RESUMO

La obesidad se asocia con niveles elevados de leptina y la mayoría de los individuos obesos presentan resistencia "selectiva" a su acción metabólica sin disminución del apetito ni aumento en el gasto energético, con preservación y estimulación de la activación del sistema simpático a nivel central y de las acciones periféricas cardiovasculares y renales. Estos mecanismos podrían modificar la regulación del metabolismo del sodio a nivel renal. Objetivo: identificar el comportamiento de los niveles séricos de leptina en asociación a la excreción urinaria de sodio en una población de niños y adolescentes obesos. Material y métodos: se estudiaron 190 niños y adolescentes entre 5 y 15 años: 125 con índice de masa corporal (IMC) percentilo = 95 constituyeron el grupo de obesos (OB) y 65 con IMC percentilo 5 - < 85 el grupo control (C). Las concentraciones de sodio sérico (Nas) y urinario (Nao) se midieron por electrodo ión selectivo; los niveles séricos de leptina por método radioinmunométrico. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias significativamente menores en los valores de sodio urinario (mEq/ kg/día) de la población obesa respecto a los controles, para ambos sexos en los distintos grupos etarios y se observó que los obesos presentan mayores valores de leptina/IMC (ng/ml/IMC) para menores concentraciones de sodio urinario en los diversos grupos/subgrupos: nenas OB 5 a 9 años: Nao 2,69 ± 0,19, leptina/IMC 0,63 ± 0,06; nenas OB 10 a 15 años: Nao 2,20 ± 0,17,leptina/IMC 1,11± 0,12; nenes OB 5 a 9 años: Nao 2,07± 0,16, leptina/IMC 0,80 ± 0,15; nenes OB 10 a 15 años: Nao 2,57 ± 0,23, leptina/IMC 0,65 ± 0,09. Nuestros resultados sugieren que los niveles séricos de leptina elevados, típicos de estados como la obesidad, podrían contribuir a las alteraciones en el metabolismo del sodio, dada la disminución de la excreción urinaria de dicho ión.

Obesity is associated with elevated levels of leptin and most obese individuals are "selectively" resistant to its metabolic action, without appetite loss or increased energy expenditure, with preservation and stimulation of the activation of the sympathetic system at both the central and peripheral cardiovascular and renal levels. These mechanisms could modify the regulation of sodium metabolism in the kidney. Objective: To determine whether there is any correlation among between serum leptin levels and urinary sodium excretion in a population of obese children and adolescents an obese, children and adolescents. Material and methods: 190 children and adolescents between 5 and 15 years of age were studied: 125 with body mass index (BMI) = 95 percentile constituted the obese group (OB) and 65 with BMI percentile 5 - < 85 the control group (C). Concentrations of serum sodium (Na) and urinary sodium (Nao) were measured with ion selective electrode; serum leptin levels were measured by the immunoradiometric method. Results: Differences between groups were significantly lower for urinary sodium values (mEq/kg/day) in obese subjects compared with controls for both sexes and in different age groups. The obese population has higher leptin/BMI (ng/ml/IMC) and lower concentrations of urinary sodium in the different groups/subgroups: OB girls 5 to 9 years of age Nao 2.69 ± 0.19, leptin/BMI 0.63 ± 0.06; OB girls 10 to 15 years Nao 2.20 ± 0.17, leptin/BMI 1.11± 0.12; OB boys 5 to 9 years Nao 2.07± 0.16, leptin/BMI 0.80 ± 0.15; OB boys 10 to 15 years Nao 2.57 ± 0.23, leptin/BMI 0.65 ± 0.09. Our study suggest that elevated serum leptin levels, typical of conditions such as obesity, may contribute to alterations in sodium metabolism, due to decreased urinary excretion of this ion.

