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We here report of a conference about "Pesticides in Soil, Groundwater and Food in Latin America as part of One Health" that took place at the "IV Seminario Internacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (SISA)" in Varadero, Cuba, 8-12 May 2023. Researchers of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico) and Switzerland (workshop initiator) held presentations about occurrence and effects of pesticides on the environment, human health, the replacement of highly hazardous pesticides (HHP) by agroecological alternatives and the agri-food value chain. In a subsequent round table discussion, the presenters identified deficits, needs, interests and opportunities. According to them, the lack of awareness of pesticide use affects the health and safety of workers applying the chemicals. Despite Latin America representing the main agricultural area in the world with a very intense pesticide use, monitoring data of pesticides in soil, surface and groundwaters, food, as well as in humans are missing. Risks of pesticides to humans should be assessed so that authorities can withdraw or limit within "short time" the access to corresponding formulations on the market. Also, communication is not state of the art and should be improved as, e.g. the teaching of workers and farmers, how to correctly use and apply pesticides or the briefing of decision makers. Pollinators suffer from multiple stressors not the least due to pesticides, and alternatives are badly needed. On the technical side, the different analytical methods to determine residues of active ingredients and transformation products in matrices of concern should be harmonized among laboratories.Seven future actions and goals were identified to overcome the above deficits. Next steps after the publishing of this conference report are to harmonize and complete the information status of the presenters by exchanging the results/data already present. Therefore, a platform of interaction to address issues described above and to enhance collaboration shall be created. Samples of different matrices shall be exchanged to harmonize the chemical analysis and establish interlaboratory comparisons. Such activities might be facilitated by joining international associations or organizations, where researchers can offer their expertise, or by forming a new pesticide network for Central and South America that could present tailored projects to national and international organizations and funding agencies.

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Introducción: existe evidencia científica de que la chía (Salvia hispanica L.) es originaria de México y que formó parte, junto con el maíz, frijol y amaranto, de la dieta prehispánica. Con la llegada de los españoles, su uso fue suprimido en las tradiciones y costumbres de los aztecas y mayas, no es hasta finales del siglo pasado que las semillas de chía han cobrado gran interés por su alto contenido de ácido alfa-linolénico así como su relación con la salud y nutrición humana. Objetivo: determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos en semillas de chía cultivadas en diferentes zonas de México. Métodos: se obtuvieron cinco lotes de semillas de chía, a los cuales se les extrajo el aceite en equipo soxhlet con éter de petróleo. El perfil de ácidos grasos se determinó por cromatografía de gases con detector de ionización de flama. Resultados: los análisis cromatográficos permitieron identificar y cuantificar nueve ácidos grasos en las muestras de aceite de chía, palmítico (C16) y palmitoleico (C16:1), esteárico (C18), oleico cis-9 (C18:1 c9), oleico cis-11 (C18:1 c11), oleico cis-12 (C18:1 c12), linoleico (C18: 2 c9c12), araquídico (C20), linolénico (C18:3 c6c9c12) y alfa-linolénico (C18:3 c9c12c15). El ácidos graso alfa-linolénico presentó la mayor concentración (62,67 %). Conclusiones: el contenido de ácidos grasos saturados e insaturados en el aceite de semillas de chía, cultivadas en zonas diferentes de México, se encuentra dentro del intervalo informado para otros países.

Introduction: there is scientific evidence that chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is native to Mexico and was part of the prehispanic diet alongside maize, beans and amaranth. Upon arrival of the Spanish colonizers, its use was suppressed from Aztec and Mayan customs and traditions. It is not until the end of the twentieth century that chia seeds attracted great interest due to their high alpha-linoleic acid content and its relationship to human nutrition and health. Objective: determine the fatty acid profile in chia seeds grown in various regions of Mexico. Methods: five lots of chia seeds were obtained, from which the oil was extracted in a Soxhlet device with petroleum ether. The fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Results: chromatographic analysis permitted identification and quantification of nine fatty acids in the chia oil samples: palmitic (C16) and palmitoleic (C16:1), stearic (C18), cis-9 oleic (C18:1 c9), cis-11 oleic (C18:1 c11), cis-12 oleic (C18:1 c12), linoleic (C18: 2 c9c12), arachidic (C20), linolenic (C18:3 c6c9c12) and alpha-linolenic (C18:3 c9c12c15). Alpha-linolenic acid had the greatest concentration (62.67 %). Conclusions: the content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in oil from chia seeds grown in various regions of Mexico is within the range reported by other countries.

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Introducción: la cicatrización de heridas es un problema de salud de gran relevancia en la práctica médica actual. Diversos tratamientos en su curación se proponen, entre ellos la aplicación de plantas medicinales. El follaje de Pinus caribaea var. caribaea presenta una variada composición química y es una planta forestal de abundancia en Cuba. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad cicatrizante de la pasta de clorofila-caroteno obtenida a partir del follaje de P. caribaea en un modelo de heridas abiertas en ratas, empleando como controles positivos dos formulaciones de acción cicatrizante comprobada de Rhizophora mangle L. Métodos: se utilizaron 16 ratas Wistar de los 2 sexos, en 4 grupos de 4 ratas cada uno, a las cuales se les provocó heridas. En el grupo control se realizó la administración tópica de vehículo (agua estéril), y en los 3 restantes, pasta de clorofila-caroteno, CIKRON y gel de R. mangle, diariamente durante 11 d. Se procedió a la medición del área de las heridas en el día inicial, a los 8 y 11 d; además, se hizo la evaluación clínica del estado de los animales y se sacrificaron al final del experimento, con el estudio histopatológico de la piel. La evaluación estadística se procesó por análisis de varianza, comparación múltiple de Duncan y chi cuadrado. Resultados: se comprobó el efecto cicatrizante de la pasta de clorofila-caroteno, al disminuir el área de las heridas de manera significativa respecto al resto de los grupos en los días 8 y 11, así como no se manifestaron signos clínicos...

