RESUMO
Introduced species generate worldwide concern due to in many cases manifest their potential as invasive as invasives. However, little is known about its sociocultural importance and biocultural interaction. Through open and semi-structured interviews, guided walks and participant observation, the main uses and cultural valuations of biogeographically introduced plants in localities of the Dry Chaco (Catamarca and Córdoba) were investigated. A total of 53 species were documented, 18 with medicinal use and 40 for food. The most recurrent treatments correspond to digestive disorders and respiratory conditions; in food, those for direct consumption stand out. Most taxa with local therapeutic applications coincide with theoretical studies on active principles and their curative effects. Finally, it is concluded that the biogeographic origin of the species is independent of the cultural valuations as long as they are potentially usable, in addition to recognizing that ethnobotanical knowledge based on experience supports the uses found from the academy.
Las especies introducidas generan preocupación mundial debido a que en muchos casos manifiestan su potencialidad como invasoras. Sin embargo, poco se conoce su importancia sociocultural e interacción biocultural. Por medio de entrevistas abiertas y semiestructuradas, caminatas guiadas y observación participante se indagó sobre los principales usos y las valoraciones culturales de las plantas biogeográficamente introducidas en localidades del Chaco Seco (Catamarca y Córdoba). Se documentaron un total de 53 especies, 18 con uso medicinal y 40 alimenticias. Los tratamientos más recurrentes corresponden a trastornos digestivos y afecciones respiratorias; en las alimenticias se destacan aquellas de consumo directo. La mayoría de taxones con aplicaciones terapéuticas locales, coinciden con estudios teóricos sobre principios activos y sus efectos curativos. Finalmente, se concluye que, el origen biogeográfico de las especies es independiente de las valoraciones culturales mientras sean potencialmente aprovechables, además de reconocer que los conocimientos etnobotánicos basados en la experiencia fundamentan los usos encontrados desde la academia.
Assuntos
Plantas Medicinais , Espécies Introduzidas , Medicina Tradicional , Argentina , Inquéritos e Questionários , EtnobotânicaRESUMO
In this contribution we seek to enrich the theoretical and methodological approaches of ethnobiology. The essay takes elements of Amerindian anthropology, classical ethnobiological studies and the freedoms provided by feminist philosophers to open up reflection. The central background of the essay is the method of "controlled equivocation" proposed by Viveiros de Castro (2004). We present a series of five ethnobiological equivocations ranging from the categorical equivocal, going through the subtle equivocal to the strictly ontological ones. The cases occurred in different territories of Argentina, including a case in an academic context. Through the fieldwork cases, we give an account of the origin of equivocations, the context for their emergence, which are the disciplinary nuances that cause them and even some academics' preconceptions. To inhabit the equivocation allows opening the possibilities of coexistence among people -and their respective worlds-, especially if these people are in different power positions. We propose the method of controlled equivocation as a theoretical-discursive tool, which permits us to rethink the current concepts of ethnobiology. Thus, we want to broaden the current definition of ethnobiology understood as a dialogue from different scientific points of view.
Assuntos
Antropologia Cultural , Biologia , Conhecimento , ArgentinaRESUMO
Abstract In hospital environments, there are several problems related to Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), contaminated hospital textiles, can contribute to the spread and transmission of (HAIs), due to retention of viruses and bacteria. The antibacterial metallic nanoparticles immersed in hospital textiles can allow reduction of microorganisms. This paper presents a technological surveillance of the principal properties of antibacterial nanotextiles to be used in hospital environments, based on international standards. Initially, the search equation was determined for "antibacterial" AND "nanoparticle." Subsequently, the main properties were selected, by means of a multiple authors' review. Afterwards, the properties were related to international standards. Finally, we present the results found associated to the materials used to develop nonwoven textiles, and their properties for hospital environments, the sizes of samples and also the equipment required for characterization.
