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There are few animal germplasm/gene bank collections in Brazil, and basic studies are needed to attend the future internal and external demands from international partners. The aim of this work was to validate a "proof of concept" that integrates spatial (georeferenced data) and genetic data regarding the local of origin from 3518 DNA samples from 17 different genetic groups or breeds of sheep in the Brazilian Germplasm bank. Spatialisation shows that not all genetic groups have samples in the bank, and collection is concentrated in the conservation nuclei spread nationwide. Only 21% of states with a specific breed have samples in the gene bank. The mean number of animals sampled per collection was 32, while the mean distance travelled to collect samples was 262 km from the conservation nuclei. For example, the Brazilian Somali were only collected in the conservation nucleus in Ceará State. No samples were collected to date for the Cariri breed, which is recognised by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture. Only two farms and one breed in the bank are from the northern region. Of the 27 states, there are samples in the gene bank of sheep from 13, so several states have no samples, requiring collection from herds outside the official system of conservation to make sure that studies using this germplasm realised are not biased. Significant genetic differences are seen above 332 km, which should guide future sampling efforts. Suggestions are given for improving the quantity, quality and diversity of samples in the gene bank.

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Western hemisphere goats have European, African and Central Asian origins, and some local or rare breeds are reported to be adapted to their environments and economically important. By-in-large these genetic resources have not been quantified. Using 50 K SNP genotypes of 244 animals from 12 goat populations in United States, Costa Rica, Brazil and Argentina, we evaluated the genetic diversity, population structure and selective sweeps documenting goat migration to the "New World". Our findings suggest the concept of breed, particularly among "locally adapted" breeds, is not a meaningful way to characterize goat populations. The USA Spanish goats were found to be an important genetic reservoir, sharing genomic composition with the wild ancestor and with specialized breeds (e.g. Angora, Lamancha and Saanen). Results suggest goats in the Americas have substantial genetic diversity to use in selection and promote environmental adaptation or product driven specialization. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining goat conservation programs and suggest an awaiting reservoir of genetic diversity for breeding and research while simultaneously discarding concerns about breed designations.

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Esta revisão reporta os recentes avanços da Inseminação Artificial em caprinos (IA) no Brasil nas últimas duas décadas. Estes avanços foram pautados primariamente no estudo e conhecimento dos eventos reprodutivos de cabras submetidas a diferentes formas de controle do ciclo estral e ovulação. Estas abordam principalmente o desenvolvimento e caracterização precisa de protocolos de indução e sincronização de estro em cabras durante a estação de anestro fisiológico e de acasalamento natural. Paralelamente, foi desenvolvida a Técnica Embrapa de IA cervical em caprinos por meio da imobilização cervical. Associadamente, os estudos caracterizaram a relação do muco cervical e o momento ideal para execução da IA com diferentes tipos de sêmen. Protótipos e um Kit de IA foram desenvolvidos e testados em condições de laboratório e de campo no âmbito do programa nacional de melhoramento genético de caprinos leiteiros – CapraGene®. Fatores que interferem na taxa de gestação após a IA foram identificados e classificados. Estudos com base em ultrassonografia transretal revelaram a prevalência de desordens reprodutivas caracterizando os principais problemas associados à subfertilidade ou infertilidade na cabra. Todos estes estudos permitiram consolidar uma das mais produtivas e aplicadas coleções de conhecimento sobre IA em caprinos dos últimos 20 anos no Brasil.

This review reports the advances of goat Artificial Insemination (AI) in Brazil in the last two decades. These advances were based primarily on the study and knowledge of the reproductive events of goats subjected to different methods of control of the estrous cycle and ovulation. These approaches are mainly related to the development and precise characterization of protocols of estrus induction and synchronization in goats during either the natural breeding or nonbreeding season. In parallel, the Embrapa Technique of cervical AI through cervical immobilization in goats was developed. In association, the studies characterized the cervical mucus and the ideal moment for AI execution with different types of semen. Prototypes and an AI kit were developed and tested at both laboratory and field conditions in the national dairy goat breeding program - CapraGene®. Factors affecting the pregnancy rate after AI were identified and classified. Studies based on transrectal ultrasonography have revealed the prevalence of reproductive disorders characterizing the major problems associated with subfertility or infertility in the goat. All these studies allowed to consolidate one of the most productive and applied collections of AI knowledge in goats of the last 20 years in Brazil.

