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El presente reporte tiene como objetivo presentar de manera secuencial y visual la protracción maxilar de un paciente clase III esqueletal, utilizando el protocolo BAMP. Una vez realizado el análisis clínico del caso se decidió realiza un tratamiento ortopédico a través del uso de miniplacas de titanio con elásticos intermaxilares de clase III siguiendo el protocolo BAMP, junto a un tratamiento ortodóncico dento alveolar con aparatología fija bimaxilar prescripción Roth 0.22" Mini sprint forestadent. Se observa el éxito del enfoque interceptivo utilizando el protocolo BAMP. Este enfoque logró reducir tanto el tiempo como la complejidad del tratamiento ortodóncico, y también disminuyó la necesidad de someterse a una cirugía ortognática en la edad adulta. El tratamiento BAMP, diseñado para ciertas edades y crecimiento, se demostró exitoso en un paciente de 12 años sin potencial de crecimiento. Las miniplacas como anclaje son efectivas para protracción maxilar en varios casos, aunque se necesita seguimiento y educación postquirúrgica. Se recomienda retirar las miniplacas cuando no sean necesarias, adaptando el protocolo a cada paciente. En resumen, el tratamiento con miniplacas es eficaz para corregir anomalías Clase III esqueléticas.

The present report aims to sequentially and visually present the maxillary protraction of a Class III skeletal patient using the BAMP protocol. After conducting a clinical analysis of the case, it was decided to perform orthopedic treatment using titanium miniplates with Class III intermaxillary elastics following the BAMP protocol, in conjunction with dentoalveolar orthodontic treatment using fixed bimaxillary appliances with Roth prescription 0.022" Mini Sprint Forestadent. The success of the interceptive approach using the BAMP protocol is observed. This approach managed to reduce both the time and complexity of orthodontic treatment and also decreased the need for orthognathic surgery in adulthood. The BAMP treatment, designed for specific ages and growth stages, proved successful in a 12-year-old patient without growth potential. Miniplates as anchorage are effective for maxillary protraction in various cases, although post-surgical follow-up and education are required. It is recommended to remove the miniplates when they are no longer necessary, adapting the protocol to each patient. In summary, miniplate treatment is effective in correcting Class III skeletal anomalies.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine-metabolic disorder of unknown etiology. Hyperandrogenism (HA) is the main diagnostic criteria for PCOS, in addition to being a risk factor for developing several disorders throughout the patient's life, including pregnancy. However, the impact on offspring is little known. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of maternal HA on glucose metabolism and hepatic lipid accumulation in adult offspring. We used Balb/c mice treated with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for 20 consecutive days. The ovary of DHEA-treated mice showed hemorrhagic bodies, an increased number of atretic follicles, and greater expression of genes related to meiotic cell cycle and DNA repair. The DHEA offspring (O-DHEA) had low birth weight, and some pups showed malformations. However, O-DHEA individuals gained weight rapidly, and the differences between them and the control group became significantly greater in adulthood. Moreover, O-DHEA presented higher serum glucose after a 6 h fast and a larger area under glucose, insulin, and pyruvate tolerance test curves. Oil Red O staining showed a more significant accumulation of fat in the liver but no changes in serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. In summary, our results show that HA, induced by DHEA, affects gene expression in oocyte, which in turn generates defects in embryonic development, insulin resistance, and alteration in hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism in O-DHEA, thereby increasing the risk of developing metabolic diseases.

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Apoptosis is the best-known programmed cell death that maintains tissue homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. The morphological characteristics include nuclear and cytoplasmic contraction and cytoplasmic blebbing, its biochemical hallmarks include caspase protease activity and DNA fragmentation. In rat ovaries, cell death is a normal process that occurs throughout the organism's life. Granulosa cells, the more abundant cell type forming the ovarian follicles, are eliminated via different routes of cell death. Most granulosa cells are eliminated through apoptotic cell death. In this work, we analyzed the behavior of nuclear components throughout the apoptotic process and determined how they are regionalized and conserved during follicular atresia in rat ovaries. Apoptosis was detected based on caspase-3 activity and DNA fragmentation using the TUNEL technique. We identified the transcription markers H3ac and RNA Pol II, and splicing factor SC35 by immunodetection. The nucleolar components were analyzed via light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy through immunodetection of the proteins nucleolin and nucleophosmin-1. The nuclear ultrastructure was analyzed using standard contrast and preferential ribonucleoprotein contrast. Our results demonstrate that during the progression of apoptosis, chromatin is remodeled to constitute apoptotic bodies; transcription and spliceosome elements are reorganized along with the nucleolar components. Additionally, the splicing and transcription factors are segregated into specific territories inside the apoptotic bodies, suggesting that transcriptional elements are reorganized during the apoptotic process. Our results indicate that apoptotic bodies not only are compacted, and chromatin degraded but all the nuclear components are progressively reorganized during cell elimination; moreover, the transcriptional components are preserved.

