RESUMO
Background and Objectives: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent worldwide. It progresses from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Fibrosis is often present during NAFLD progression; however, factors determining which subjects develop NASH or fibrosis are unclear. Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are a family of secreted proteins involved in senescence and scarring, mainly synthetized in the liver. Here, we aimed to study the association of IGFBPs and their induced senescence with the progression of NAFLD and liver fibrosis. Materials and Methods: A total of 16-week-old male C57BL/6 mice weighing 23 ± 3 g were fed either methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) or control diet for 2, 8, or 12 weeks. Blood and liver samples were collected, and a histological assessment of NAFLD and fibrosis was performed. Fat contents were measured. Cellular senescence was evaluated in the liver. IGFBP levels were assessed in the liver and serum. Data were expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed by a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. Lineal regression models were applied for NAFLD and fibrosis progression. p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: IGFBP-1 and -2 were increased in serum during NAFLD. IGFBP-7 was significantly increased in the serum in NASH compared with the controls. Senescence increased in NAFLD. Serum and liver IGFBP-7 as well as SA-ß-gal activity increased as fibrosis progressed. Both IGFBP-7 and cellular senescence were significantly higher during NAFLD and fibrosis in MCD-fed mice. Conclusions: IGFBP-1, -2, and -7, through their consequent senescence, have a role in the progression of NAFLD and its associated fibrosis, being a plausible determinant in the progression from steatosis to NASH.
Assuntos
Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Masculino , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/complicações , Proteína 1 de Ligação a Fator de Crescimento Semelhante à Insulina , Peptídeos Semelhantes à Insulina , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fígado , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Colina/metabolismo , Colina/farmacologia , Senescência Celular , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
Different cellular mechanisms influence steatotic liver disease (SLD) progression. The influence of different levels of steatogenic inputs has not been studied in hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). METHODS: HepG2 hepatocytes and LX-2 HSCs were cultured in mild (MS) and severe (SS) steatogenic conditions. TGF-ß stimulation was also tested for HSCs in control (T) and steatogenic conditions (MS-T and SS-T). Steatosis was stained with Oil Red, and the proliferation was assayed via WST-8 reduction, apoptosis via flow cytometry, and senescence via SA-ß-galactosidase activity. RESULTS: Regarding hepatocytes, steatosis progressively increased; proliferation was lower in MS and SS; and the viability of both conditions significantly decreased at 72 h. Apoptosis increased in MS at 72 h, while it decreased in SS. Senescence increased in MS and diminished in SS. Regarding HSCs, the SS and SS-T groups showed no proliferation, and the viability was reduced in MS at 72 h and in SS and SS-T. The LX-2 cells showed increased apoptosis in SS and SS-T at 24 h, and in MS and MS-T at 72 h. Senescence decreased in MS, SS, and SS-T. CONCLUSIONS: Lipid overload induces differential effects depending on the cell type, the steatogenic input level, and the exposure time. Hepatocytes are resilient to mild steatosis but susceptible to high lipotoxicity. HSCs are sensitive to lipid overload, undergoing apoptosis and lowering senescence and proliferation. Collectively, these data may help explain the development of steatosis and fibrosis in SLD.
Assuntos
Fígado Gorduroso , Células Estreladas do Fígado , Humanos , Células Estreladas do Fígado/metabolismo , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Hiperplasia/metabolismo , Apoptose , LipídeosRESUMO
Lactococcus garvieae es una causa inusual de bacteriemia. No existen guías diagnósticas y terapéuticas actuales disponibles para tratar las infecciones causadas por estos organismos. Con base en un informe de caso, proporcionamos una revisión de la literatura sobre bacteriemia causada por L. garvieae y destacamos los desafíos de diagnóstico y tratamiento de estas infecciones y las implicaciones para el manejo. Comunicamos el primer caso de bacteriemia por Lactococcus garvieae en Colombia.
