RESUMO
Since the year 2000, the number of rapes in Costa Rica has increased at a rate of 42 cases per year. In 2011, 1786 rape cases were reported to the prosecution offices throughout the country, but only 1081 reports continued through the investigation process by the Judicial Investigation Agency. A randomly collected sample of 272 reports received by Judicial Investigation Agency, between July 2012 and June 2013, were prospectively studied. The analysis was limited to cases reported within 30 days following the rape. Results indicate that most of the provinces in the country show an incidence of about 38 cases/100,000 inhabitants. Ninety-six percent of the victims were women, 50% of which were between 10 and 19 years old. More than 99.5% of violators were men. The rape was perpetrated by a single aggressor in 85% of the cases. It was found that 48% of the victims were within the first 11 days of their menstrual cycle at the time of the attack. Twenty-nine percent of rapes occurred in "high rape-risk" circumstances--e.g., victims attacked by strangers in public outdoors or indoors. Twenty-five percent of rapes occur in "moderate rape-risk" circumstances--e.g., victims attacked indoors at public locations or at the home other than the victim's by relatives, sentimental partners or acquaintances. Fifteen percent of rapes occurred in "low rape-risk" circumstances--e.g., victims attacked in their homes by relatives or sentimental partners. In 67% of the cases the perpetrator was an acquaintance of the victim. Eleven percent of the cases corresponded to rapes in which the perpetrator was a partner or ex-partner of the victim. Fourteen percent and 25% of rapes could be classified as "proactive drug-facilitated rapes" or "opportunistic drug-facilitated rapes", respectively. Semen in the vaginal fluid of victims and the genetic profile of the alleged perpetrator were detected in 55% and 33% of the cases, respectively.
Assuntos
Vítimas de Crime/estatística & dados numéricos , Criminosos/estatística & dados numéricos , Estupro/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Depressores do Sistema Nervoso Central/efeitos adversos , Criança , Costa Rica/epidemiologia , Etanol/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Ciclo Menstrual , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Los trastornos neuromusculares son afecciones que alteran la vida de cualquier persona, movimientos musculares incontrolados que causan molestias e interfieren en la rutina diaria. Esta revisión bibliográfica se ha llevado a cabo con la finalidad de relacionar uno de los agentes químicos más populares en la actualidad para uso estético, la Toxina Botulínica (Botox), con el tratamiento de una entidad que necesita ser tratada más allá de las banalidades de la belleza, como lo es el Espasmo Hemifacial (EHF). Son las mujeres de la 5 década de la vida quienes tienen el mayor riesgo de sufrir esta enfermedad que afecta a los músculos inervados por el nervio facial, con una incidencia de 7.4 a 14.5 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes. Estos pueden ser tratados con varias alternativas terapéuticas, pero es la Toxina Botulínica una de las más usadas, produciendo relajación en el punto exacto del músculo donde se inyecta, con el beneficio de no interferir en la trasmisión de los impulsos nerviosos, sin embargo uno de sus efectos colaterales más destacados es el botulismo, si se administra a altas dosis. Las opciones para tratar una patología pueden ser innumerables, lo importante es analizar la severidad del caso, el factor riesgo-beneficio, las condiciones sistémicas del paciente y la efectividad, duración y costo del tratamiento.
The neuromuscular disorders are a group of conditions that affect the nerves that control the voluntary muscles and can interfere with the activities of daily living of any given person. One of these disorders is a condition known as Hemifacial Spam (HFS) which is characterized by frequent involuntary contractions of the ipsilateral muscles innervated by the facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve). This condition more frequently affects women in the fifth decade of life and its incidence among the general population is 7.4 to 14.5 cases per 100.000 person/years. One of the most common therapeutic approaches for this condition is the use of Botulinum toxin (commonly known as Botox). This toxin works by causing the relaxation of the injected muscle reducing the abnormal contractions, though if administered in higher doses than recommended, this therapy could cause a form of botulism.: This toxin produces the paralysis of the myoneural junction causing a neuromuscular blocking effect and reducing abnormal muscle contraction. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effects of the Botulinum toxin in the treatment of FHS, its effectiveness, side effects, duration and the risk benefits of this therapy.
RESUMO
In a collaborative work carried out by the Spanish and Portuguese ISFG Working Group (GEP-ISFG), a polymerase chain reaction multiplex was optimized in order to type ten X-chromosome short tandem repeats (STRs) in a single reaction, including: DXS8378, DXS9902, DXS7132, DXS9898, DXS6809, DXS6789, DXS7133, GATA172D05, GATA31E08, and DXS7423. Using this X-decaplex, each 17 of the participating laboratories typed a population sample of approximately 200 unrelated individuals (100 males and 100 females). In this work, we report the allele frequencies for the ten X-STRs in 15 samples from Argentina (Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Río Negro, Entre Ríos, and Misiones), Brazil (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná, and Mato Grosso do Sul), Colombia (Antioquia), Costa Rica, Portugal (Northern and Central regions), and Spain (Galicia and Cantabria). Gene diversities were calculated for the ten markers in each population and all values were above 56%. The average diversity per locus varied between 66%, for DXS7133, and 82%, for DXS6809. For this set of STRs, a high discrimination power was obtained in all populations, both in males (> or =1 in 5 x 10(5)) and females (> or =1 in 3 x 10(9)), as well as high mean exclusion chance in father/daughter duos (> or =99.953%) and in father/mother/daughter trios (> or =99.999%). Genetic distance analysis showed no significant differences between northern and central Portugal or between the two Spanish samples from Galicia and Cantabria. Inside Brazil, significant differences were found between Rio de Janeiro and the other three populations, as well as between São Paulo and Paraná. For the five Argentinean samples, significant distances were only observed when comparing Misiones with Entre Ríos and with Río Negro, the only two samples that do not differ significantly from Costa Rica. Antioquia differed from all other samples, except the one from Río Negro.