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Esta revisão reporta os recentes avanços da Inseminação Artificial em caprinos (IA) no Brasil nas últimas duas décadas. Estes avanços foram pautados primariamente no estudo e conhecimento dos eventos reprodutivos de cabras submetidas a diferentes formas de controle do ciclo estral e ovulação. Estas abordam principalmente o desenvolvimento e caracterização precisa de protocolos de indução e sincronização de estro em cabras durante a estação de anestro fisiológico e de acasalamento natural. Paralelamente, foi desenvolvida a Técnica Embrapa de IA cervical em caprinos por meio da imobilização cervical. Associadamente, os estudos caracterizaram a relação do muco cervical e o momento ideal para execução da IA com diferentes tipos de sêmen. Protótipos e um Kit de IA foram desenvolvidos e testados em condições de laboratório e de campo no âmbito do programa nacional de melhoramento genético de caprinos leiteiros CapraGene®. Fatores que interferem na taxa de gestação após a IA foram identificados e classificados. Estudos com base em ultrassonografia transretal revelaram a prevalência de desordens reprodutivas caracterizando os principais problemas associados à subfertilidade ou infertilidade na cabra. Todos estes estudos permitiram consolidar uma das mais produtivas e aplicadas coleções de conhecimento sobre IA em caprinos dos últimos 20 anos no Brasil.(AU)

This review reports the advances of goat Artificial Insemination (AI) in Brazil in the last two decades. These advances were based primarily on the study and knowledge of the reproductive events of goats subjected to different methods of control of the estrous cycle and ovulation. These approaches are mainly related to the development and precise characterization of protocols of estrus induction and synchronization in goats during either the natural breeding or nonbreeding season. In parallel, the Embrapa Technique of cervical AI through cervical immobilization in goats was developed. In association, the studies characterized the cervical mucus and the ideal moment for AI execution with different types of semen. Prototypes and an AI kit were developed and tested at both laboratory and field conditions in the national dairy goat breeding program - CapraGene®. Factors affecting the pregnancy rate after AI were identified and classified. Studies based on transrectal ultrasonography have revealed the prevalence of reproductive disorders characterizing the major problems associated with subfertility or infertility in the goat. All these studies allowed to consolidate one of the most productive and applied collections of AI knowledge in goats of the last 20 years in Brazil.(AU)

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Well adapted animals are characterized by maintain homeostasis under natural conditions. The present study aimed to evaluate physiological and morphological responses, as well as identify the relationship between these parameters in order to maintain homoeothermic status, in the dry and rainy season. Measurements were taken from 383 Morada Nova hair ewes, under dry and rainy season. The studied variables included rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), coat thickness (CT), hair length (HL), hair diameter (HD) and hair density (D). Blood samples were collected for determining biochemical, erythrogam and hormone concentration. The evaluated blood parameters from the Morada Nova breed did not demonstrate any variation from the reference interval established for sheep, confirming its adaptability profile even under high radiation and air temperatures. Multivariate analyses were performed in order to determine relationship between morphological, biochemical, erythrocyte and hormonal traits in each season. Differences correlations were observed according to season of the year. In the dry season, the correlations were significant among RT, RR, Packed cell volume (PCV), thyroxine (T4), Glucose (GLU), CT, HL, Globulin (GLO) and Total Protein (TP), whereas in dry season the characteristics that showed greater correlation were Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), thyroid hormones, Creatinine, GLO, TP, PCV and GLU. In conclusion, Morada Nova ewes was able to maintain homeothermy, even in the most stressful environmental conditions. Their hematological, biochemical and hormonal profile were within the normal range for sheep, confirming the adaptability of this local breed to the Brazilian semiarid environment.(AU)

Os animais bem adaptados são caracterizados por manter a homeostase em condições naturais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as respostas fisiológicas e morfológicas, bem como identificar a relação entre esses parâmetros a fim de, manter o estado homeotérmico, na estação seca e chuvosa. As medições foram tomadas em 383 ovelhas da raça Morada Nova, na época seca e chuvosa. As variáveis estudadas incluíram temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (FR), espessura do pelame (EP), comprimento do pelo (CP), diâmetro do pelo (D) e densidade numérica (DN). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para determinar a concentração bioquímica, eritrogama e hormonal. Os parâmetros de sangue avaliados da raça Morada Nova não demonstraram variação do intervalo de referência estabelecido para ovinos, confirmando que seu perfil de adaptabilidade, mesmo sob alta radiação e temperaturas do ar. Foram realizadas análises multivariadas para determinar a relação entre características morfológicas, bioquímicas, eritrocitárias e hormonais em cada estação. As correlações de diferenças foram observadas de acordo com a estação do ano. Na estação seca, as correlações foram significativas entre TR, FR, PCV, T4, GLU, CT, HL, GLO e TP, enquanto que na estação seca as características que apresentaram maior correlação foram MCV, T4, T3, CRE, GLO, TP PCV e GLU. Em conclusão, as ovelhas Morada Nova conseguem manter a homeotermia, mesmo nas condições ambientais mais estressantes. Seu perfil hematológico, bioquímico e hormonal permanecem dentro da faixa de normalidade para ovinos, confirmando a adaptabilidade dessa raça local ao ambiente semiárido brasileiro.(AU)