Lactococcus garvieae is an unusual cause of bloodstreams infections. Currently, there are no diagnostic and therapeutic guides available to treat infections caused by these organisms. Based on a case report, we provide a literature review on bloodstreams caused by L. garvieae and highlighted the challenges for diagnose and treatment and direct implications for its management. We report the first case of bloodstream infections due to Lactococcus garvieae in Colombia.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Lactococcus , Infecções , Catalase , Bacteriemia , Colômbia , Sepse , Diagnóstico , Relatório de Pesquisa , Peixes , LiteraturaRESUMO
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a highly prevalent condition worldwide that increases the risk to develop liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, it is imperative to develop novel diagnostic tools that together with liver biopsy help to differentiate mild and advanced degrees of steatosis. Ex-vivo liver samples were collected from mice fed a methionine-choline deficient diet for two or eight weeks, and from a control group. The degree of hepatic steatosis was histologically evaluated, and fat content was assessed by Oil-Red O staining. On the other hand, fluorescence spectroscopy was used for the assessment of the steatosis progression. Fluorescence spectra were recorded at excitation wavelengths of 330, 365, 385, 405, and 415 nm by establishing surface contact of the fiber optic probe with the liver specimens. A multi-variate statistical approach based on principal component analysis followed by quadratic discriminant analysis was applied to spectral data to obtain classifiers able to distinguish mild and moderate stages of steatosis at the different excitation wavelengths. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were computed to compare classifier's performances for each one of the five excitation wavelengths and steatosis stages. Optimal sensitivity and specificity were calculated from the corresponding ROC curves using the Youden index. Intensity in the endogenous fluorescence spectra at the given wavelengths progressively increased according to the time of exposure to diet. The area under the curve of the spectra was able to discriminate control liver samples from those with steatosis and differentiate among the time of exposure to the diet for most of the used excitation wavelengths. High specificities and sensitivities were obtained for every case; however, fluorescence spectra obtained by exciting with 405 nm yielded the best results distinguishing between the mentioned classes with a total classification error of 1.5% and optimal sensitivities and specificities better than 98.6% and 99.3%, respectively.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/diagnóstico por imagem , Deficiência de Colina/diagnóstico por imagem , Fígado/diagnóstico por imagem , Metionina/deficiência , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/diagnóstico por imagem , Espectrometria de Fluorescência/métodos , Tecido Adiposo/química , Tecido Adiposo/patologia , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Deficiência de Colina/metabolismo , Deficiência de Colina/patologia , Análise Discriminante , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Progressão da Doença , Humanos , Fígado/química , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/patologia , Análise de Componente Principal , Curva ROC , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Espectrometria de Fluorescência/normasRESUMO
Resumen La cuenca del Lago de Tota ha sido modificada por diversas actividades humanas, como deforestación, piscicultura y el monocultivo de cebolla larga (Allium fistulosum) con un elevado uso de agroquímicos y gallinaza cruda, causando deterioro de las características ecológicas del sistema léntico de alta montaña más grande de Colombia. En este trabajo se implementaron pruebas de toxicidad para determinar posibles efectos deletéreos sobre H. attenuata y D. magna. Se aclimataron los organismos y validaron los ensayos de toxicidad en condiciones de laboratorio, posteriormente se realizó la evaluación de agua y sedimentos (elutriados) provenientes de afluentes de la cuenca del lago: Hato Laguna, El Tobal, Los Pozos y Agua Blanca, durante dos periodos hidroclimáticos contrastantes. Se evidenció una mayor sensibilidad con los ensayos en H. attenuata, ya que señalan que aguas y elutriados de Hato Laguna, El Tobal y Los Pozos generaron respuestas de subletalidad (Kruskal-Wallis; P < 0.05) y letalidad. Se registra presencia positiva de al menos cinco plaguicidas no cuantificados antes en la cuenca (clorotalonilo, aldrin, dieldrin, DDT y congéneres). Estos resultados indicarían una potencial influencia negativa de las actividades antropogénicas sobre organismos acuáticos nativos, con posibles consecuencias sobre la composición, estructura y función de las comunidades hidrobiológicas.(AU)
Abstract Lago de Tota basin is currently being impacted by human activities like agriculture, deforestation, large-scale fish farming and monoculture of onion long (Allium fistulosum) with high use of agrochemicals and chicken manure that contaminate runoff to aquatic systems in the largest high mountain lake in Colombia. We implemented toxicity tests to evaluate possible deleterious effects of contaminants on H. attenuata and D. magna, model organisms commonly used in aquatic contamination assessment. Firstly, the organisms were acclimated and toxicity tests were validated in laboratory conditions. Later, water and sediments (elutriates) were evaluated from tributaries of Lago de Tota basin: Hato Laguna, El Tobal, Los Pozos, and Agua Blanca stream, during two contrasting hydroclimatic periods. In addition, pesticides in sediments were evaluated with chromatography, spectrometry and ultraviolet detection techniques. Acute toxicity tests showed that H. attenuata was more sensitive than D. magna, as it showed sublethal (Kruskal-Wallis; P < 0.05) and lethal responses to exposure to waters and elutriates from Hato Laguna, El Tobal, and Los Pozos. At least five pesticides not quantified before in the basin were detected in chemical analyses (chlorothalonil, aldrin, dieldrin, DDT y congeners). These results indicate that anthropogenic activities have a potentially negative influence in aquatic communities composition, structure, and function, it´s demand attention in future research.(AU)
Assuntos
Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Poluição da Água/análise , Daphnia , Hydra , ColômbiaRESUMO
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ranges from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Liver biopsy, considered the gold standard to diagnose NAFLD, shows significantly high rates of interobserver variability. Thus there is a need to develop tools that accurately categorize mild and advanced grades of steatosis in order to identify patients at higher risk of developing chronic liver disease. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) has proved to be useful in grading liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, without having been implemented for steatosis. We aim to categorize early and advanced stages of liver steatosis in a methionine-choline deficient (MCD) mouse model. C57bl/6 mice are fed either methionine-choline control or MCD diet during 2 or 8 weeks to induce mild and advanced steatosis. Liver samples are obtained and steatosis is evaluated by oil red O staining. Diffuse reflectance spectra are directly measured on ex vivo liver specimens, in a wavelength range of 400 to 800 nm. DRS is able to discriminate between early or advanced steatosis and healthy hepatic tissue with negligible error while showing high average sensitivity and specificity (0.94 and 0.95, respectively). Our results suggest that liver steatosis can be accurately evaluated by DRS, highlighting the importance of applied spectroscopic methods in assessing NAFLD.
Assuntos
Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/diagnóstico por imagem , Análise Espectral/métodos , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Desenho de Equipamento , Fígado/diagnóstico por imagem , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/patologiaRESUMO
Introducción. Los comportamientos psicosociales son objeto de indiferencia, lo que ha llevado a un incremento generalizado de actitudes favorables a la violencia, que comprometen personas jóvenes, como víctimas o victimarios. Objetivo. Describir el comportamiento de la mortalidad por homicidio y suicidios en población de 15 a 24 años, en los departamentos de Colombia, entre 1998 y 2008. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo de fuente secundaria, usando los 150.433 registros de defunción por homicidio y suicidio, en población de 15 a 24 años de Colombia, en el período de 1998 a 2008. Se calculó un índice de condiciones propicias para la violencia, según variables económicas, sociales y educativas. Resultados. La tasa de mortalidad fue de 95,6 defunciones por 100.000 personas en este rango de edad para homicidio y, de 10,1, para suicidio. Los hombres presentaron mayor riesgo que las mujeres, con una exceso de mortalidad masculina de 12,3 en homicidios y de 1,2 en suicidios, lo que evidencia cómo la violencia cobra vidas productivas y reproductivas, lo que a largo plazo afectará la estructura por edad y sexo, y disminuirá la ventana de oportunidades, con mayor riesgo en unos departamentos que en otros. Conclusión. Según el índice de condiciones para la violencia, los departamentos de Vaupés, Guaviare, Arauca y Guainía son los que presentan condiciones más propicias para que se aumente el riesgo de morir por homicidio y suicidio en personas de 15 a 24 años de edad, aunque otros departamentos registren mayores tasas de mortalidad.
Introduction: Psychosocial behaviors are the object of indifference, which has lead to a generalized increase in attitudes favoring violence. Among these, we can find young people as victims or killers. Objective: To describe the behavior of mortality due to homicide and suicide in young population between 15 and 24 years old in the departments of Colombia from 1998 to 2008. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive study form a secondary source. We used 150,433 death certificates with homicide or suicide as cause of death in 15 to 24 years old population in Colombia during the period 1998-2008. We calculated an index for favorable conditions for violence according to economical, social and educational variables. Results: Mortality rate was 95.6 deaths/100,000 people in this age range for homicide, and 10.1 for suicide. Men showed greater risk than women, with it being 12.3 higher for homicide and 1.2 for suicide. This evidences the way in which violence takes productive and reproductive lives, thus affecting the structure by sex and age and decreasing the opportunity window, but having a higher risk in some departments more than in others. Conclusion: According to the index for conditions for violence, the departments of Vaupés, Guaviare, Arauca and Guainía are the ones with more favorable conditions for an increased risk of dying by homicide and suicide in people from 15 to 24 years old, regardless of other departments having higher deaths rates.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Homicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Mortalidade/tendências , Fatores de Tempo , ViolênciaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Psychosocial behaviors are the object of indifference, which has lead to a generalized increase in attitudes favoring violence. Among these, we can find young people as victims or killers. OBJECTIVE: To describe the behavior of mortality due to homicide and suicide in young population between 15 and 24 years old in the departments of Colombia from 1998 to 2008. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a descriptive study form a secondary source. We used 150,433 death certificates with homicide or suicide as cause of death in 15 to 24 years old population in Colombia during the period 1998-2008. We calculated an index for favorable conditions for violence according to economical, social and educational variables. RESULTS: Mortality rate was 95.6 deaths/100,000 people in this age range for homicide, and 10.1 for suicide. Men showed greater risk than women, with it being 12.3 higher for homicide and 1.2 for suicide. This evidences the way in which violence takes productive and reproductive lives, thus affecting the structure by sex and age and decreasing the opportunity window, but having a higher risk in some departments more than in others. CONCLUSION: According to the index for conditions for violence, the departments of Vaupés, Guaviare, Arauca and Guainía are the ones with more favorable conditions for an increased risk of dying by homicide and suicide in people from 15 to 24 years old, regardless of other departments having higher deaths rates.