Resumen En los ambientes hospitalarios, existen varios problemas relacionados con las infecciones asociadas a la atención de la salud (HAI, por sus siglas en inglés), los tejidos hospitalarios contaminados, pueden contribuir a la propagación y transmisión de los HAIs, debido a la retención de virus y bacterias. Las nanopartículas metálicas antibacterianas sumergidas en tejidos hospitalarios permiten reducir los microorganismos. Este documento presenta una vigilancia tecnológica de las principales propiedades del nanotextil antibacteriano para uso en ambientes hospitalarios, basados en estándares internacionales. Inicialmente, la ecuación de búsqueda se determinó "antibacteriano" Y "nanopartícula". Posteriormente, se seleccionaron las principales propiedades, mediante la revisión de diferentes autores. Luego, las propiedades se relacionaron con los estándares internacionales. Finalmente, se presentan los resultados encontrados asociados a los materiales utilizados para el desarrollo de materiales no tejidos y sus propiedades para ambientes hospitalarios, tamaños de muestras y también el equipo necesario para la caracterización.
Resumo Nos ambientes hospitaleiros, existem vários problemas relacionados com as infecções associadas à atenção da saúde (HAI), os tecidos hospitalários contaminados, podem contribuir à propagação e transmissão dos HAIs, devido à retenção de vírus e bactérias. As nano partículas metálicas antibacterianas submergidas em tecidos hospitalários permitem reduzir os microorganismos. Este documento apresenta uma vigilância tecnológica das principais propriedades do nano têxtil antibacteriano para uso em ambientes hospitalários, baseados em padrões internacionais. Inicialmente, a equação de busca determinou-se "antibacteriano" e "nano partícula". Posteriormente, selecionaram-se as principais propriedades, mediante a revisão de diferentes autores. Posteriormente, as propriedades relacionaram-se com os padrões internacionais. Finalmente, apresentam-se os resultados encontrados associados aos materiais utilizados para o desenvolvimento de tecidos não tecidos e suas propriedades para ambientes hospitaleiros, tamanhos de amostras e também a equipe necessária para a caracterização.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study was conducted in three rural communities of small farmers of Paraguayan origin living in the province of Misiones, Argentina. These Criollos (Mestizos) hail chiefly from departments located in the east of Paraguay, where the climate and flora have similar characteristics as those in Misiones. These ecological features contribute to the continuation and maintenance of knowledge and practices related to the use of plants. METHODS: Fieldwork was conducted between September 2014 and August 2015. Forty five informants from three rural localities situated along the Parana River participated in an ethno-classification task. For the classification event, photographs of 30 medicinal and edible plants were chosen, specifically those yielding the highest frequency of mention among the members of that community (based on data obtained in the first stage of research in 2014). Variation in local plant classifications was examined and compared using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. RESULTS: We found that people classify plants according to application or use (primarily medicinal, to a lesser extent as edible). Morphology is rarely taken into account, even for very similar and closely-related species such as varieties of palms. In light of our findings, we highlight a dominant functionality model at work in the process of plant cognition and classification among farmers of Paraguayan origin. Salient cultural beliefs and practices associated with rural Paraguayan plant-based medicine are described. Additionally, the manner by which residents' concepts of plants articulate with local folk epistemology is discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Culturally constructed use patterns ultimately override morphological variables in rural Paraguayans' ethnobotanical classification.
Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Etnobotânica/métodos , Fazendeiros/psicologia , Argentina , Cognição , Cultura , Etnobotânica/classificação , Humanos , Paraguai/etnologia , Plantas Comestíveis/classificação , Plantas Medicinais/classificaçãoRESUMO
Malassezia spp. are part of the normal human and animal mycobiota but are also associated with a variety of dermatological diseases. The absence of a transformation system hampered studies to reveal mechanisms underlying the switch from the non-pathogenic to pathogenic life style. Here we describe, a highly efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system for Malassezia furfur and M. pachydermatis. A binary T-DNA vector with the hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hpt) selection marker and the green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) was introduced in M. furfur and M. pachydermatis by combining the transformation protocols of Agaricus bisporus and Cryptococcus neoformans. Optimal temperature and co-cultivation time for transformation were 5 and 7days at 19°C and 24°C, respectively. Transformation efficiency was 0.75-1.5% for M. furfur and 0.6-7.5% for M. pachydermatis. Integration of the hpt resistance cassette and gfp was verified using PCR and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. The T-DNA was mitotically stable in approximately 80% of the transformants after 10 times sub-culturing in the absence of hygromycin. Improving transformation protocols contribute to study the biology and pathophysiology of Malassezia.