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RESUMO

Well adapted animals are characterized by maintain homeostasis under natural conditions. The present study aimed to evaluate physiological and morphological responses, as well as identify the relationship between these parameters in order to maintain homoeothermic status, in the dry and rainy season. Measurements were taken from 383 Morada Nova hair ewes, under dry and rainy season. The studied variables included rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), coat thickness (CT), hair length (HL), hair diameter (HD) and hair density (D). Blood samples were collected for determining biochemical, erythrogam and hormone concentration. The evaluated blood parameters from the Morada Nova breed did not demonstrate any variation from the reference interval established for sheep, confirming its adaptability profile even under high radiation and air temperatures. Multivariate analyses were performed in order to determine relationship between morphological, biochemical, erythrocyte and hormonal traits in each season. Differences correlations were observed according to season of the year. In the dry season, the correlations were significant among RT, RR, Packed cell volume (PCV), thyroxine (T4), Glucose (GLU), CT, HL, Globulin (GLO) and Total Protein (TP), whereas in dry season the characteristics that showed greater correlation were Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), thyroid hormones, Creatinine, GLO, TP, PCV and GLU. In conclusion, Morada Nova ewes was able to maintain homeothermy, even in the most stressful environmental conditions. Their hematological, biochemical and hormonal profile were within the normal range for sheep, confirming the adaptability of this local breed to the Brazilian semiarid environment.

Os animais bem adaptados são caracterizados por manter a homeostase em condições naturais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as respostas fisiológicas e morfológicas, bem como identificar a relação entre esses parâmetros a fim de, manter o estado homeotérmico, na estação seca e chuvosa. As medições foram tomadas em 383 ovelhas da raça Morada Nova, na época seca e chuvosa. As variáveis estudadas incluíram temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (FR), espessura do pelame (EP), comprimento do pelo (CP), diâmetro do pelo (D) e densidade numérica (DN). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para determinar a concentração bioquímica, eritrogama e hormonal. Os parâmetros de sangue avaliados da raça Morada Nova não demonstraram variação do intervalo de referência estabelecido para ovinos, confirmando que seu perfil de adaptabilidade, mesmo sob alta radiação e temperaturas do ar. Foram realizadas análises multivariadas para determinar a relação entre características morfológicas, bioquímicas, eritrocitárias e hormonais em cada estação. As correlações de diferenças foram observadas de acordo com a estação do ano. Na estação seca, as correlações foram significativas entre TR, FR, PCV, T4, GLU, CT, HL, GLO e TP, enquanto que na estação seca as características que apresentaram maior correlação foram MCV, T4, T3, CRE, GLO, TP PCV e GLU. Em conclusão, as ovelhas Morada Nova conseguem manter a homeotermia, mesmo nas condições ambientais mais estressantes. Seu perfil hematológico, bioquímico e hormonal permanecem dentro da faixa de normalidade para ovinos, confirmando a adaptabilidade dessa raça local ao ambiente semiárido brasileiro.

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The implementation of sustainable breeding programs requires genetic breeding strategies that are appropriate for the reality production systems. It is also essential that the choice of animal selection criteria be based on breeders' knowledge and objectives. This work is an ethno-zootechnical study of the Morada Nova sheep breed and its crossbreeds. The goals of this study were to register and analyze indigenous breeders' knowledge and practices regarding animal selection criteria and to generate technical information to support a participatory breeding program of the breed. This study was conducted in the Morada Nova municipality in the state of Ceará, Brazil. Semi-structured interviews were evaluated using two groups of individuals, purebred Morada Nova sheep breeders (RMN, n = 13) and breeders of Morada Nova crossbreeds (MMN, n = 48). Interview questions were used to identify local selection criteria adopted by each group in the choice of animals for breeding. Data from the interviews were submitted to frequency distribution analysis and the Shapiro-Wilk test to verify their distribution. Later, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the two groups of farmers based on that information, in addition to multivariate statistical analysis and evaluation of Smith salience index. Breeders in the RMN group used selection criteria related to breed standards, such as pelage color. In contrast, breeders of the MMN group used criteria related to productivity, such as body conformation and milk production. Breeders should be engaged in the development of breeding programs, and it is important to consider their preferences and objectives when evaluating breeding animals.