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The inter-mountainous region of central Honduras has been experiencing abrupt urban drinking water shortages during the last decade. Land use fragmentation and rainfall deficits have rapidly reduced surface water quality and quantity in this region. Here we present a 3-yr (2018-2020) tracer study within the headwaters of the Choluteca River basin (2949 km2). We sampled rainfall (weekly N = 156; daily N = 270), drilled wells (N = 166; up to ~300 m depth), boreholes (N = 70; ~4-12 m depth), and springs (N = 128) to assess the spatiotemporal connectivity between rainfall and mean groundwater recharge elevations (MREs). Clear W-shaped incursions characterized rainfall isotopic seasonality from the dry to the wet season. Air mass back trajectory analysis revealed three primary moisture sources: 73 % (east, Caribbean Sea), 17 % (southwest, Pacific Ocean), and 10 % (north; Gulf of Mexico). Groundwater sources exhibited a strong meteoric origin with evidence of secondary evaporation evolution, characterized by low d-excess values. MREs for the drilled wells ranged from 821 to 2018 m asl with a mean value of 1570 ± 150 m asl. Seasonal isotopic variability during dry-wet transitions and the influence of rapid infiltration limited the performance of the MRE method in springs and boreholes. MREs coincided primarily with coniferous forests, pasture, and crop areas, within regions of moderate to high transmissivity. These results are intended to guide the mapping and delineation of critical recharge areas in central Honduras to enhance municipal water regulations, effective environmental protection, and long-term conservation practices.

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating entity that generates substantial disability. The outcome of respiratory and motor features has an impact in human and social well-being. We analyzed demographic characteristics, motor and respiratory outcomes, and determined equipment needs at discharge in a weaning and rehabilitation center. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Observational, descriptive and retrospective study of medical records between January 2002 and December 2018. Tracheostomised cervical SCI patients with invasive mechanical ventilation were included. Forced vital capacity (upright and supine), maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, ASIA and Spinal Cord Independence MeasureIII (SCIMIII) were obtained. RESULTS: Of 1603 patients, 3.5% had SCI, and 28 met the inclusion criteria. The most frequent level of injury was C4-C5 (17/28), 21/28 had ASIAA classification, and 19 showed no change in either the ASIA or the SCIM score. In all, 22/28 patients were weaned, while 15/28 were decannulated. Twenty four patients were discharged to home. The most relevant change in SCIMIII was in the 5th component of respiration and sphincter subscale, related to weaning and tracheostomy. At discharge, 23/24 patients needed both respiratory and motor aids. CONCLUSIONS: The admission rate of SCI patients was low in our weaning and rehabilitation center, with almost all being admitted for traumatic causes. Severity remained unchanged in most ASIAA patients. Respiratory recovery was more clinically significant than recovery of motor function. Upon discharge, most of our patients had to be equipped with both respiratory and motor aids.

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Wegener's granulomatosis is an autoimmune disease where autoantibodies target human autoantigen PR3, a serine protease locates on the neutrophil membrane. This disease affects blood small vessels and could be deadly. The origin of these autoantibodies is unknown, but infections have been implicated with autoimmune disease. In this study, we explored potential molecular mimicry between human PR3 and homologous pathogens through in silico analysis. Thirteen serine proteases from human pathogens (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Salmonella sp., Streptococcus suis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Bacteroides fragilis, Enterobacter ludwigii, Vibrio alginolyticus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) shared structural homology and amino acid sequence identity with human PR3. Epitope prediction found an only conserved epitope IVGG, located between residues 59-74. However, multiple alignments showed conserved regions that could be involved in cross-reactivity between human and pathogens serine proteases (90-98, 101-108, 162-169, 267 and 262 residues positions). In conclusion, this is the first report providing in silico evidence about the existence of molecular mimicry between human and pathogens serine proteases, that could explain the origins of autoantibodies found in patients suffering from Wegener's granulomatosis.