Assuntos
Agrobacterium tumefaciens/genética , Malassezia/genética , Transformação Genética , Agaricus/genética , Técnicas de Cocultura , Cryptococcus neoformans/genética , DNA Bacteriano , Dermatomicoses/microbiologia , Vetores Genéticos , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Humanos , Malassezia/patogenicidade , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Álcool)/genética , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
Positive Deviance (PD) is a process to achieve a social and cultural change. This strategy has been used for the control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in some health institutions in the United States, but has rarely been adopted in institutions from developing countries where resources are limited. We describe our experience of PD in the control of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) due to MRSA in a Colombian hospital with the aim of reducing HAI rates through a cultural change in processes. A time-series study was conducted based on the MRSA-HAI rate and the number of months with zero MRSA infections before and after application of PD (2001-2012). On comparing the pre-intervention and intervention periods, the mean overall rates of MRSA-HAI was 0·62 and 0·36, respectively (P = 0·0005); the number of months with zero MRSA-HAIs were 3/70 and 12/74 (odds ratio 0·264, 95% confidence interval 0·078-0·897); the percentage of MRSA-HAIs was 53·2% and 41·0%. These results are consistent with other published data. Implementation of PD was associated with a significant reduction of MRSA-HAIs, it did not involve high costs and the changes have been lasting.
Assuntos
Terapia Comportamental/métodos , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa/prevenção & controle , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Estafilocócicas/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologiaRESUMO
En la actualidad, la gestión de activos físicos hospitalarios está adquiriendo importancia debido al tamaño de sus edificaciones, la relevancia social, los costos operativos y de mantenimiento. El propósito de este documento es identificar los Indicadores Clave de Desempeño (KPI por sus siglas en inglés) y clasificarlos en aspectos específicos de medición de desempeño de la infraestructura. La carencia de una clasificación adecuada de los indicadores de desempeño impide el uso general de las medidas de desempeño para el Facility Management (FM por sus siglas en inglés) en el sector de la salud. En este artículo se muestra una breve reseña del estado del arte de los KPIs del FM, basada en una búsqueda bibliográfica teniendo en cuenta autores internacionales y analizando sus enfoques y categorizaciones. Los autores de este trabajo presentan un resumen de la categorización y del enfoque de la gestión de la infraestructura hospitalaria basándose en los documentos examinados, lo que puede ofrecer un uso más práctico para los profesionales del FM en el sector de la salud. Los Facility Managers deben abordar demasiada información lo que dificulta llevar a cabo un análisis más profundo de los indicadores clave de desempeño en investigaciones futuras e intentar generar indicadores que coincidan con los objetivos de la organización y que conduzcan a una gestión de la infraestructura de la salud más inteligente y eficiente.
Nowadays, hospital physical asset management is gaining importance due to the size of its buildings, social relevance, operational and maintenance costs. The purpose of this document is to identify the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and categorize them into specific aspects of measurement of infrastructure performance. The lack of an adequate classification of performance indicators prevents the widespread use of performance measures for Facility Management (FM) in the health sector. This article shows a brief review of the state of art of FM KPIs based on a bibliographic search, taking into account international authors and reviewing their approaches and categorizations. The authors of this paper present a summary of the categorization and approach of hospital infrastructure management based on the documents examined, which may offer a more practical use for FM professionals in the healthcare sector. Facility Managers have to tackle too much data, which hinders to carry out a deeper analysis of the key performance indicators in future researches, attempting to generate indicators that match with the organization objectives and that lead to a more intelligent and efficient health infrastructure management.