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This study aimed to evaluate among the seminal characteristics, sperm concentration of Santa Inessheep, aged 22-36 months treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST). Divided into groups randomly:GI (2mL / 0.9% NaCl), G-II (100mg / rbST) and G-III (125mg / rbST), receiving treatments subcutaneouslyevery 14 days (D0,14,28, 42,56,70). They were measured scrototesticular biometrics. The ejaculates werecollected by artificial vagina, with dummy sheep, and analyzed for volume, vortex, motility, vigor, morphologyand sperm concentration. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in PE (30,1cm) and in almost all semenparameters. However, on sperm concentration (sperm / mL) in G-III, there was an increase (787.69 ± 480.72)compared to groups. It was concluded that the dose of 125mg / rbST increases the sperm concentration of ovineSanta Ines.

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This study aimed to evaluate among the seminal characteristics, sperm concentration of Santa Inessheep, aged 22-36 months treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST). Divided into groups randomly:GI (2mL / 0.9% NaCl), G-II (100mg / rbST) and G-III (125mg / rbST), receiving treatments subcutaneouslyevery 14 days (D0,14,28, 42,56,70). They were measured scrototesticular biometrics. The ejaculates werecollected by artificial vagina, with dummy sheep, and analyzed for volume, vortex, motility, vigor, morphologyand sperm concentration. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in PE (30,1cm) and in almost all semenparameters. However, on sperm concentration (sperm / mL) in G-III, there was an increase (787.69 ± 480.72)compared to groups. It was concluded that the dose of 125mg / rbST increases the sperm concentration of ovineSanta Ines.(AU)

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A multivariate approach was adopted to evaluate the relationship among traits measured in the performance testing of Morada Nova sheep, verify the efficiency of a ranking method used in these tests and identify the most significant traits for use in future analyses. Data from 150 young rams participating in five versions of the performance tests for the Morada Nova breed were used. Twenty traits were measured in each animal: initial weight (IW), final weight (FW), average daily weight gain (ADG), loin eye area (LEA), scrotal circumference (SC), fat thickness (FT), conformation (C), precocity (Pc), muscularity (M), breed features (BF), legs (L), withers height (WH), chest width (CW), rump height (RH), rump width (RW), rump length (RL), body length (BL), body depth (BD), heart girth (HG) and body condition scoring (BCS). The Pearsons correlation coefficients ranged from 0.10 to 0.93, with the highest correlations were between body weight variables and morphometric measurements. The three first principal components explained 72.28% of the total variability among all traits. The variables related to animal size defined the first principal component, whereas those related to visual appraisal and suitability for meat production defined the second and third principal components, respectively. The combination of traits from the principal component analysis showed that the ranking met...(AU)

Objetivou-se neste trabalho adotar uma abordagem multivariada para avaliar a relação entre as características medidas nos testes de desempenho de ovinos Morada Nova para verificar a eficácia do método de classificação utilizado nestes testes, e identificar as características mais importantes para serem usadas em análises futuras. Foram utilizados dados de 150 carneiros jovens participantes de cinco edições do teste de desempenho da raça Morada Nova. Vinte características foram mensuradas em cada animal: peso inicial (PI), peso final (PF), ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD), área de olho de lombo (AOL), perímetro escrotal (PE), espessura de gordura (EG), conformação (C), precocidade (Pc), musculosidade (M), tipo racial (TP), aprumos (A), altura de cernelha (AC), largura de peito (LP), altura da garupa (AG), largura da garupa (LG), comprimento da garupa (CG), comprimento corporal (CC), profundidade (P), perímetro torácico (PT) e escore de condição corporal (ECC). Os Coeficientes de correlação de Pearson variaram de 0,10 a 0,93, sendo que as maiores correlações foram entre as variáveis de peso corporal e medidas morfométricas. Os três primeiros componentes principais explicaram 72,28% da variabilidade total entre todas as variáveis. As variáveis relacionadas ao porte do animal obtiveram maiores ponderadores no primeiro componente principal, enquanto as características relacionada...(AU)

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