RESUMO

A cyanobacterial bloom occurring in 1998 in lake Tres Pascualas (Concepción/Chile) was found to be dominated by Microcystis sp. The bloom contained both non-toxic (cyanopeptolin-type) and hepatotoxic (microcystin-type) peptides. Cyanopeptolin structure of the non-toxic peptides (called cyanopeptolin VW-1 and VW-2, respectively) was revealed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) of whole cells, showing dominant molecular ions at m/z = 975 and m/z 995, respectively. On post source decay (PSD), both cyanopeptolins showed fragments deriving from Ahp-Phe-MTyr (3-amino-6-hydroxy-2-piperidone), the characteristic partial structure of cyanopeptolins. The amounts of each of the two cyanopeptolins could only roughly be estimated to be >0.1% of bloom material dry weight. In addition the blooms contained microcystins (20 microg/g bloom dry weight as determined by RP-HPLC, 13 microg/g according to ELISA determination). MALDI-TOF-MS revealed several structural variants of microcystin: MCYST-RR (microcystin with Arg and Arg, indicated by m/z 1,038 and confirmed by PSD revealing a m/z = 135 fragment deriving from the Adda side chain, MCYST-FR (microcystin with Phe and Arg, indicated by m/z = 1,015). The presence of [Asp(3)]-MCYST-LR (microcystin with Leu and Arg, Asp non-methylated, indicated by m/z 981), and [Asp(3)]-MCYST-YR (microcystin with Tyr and Arg, Asp non-methylated, indicated by m/z 1,031) were likely. The relative amounts of the peptides varied between February, April, and May. Whole cell extracts from the bloom material revealed specific enzyme inhibitory activities. The serin-proteases trypsin, plasmin, elastase were inhibited, assumable due to the cyanopeptolins found. Elastase and the cysteine-protease papain were not inhibited, inhibitions of protein kinase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were low. Strong inhibition was observed with protein-phosphatase-1, likely due to the microcystins present in the samples.

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RESUMO

Eighty-one consecutive flexible cystoscopic examinations were performed on 69 patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) at the time of their urodynamic study. The indications for cystoscopy included hematuria, recurrent urinary tract infections, symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction, the presence of an intraurethral sphincter stent requiring evaluation, neurogenic vesical dysfunction requiring endourodynamic study (cystometrogram through the working port of the flexible cystoscope), or bladder calculi. Flexible cystoscopy was accomplished in all patients, whether lying supine or seated in a wheelchair (N = 16). Only 6 of 39 patients with previous episodes of autonomic dysreflexia became hypertensive during cystoscopy. When a urodynamic catheter could not be inserted, the flexible cystoscope was particularly useful in defining the urethral anatomy or obstruction and in performing endourodynamic evaluation. The only complication was the development of febrile urinary tract infection in four patients. The flexible cystoscope is a valuable tool in the urodynamic laboratory caring for patients with SCI and is effective for use in endourodynamics, especially when patient positioning or catheter placement is difficult. The procedure is well tolerated, causes minimal stimulation leading to the development of autonomic dysreflexia, and provides accurate cystometric data.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A small capacity, poorly compliant neurogenic bladder is a difficult problem in spinal cord injured patients. Bladder augmentation with intermittent catheterization offers an alternative to indwelling catheterization. Ileum, cecum, and sigmoid colon have been most commonly used for enterocystoplasty but may, however, cause hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in patients with impaired renal function. This can be prevented by performing a gastric augmentation. We present two cases of gastrocystoplasty in spinal cord injured patients with a small capacity, poorly compliant neurogenic bladder, impaired renal function, vesicoureteral reflux, and recurrent febrile urinary tract infections. Both patients had bilateral ureteral reimplantations during the surgery. One of the patients, a women, had a destroyed urethral sphincter secondary to long-term Foley that was repaired with a concurrent pubovaginal sling. Follow-up ranges from 12 to 18 months and both patients are continent with intermittent catheterization and have bladder capacities over 500 mL. Neither patient had deterioration in renal function or changes in serum electrolytes. Both patients maintain a slightly acidic urine and neither patient has had a clinically apparent urinary tract infection.

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