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RESUMEN El Drenaje ácido de mina (DAM) es actualmente el principal contaminante de las regiones mineras. Los reactores bioquímicos pasivos son una tecnología sostenible fácil de instalar que utiliza desechos agroindustriales de la región y puede operar en áreas remotas con poco mantenimiento. Además, son una tecnología limpia que involucra bioprocesos, reacciones químicas y precipitación de metales, minimizando el impacto de los vertimientos ácidos sobre suelos y cuerpos de aguas. Los reactores bioquímicos pasivos son columnas empacadas con una "mezcla reactiva" conformada por materiales orgánicos, inorgánicos y un inóculo microbiano. En esta mezcla se remedia el DAM por medio de procesos fisicoquímicos como la adsorción, precipitación, coprecipitación de los metales y de la reducción del sulfato a sulfuro, mientras se incrementa el pH y la alcalinidad. Con el fin de brindar información reciente, así como las necesidades de investigación en el tema, este documento presenta una revisión de literatura sobre la generación química y biológica de los DAM, así como su remedición utilizando reactores bioquímicos pasivos. El conocimiento de los conceptos básicos de estos procesos es extremadamente útil para evaluar las posibles aplicaciones, beneficios y limitaciones de estos sistemas de tratamiento utilizados por la biotecnología durante la biorremediación de efluentes mineros.

ABSTRACT Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is currently the main pollutant in mining areas. Passive biochemical reactors are a sustainable technology easy to install using agro-industry waste from the mining region and operating in remote locations. Besides, bioreactors are clean technology that involves bioprocesses, chemical reactions, and metal precipitation, minimizing the impact of AMD on soils and fresh water sources. The passive biochemical reactors are columns packed with a "reactive mixture" consisting of organic, inorganic materials and a microbial inoculum. In this reactive mixture, AMD is remediated through physicochemical processes such as metals adsorption, precipitation, and co-precipitation, as well as, the reduction of sulfate to sulfur, while pH and alkalinity are in-creased. To provide recent information and research needs in the subject, this document presents a review of the literature about the chemical and biological generation of AMD and its remediation using passive biochemical reactors. The knowledge of the basic concepts of these processes is extremely useful to evaluate the possible applications, benefits and limitations of these treatment systems used by biotechnology during the bioremediation of mining effluents.

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OBJECTIVE: To identify determinants and outcomes associated with infection in paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients at admission and during hospitalization in intensive care units (ICUs). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of paediatric SLE patients admitted to two ICUs was conducted. Frequency and risk factors of infection as well as mortality were studied. RESULTS: Seventy-three infection episodes amongst 55 patients were analysed. The median age was 14.4 years (IQR 12.5-16). The median SLEDAI was 16 (IQR 12-20). Twenty-nine episodes were documented at admission; the CRP was higher in these patients (6.58 versus 1.04 mg/dl, p<0.001) than in non-infected patients, even after multivariate adjustment (OR 8.6, 95% CI = 2.1-34.8, p = 0.003). Twenty-five (34.7%) episodes occurred during hospitalization. Lupus activity (OR 1.14, 95% CI = 1.01-1.27, p = 0.029), cyclophosphamide (OR 17.9, 95% CI = 2-156, p = 0.009) and mechanical ventilation (OR 16, 95% CI = 2.1-122, p = 0.008) were associated with infection. Ten episodes (14%) led to death. Admission to the ICU due to infection was strongly associated with mortality (90% versus 31.8%, OR 19.4, 95% CI = 2.3-163, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: In paediatric lupus patients admitted to the ICU, elevated CRP should alert clinicians to possible infection. During hospitalization, SLE activity and cyclophosphamide were associated with infection. Infection at admission to the ICU was strongly associated with mortality.

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A new genus and species of nematode, Tziminema unachi n. gen., n. sp. is described from the caecum and colon of Baird's tapir Tapirus bairdii (Gill, 1865), found dead in the Reserva de la Biósfera El Triunfo, Chiapas State, in the Neotropical realm of Mexico. Tziminema n. gen. differs from the other nine genera included in the Strongylinae by two main characteristics: having 7-9 posteriorly directed tooth-like structures at the anterior end of the buccal capsule, and the external surface of the buccal capsule being heavily striated. Phylogenetic analyses of the DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and nuclear DNA, including a partial sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 1, 5.8S and a partial sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 2 of the new taxon, confirmed its inclusion in Strongylinae and its rank as a new genus.

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