Assuntos
Homicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mortalidade/tendências , Fatores de Tempo , Violência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objetivo Identificar los factores sociales que determinan la percepción del riesgo en la población que se encuentra expuesta a las emisiones atmosféricas de un sitio de disposición final de residuos sólidos de la ciudad de Santiago de Cali en Colombia denominado Basuro de Navarro (BN). Materiales y Métodos Estudio cuantitativo con aplicación de una encuesta a una muestra estratificada de 199 personas con asignación proporcional según nivel socio-económico. Resultados Para el 73 % de los encuestados el principal problema es la inseguridad, y para el 50 % es la contaminación del aire. Para los encuestados la contaminación se manifiesta con dolor en la garganta y ardor en los ojos. El 64 % con mayor tiempo de residencia en el sector considera que la contaminación está concentrada en otros sitios de la ciudad y se encuentra por fuera de su sector. El 83,4 % considera que el BN produce contaminación y la asocia al aire en un 42 %. El 48 % calificó como grave y el 29 % como muy grave la contaminación producida por el BN. Discusión Se asocia la percepción del riesgo al tiempo de residencia en el sector y la edad de las personas. Se evidencia la necesidad de implementar programas de divulgación. Sería importante que la comunidad estuviera más informada acerca de los riesgos y medidas de mitigación de la contaminación ambiental asociada al BN.
Objective Identifying social factors determining the perception of risk in a population exposed to atmospheric emissions from a solid waste final disposal site in the city of Cali, Colombia (Basurero de Navarro - BN). Methods This was a quantitative study; a stratified sample of 199 people were surveyed, distributed according to socio-economic level. Results The main problem for 73% of the respondents was insecurity and 50% considered this to be air pollution. Respondents described pollution manifesting itself as pain in the throat and burning eyes; 64% who had lived longer in the sector believed that pollution was more concentrated in other parts of the city and did not affect their sector. 83.4% believed that the BN produced pollution and associated it with the air (42%). 48% rated the pollution caused by the BN as being severe and 29% as being very serious. Discussion Risk perception was associated with the length of residence in the sector and individuals' age. Many gaps in information and the need to implement outreach programmes were highlighted. It is important that the community become better informed about the risks of pollution caused by the BN and what mitigation measures can be taken.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Poluição do Ar , Ruído dos Transportes , Opinião Pública , Eliminação de Resíduos , Risco , Fatores Etários , Colômbia , Cultura , Coleta de Dados , Escolaridade , Educação em Saúde , Segurança , Fatores de Tempo , População UrbanaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Identifying social factors determining the perception of risk in a population exposed to atmospheric emissions from a solid waste final disposal site in the city of Cali, Colombia (Basurero de Navarro--BN). METHODS: This was a quantitative study; a stratified sample of 199 people were surveyed, distributed according to socio-economic level. RESULTS: The main problem for 73% of the respondents was insecurity and 50% considered this to be air pollution. Respondents described pollution manifesting itself as pain in the throat and burning eyes; 64% who had lived longer in the sector believed that pollution was more concentrated in other parts of the city and did not affect their sector. 83.4% believed that the BN produced pollution and associated it with the air (42%). 48% rated the pollution caused by the BN as being severe and 29% as being very serious. DISCUSSION: Risk perception was associated with the length of residence in the sector and individuals' age. Many gaps in information and the need to implement outreach programmes were highlighted. It is important that the community become better informed about the risks of pollution caused by the BN and what mitigation measures can be taken.