Assuntos
Alelos , Cromossomos Humanos X/genética , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Etnicidade/genética , Genética Populacional , Cooperação Internacional , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Costa Rica , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Feminino , Frequência do Gene/genética , Deriva Genética , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Variação Genética/genética , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação/genética , Masculino , Portugal , Controle de Qualidade , América do Sul , EspanhaRESUMO
Extraction of amplifiable DNA is a frequent problem when working with degraded specimens like bone samples. The possibility of obtaining as much information as possible from these samples has a particular significance in many forensic investigations. The present investigation was aimed to assess the efficiency of three organic extraction methods for purifying amplifiable DNA from bone samples. The amount of nucleic acids obtained, the success rate in the amplification of DNA microsatellite (STR) markers and amelogenin by PCR, the influence of PCR inhibitors and environmental conditions, and where the samples were found before their processing in the laboratory, were all evaluated in this investigation for the three methods. Results showed that method A (a modification of FBI method for DNA extraction) performed better in producing not a higher amount but a better quality amplifiable DNA, in comparison with the other two methods evaluated. It was also demonstrated that the quality of the DNA to be amplified by PCR was influenced by the presence of inhibitors and/or contaminants and the environmental conditions where the bone sample was taken from. The worst conditions were observed from aquatic environments. The results suggest that the implementation of some specific modifications in the method A (use of purification columns, reliable quantification methods and different dilutions) would help to obtain better DNA extracts intended to be used in different molecular identification tests.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , DNA , Antropologia Forense/métodos , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , Osso e Ossos/química , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico , DNA , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodosRESUMO
Extraction of amplifiable DNA is a frequent problem when working with degraded specimens like bone samples. The possibility of obtaining as much information as possible from these samples has a particular significance in many forensic investigations. The present investigation was aimed to assess the efficiency of three organic extraction methods for purifying amplifiable DNA from bone samples. The amount of nucleic acids obtained, the success rate in the amplification of DNA microsatellite (STR) markers and amelogenin by PCR, the influence of PCR inhibitors and environmental conditions, and where the samples were found before their processing in the laboratory, were all evaluated in this investigation for the three methods. Results showed that method A (a modification of FBI method for DNA extraction) performed better in producing not a higher amount but a better quality amplifiable DNA, in comparison with the other two methods evaluated. It was also demonstrated that the quality of the DNA to be amplified by PCR was influenced by the presence of inhibitors and/or contaminants and the environmental conditions where the bone sample was taken from. The worst conditions were observed from aquatic environments. The results suggest that the implementation of some specific modifications in the method A (use of purification columns, reliable quantification methods and different dilutions) would help to obtain better DNA extracts intended to be used in different molecular identification tests.
Assuntos
Osso e Ossos/química , DNA/isolamento & purificação , Antropologia Forense/métodos , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , DNA/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodosRESUMO
De la revisión de la literatura se deduce, que existen diversos tipos y grados de infección en el organismo; específicamente en el medio bucal, siendo la celulitis una entidad patológica importante dentro de estas infecciones. Se analiza sus diferentes estadios y distintos tipos de terapia quirúrgica y farmacológico de acuerdo a los últimos adelantos de la ciencia.
Assuntos
Humanos , Celulite , Celulite/patologia , Celulite/terapia , Cirurgia Bucal , Infecções , Infecções/terapia , Odontologia , Sepse/etiologia , Sepse/patologia , Sepse/terapiaRESUMO
Luego de una breve reseña histórica del Departamento Judicial, se describen las actividades terapéuticas que se realizan actualmente, dando cuenta del funcionamiento de la Unidad en el período comprendido entre los meses de octubre de 1989 y agosto de 1990
Assuntos
Humanos , Psicoterapia , Defesa por Insanidade , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Hospitais Psiquiátricos/organização & administração , Prisioneiros , Psiquiatria Legal , Fatores Etários , Estado Civil , Escolaridade , Pacientes Internados , Hospitais Psiquiátricos/históriaRESUMO
El presente artículo trata de dar a conocer, primero una revisión bibliográfica acerca de los estudios, investigaciones y observaciones clínicas reportadas en la literatura, sobre las reconstrucciones de la ATM con injertos costocondrales y posteriormente la presentación de un caso que fue atendido por consulta externa en el servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial en el Hospital Dr. Jose Gregorio Hernandez ubicado en los Magallanes de Catia. En dicho hospital han sido tratados seis casos de reconstrucción de la ATM con injertos costocondrales de los cuales: Dos han sido por anquilosis en la ATM. Tres por fracturas condilares no tratadas a tiempo. Y este último por osteoartritis deformante de la ATM derecha por hipertrofia condilar. El primero de los casos tiene 6 años de evolución el cual se encuentra en perfectas condiciones y el penultimo tiene dos años de evolución y también con resultados satisfactorios