Introduction: wound healing is a significant healthcare problem in today's medical practice. Several courses of treatment are suggested for healing, including the use of medicinal plants. The green foliage of Pinus caribaea var. caribaea, an abundant plant in Cuba, presents varied chemical composition. Objective: to evaluate wound healing activity of chlorophyll carotene paste from green foliage of Pinus caribaea var. caribaea in open wounds in rats, using two Rhizophora mangle L. formulations with proved wound healing effect as positive controls. Methods: Wistar rats of both sexes, distributed into 4 groups of 4 rats each, were used and they were intentionally wounded. In the control group, the sterile water as vehicle was topically administered where in the other 3 groups, the chlorophyll carotene paste, CIKRON and gel from R. mangle were daily applied for 11 days. The wound area was measured on the first day, 8th and 11th days; in addition to clinical evaluation of the condition of the rats, which were slaughtered at the end of the experiment. A histopathological study was conducted with their skin. The statistical exaluation was based on variance analysis, Duncanïs multiple comparison and chi square. Results: the healing effect of chlorophyll-carotene paste was significant since the wound areas were substantially reduced at 8th and 11th days and clinical signs did not appear. The histological study revealed a high percentage of wounds in healing Phase II of the epidermis and dermis in all the groups. The group treated with chlorophyll-carotene paste showed the greatest portion of histological parameters in healing phases I and II with respect to the rest of the groups. Conclusions: the favourable effect of chlorophyll carotene paste from green foliage of Pinus caribaea var. caribaea in the open wound healing was demonstrated, which is comparable to that of the drugs from Rhizophora mangle L

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Introducción: extractos acuosos de Rhizophora mangle L (mangle rojo) presentan alto contenido de taninos que le confieren propiedades de antiséptico y cicatrizante. Objetivo: demostrar la validez de un método de cuantificación de taninos totales para el control de calidad de formulaciones semisólidas de mangle rojo. Métodos: se estudiaron los indicadores de linealidad, precisión, exactitud, selectividad, y robustez, sugeridos por la USP y la Regulación 41 del CECMED para métodos cuantitativos de contenido o pureza de principios activos mayoritarios. Resultados: se demostró la linealidad en el rango de 0,40-1 mg/mL del patrón empleado, se obtuvo la ecuación de la recta, con coeficientes de determinación y correlación (r² y r) de 0,9912 y 0,9956; el intercepto y la pendiente, no difirieron 0 y 1, respectivamente. Los estudios de recobrado mostraron porcentajes de recobro superiores a 98 por ciento en los diferentes niveles de concentración ensayados indicativos de una adecuada exactitud. El método resultó ser preciso tanto en condiciones óptimas de repetibilidad como en condiciones intermedias. Los resultados de la selectividad mostraron que la respuesta del método no presentó interferencias con otros componentes de la formulación, así como la ausencia de respuesta en los placebos. La robustez quedó comprobada al no obtenerse diferencias significativas entre los resultados obtenidos de corridas del ensayo normal y corridas con cambios (temperatura y tiempo de la centrifugación, variaciones pequeñas del pH del buffer) que resultaron no significativos. Conclusiones: el método de cuantificación de taninos totales resulta confiable para la evaluación de estos compuestos en la formulación semisólida estudiada

Introduction: Rhizophora mangle L (red mangrove) aqueous extracts have high tannin content that gives them antiseptic and healing features. Objective: to demonstrate the validity of total tannin quantitative determination method for the quality control of semi-solid red mangrove formulations. Methods: The linearity, precision, accuracy, selectivity and robustness indicators were studied in pursuant to the USP guidelines and the Regulation 41 of CECMED for the quantitative determination methods of the content or purity of majority active principles. Results: the linearity in the 0.40-1 mg/mL range of the used pattern was proved, the equation of the straight line with determination and correlation (r² y r) coefficients equal to 0.9912 and 0.9956 respectively were obtained, and the intercept and the slope did not differ from 0 and 1, respectively. The recovery studies showed recovery rates over 98 percent at the various levels of concentration tested, which indicated adequate accuracy. The method was precise both in optimal repeatability conditions and intermediate conditions. The selectivity results revealed that the method response did not interfere with other components of the formulation, and that there was no response in the placebos. Robustness was confirmed since no significant differences between the results from the normal test runs and from the test runs including changes (temperature and centrifugation time, slight variations in the buffer pH) were observed, being all these results not significant. Conclusions: the total tannin quantitative determination method was reliable for the evaluation of these compounds in the studied semi-solid formulation

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