decrease of the PGE content with increasing distance from the traffic lane. The results indicate that the PGE concentrations in roadside soil are directly influenced by traffic conditions and distance, which characterize their catalytic converter origin. Pt, Pd, and Rh contents range between 0.3 and 17 ng g(-1), 1.1 and 58 ng g(-1), and 0.07 and 8.2 ng g(-1) respectively. Lower levels of Pt and lower Pt/Pd ratios in relation to similar studies in other countries were observed due to the different Pt/Pd ratios in Brazilian automobile catalytic converters. This is the first study to assess traffic-derived Pt, Pd, and Rh deposition in Brazil.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Veículos Automotores , Paládio/análise , Platina/análise , Ródio/análise , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Brasil , Veículos Automotores/normasRESUMO
Scolecite is a zeolite associated to basalts of the Parana Continental Igneous Province (PCIP South America). The potential of scolecite as a new material for heavy metal removal (Pb2+ Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Cd2+) from aqueous solutions is evaluated. The experiments were carried out by immersion of 0.5 g of sample in solutions containing the metal ions, and kept under constant agitation for 24h, at ambient temperature. The meq of cations retained per mass of scolecite was evaluated as a function of: initial concentration (5-60 mg L(-1)), pH (4-6), liquid/solid ratio (200, 1000 and 2000) and particle size. The results indicated a great affinity of scolecite for Cu2+ with a retention value of 130 microeq g(-1) at pH 6, Ci = 30 mg L(-1) and liquid/solid ratio of 200. In the same conditions, the maximum retention measured for the other ions were 64 microeq g(-1) (Zn2+), 56 microeq g(-1) (Pb2+), 31 microeq g(-1) (Ni2+), 7.8 microeq g(-1) (Co2+) and 3.2 microeq g(-1) (Cd2+). These values increase substantially when the L/S ratio is increased. The affinity of copper and lead for scolecite is discussed based on their free ionic forms (i.e., their hydrated bivalent ions) and their hydrolysis products. The remaining ions are retained as free ions.