Hoje em dia, a gestão de ativos físicos hospitalários está a ganhar importância devido ao tamanho de seus prédios, sua relevância social, os custos operacionais e de manutenção. O propósito deste documento é identificar os Indicadores Chave de Desempenho (KPIs, em inglês) e categorizá-los em aspectos específicos da medição do desempenho da infra-estrutura. A falta de uma adequada classificação dos indicadores de desempenho impede o uso generalizado de medidas de desempenho para a Gestão de Instalações (FM, em inglês) no sector da saúde. Este artigo apresenta uma breve revisão do estado da arte dos KPI de FM baseados numa procura bibliográfica, tendo em conta aos autores internacionais e revisando seus enfoques e categorizações. Os autores deste trabalho apresentam um resumo da categorização e enfoque da gestão da infra-estrutura hospitalaria a partir dos documentos examinados, o que pode oferecer um uso mais prático para os profissionais da Gestão de Instalações - FM no sector da saúde. Os gestores de instalações têm que abordar bastante dados, o que dificulta uma análise mais profunda dos indicadores chave de rendimento em futuras investigações, tentando gerar indicadores que coincidam com os objetivos da organização e que conduzam a uma gestão da infra-estrutura de saúde mais inteligente e eficiente.
RESUMO
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of osteoporosis (OP) in patients with Gaucher disease (GD) in Argentina. GD patients from 28 centers were consecutively included from April 2012 to 2014. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry in the lumbar spine and the femoral neck or the total proximal femur for patients ≥20 yr of age, and by whole-body scan in the lumbar spine in patients <20 yr of age. In children, mineral density was calculated using the chronological age and Z height. OP diagnosis was determined following adult and pediatric official position of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. A total of 116 patients were included, of which 62 (53.5%) were women. The median age was 25.8 yr. All patients received enzyme replacement therapy, with a median time of 9.4 yr. Normal BMD was found in 89 patients (76.7%), whereas low bone mass (LBM) or osteopenia was found in 15 patients (13%) and OP in 12 patients (10.3%). The analysis of the pediatric population revealed that 4 patients (9.3%) had LBM and 3 (7%) had OP (Z-score ≤ -2 + fractures height-adjusted by Z), whereas in the adult population (n = 73), 11 patients (15%) had LBM or osteopenia and 9 (12.3%) had OP. Bone marrow infiltration and the presence of fractures were significantly correlated with the presence of OP (p = 0.04 and <0.001, respectively). This is the first study in Argentina and in the region describing the frequency of OP or LBM in GD patients treated with imiglucerase using the official position of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry.
Assuntos
Absorciometria de Fóton , Doença de Gaucher/complicações , Osteoporose/complicações , Osteoporose/diagnóstico por imagem , Absorciometria de Fóton/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Argentina/epidemiologia , Densidade Óssea , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas/complicações , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas/epidemiologia , Criança , Feminino , Colo do Fêmur/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença de Gaucher/epidemiologia , Humanos , Vértebras Lombares/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This study reports for the first time the roles of genetic and body phenotypic variation in two Saccodon dariensis dental morphs. Results showed a lack of ancient mitochondrial differentiation between morphs and body variations concordant with genetic polymorphism or differential plastic responses to diet quality and foraging strategies of S. dariensis.
Assuntos
Caraciformes/genética , Acrilatos , Animais , Caraciformes/anatomia & histologia , Caraciformes/fisiologia , Colômbia , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Boca/anatomia & histologia , Fenótipo , Éteres Fenílicos , Filogenia , Polimorfismo Genético , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Caracteres Sexuais , Dente/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Landmark-based geometric morphometrics were used to evaluate the effect of flow and depth in the water column on the body size and shape of Brycon henni from river and stream populations. The dendrogram showed that stream populations clustered apart and showed significantly smaller centroid size and narrower bodies than river populations, indicating a role for flow and depth on whole body morphometric variation. The results are concordant with morphometric variation described in other fish species and provide the first insights into phenotypic variation in natural populations of B. henni.