RESUMO
This study compares the distribution of anopheline mosquitoes in a malaria-endemic municipality (MAL) and a malaria-free municipality (FREE) in an area of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. Simultaneous quarterly nightly captures were made in three locations in each municipality. One Shannon light trap (Shannon light traps were home made according to specifications published in Am. J. Trop. Med. 1939; 19: 131140) (SLT) and five CDC light traps (a kind of automatic trap fed by batteries of 12 V and 7 amp/h, with dry ice as a source of CO2; John W. Hock Company, Gainesville, FL) (CLT) (two in the canopy and three at ground level) were operated from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. More specimens were captured in MAL (362 in SLTs and 126 in CLTs) than in FREE (66 in SLTs and 59 in CLTs). For the SLTs, Simpson's dominance index was similar in MAL and FREE (D = 0.15 versus D = 0.203, P > 0.7), but Shannon's diversity index was higher for MAL (H = 1.969 versus H = 1.641, P < 0.01)...
Assuntos
Animais , Anopheles/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Malária/prevenção & controle , Malária/transmissãoRESUMO
This study evaluates the importance of native bromeliads growing on rocky outcrops interspersed with urbanized areas as breeding sites for the Aedes aegypti (L.) in Vitória, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Oviposition traps were installed in backyards of houses in two separate zones. In the first zone houses were up to 50 m away from the rocky outcrops, while in the second zone they were at least at 200 m from the rocky outcrops. Aedes aegypti was significantly more abundant in the latter zone. The finding was that rocky outcrops with native bromeliads, even with the greater availability of potential breeding sites, do not play an important role as breeding sites for A. aegypti. This conclusion supports the hypothesis that the macrobiota of native bromeliads plays an important role in the natural control of A. aegypti. Besides, the interspecific competition between species of mosquitoes and the attractiveness of bromeliads could also be important factors.
Assuntos
Aedes/anatomia & histologia , Aedes/fisiologia , Commelinaceae/parasitologia , Oviposição , Animais , Brasil , UrbanizaçãoRESUMO
This study evaluates the importance of native bromeliads growing on rocky outcrops interspersed with urbanized areas as breeding sites for the Aedes aegypti (L.) in Vitória, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Oviposition traps were installed in backyards of houses in two separate zones. In the first zone houses were up to 50 m away from the rocky outcrops, while in the second zone they were at least at 200 m from the rocky outcrops. Aedes aegypti was significantly more abundant in the latter zone. The finding was that rocky outcrops with native bromeliads, even with the greater availability of potential breeding sites, do not play an important role as breeding sites for A. aegypti. This conclusion supports the hypothesis that the macrobiota of native bromeliads plays an important role in the natural control of A. aegypti. Besides, the interspecific competition between species of mosquitoes and the attractiveness of bromeliads could also be important factors.
Assuntos
Animais , Aedes/anatomia & histologia , Aedes/fisiologia , Commelinaceae/parasitologia , Oviposição , Brasil , UrbanizaçãoRESUMO
Between 1985 and 2000, epidemiological surveys of the American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) were carried out in several rural and urban communities in Espírito Santo, Brazil. A total of 100 stocks of Leishmania (comprising isolates from both human and canine hosts with ATL) were identified by two methods of molecular characterization, using specific monoclonal antibodies and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Parasite isolates from 19 municipalities were found to belong to the same zymodeme and serodeme type as of the Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis reference strain. In contrast, our genotyping studies have shown intra-specific variation among these parasites (comparisons of the variability of the internal transcribed spacers between the small and large subunits of the rRNA genes of the 22 stocks studiedrevealed at least 11 genotypes). Two main clusters of L. (V.) braziliensis genotypes were observed, representing parasites collected from different endemic regions in the state, where transmission reflects distinct eco-epidemiological features. Infection with this pathogen was associated with the characteristic disease forms, but neither the clinical outcome nor the response to treatment could be related to the genetic polymorphism of the isolates, as defined by using the proposed methodology.
Assuntos
Animais , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cães , Feminino , Humanos , Doenças Endêmicas , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , BrasilRESUMO
Between 1985 and 2000, epidemiological surveys of the American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) were carried out in several rural and urban communities in Espírito Santo, Brazil. A total of 100 stocks of Leishmania (comprising isolates from both human and canine hosts with ATL) were identified by two methods of molecular characterization, using specific monoclonal antibodies and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Parasite isolates from 19 municipalities were found to belong to the same zymodeme and serodeme type as of the Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis reference strain. In contrast, our genotyping studies have shown intra-specific variation among these parasites (comparisons of the variability of the internal transcribed spacers between the small and large subunits of the rRNA genes of the 22 stocks studied revealed at least 11 genotypes). Two main clusters of L. (V.) braziliensis genotypes were observed, representing parasites collected from different endemic regions in the state, where transmission reflects distinct eco-epidemiological features. Infection with this pathogen was associated with the characteristic disease forms, but neither the clinical outcome nor the response to treatment could be related to the genetic polymorphism of the isolates, as defined by using the proposed methodology.
Assuntos
Doenças Endêmicas , Leishmania braziliensis/classificação , Leishmaniose Cutânea/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cães , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Leishmania braziliensis/genética , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/transmissão , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , População Rural , População UrbanaRESUMO
The involvement of different sand fly species in the transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) at different altitudes was evaluated in the municipality of Afonso Cláudio in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, from November 1995 to February 1997. CDC light traps and Shannon traps baited with human volunteers were hung simultaneously at three altitudes of a river valley: (a) 650-750 m in an area of active ACL transmission; (b) 750-850 m in a transitional area; and (c) 850-950 m in an area where no ACL transmission occurred. A total of 13,363 specimens belonging to 28 species was collected. The five most abundant man-biting species were Lutzomyia intermedia, which constituted 24.3% of the total, Lu. migonei (22.3%), Lu. whitmani (15.4%), Lu. fischeri (14.9%) and Lu. monticola (5.8%). Analysis of the distribution of these species at the three altitudes provided evidence that Lu. fischeri and Lu. monticola were not involved in ACL transmission, whereas Lu. migonei and Lu. whitmani might act as secondary vectors of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Lu. intermedia was probably the principal vector of the parasite. These results reinforce those published in the existing literature, which indicate that Lu. intermedia is the main vector of Le. (V.) braziliensis in Southeast Brazil, while Lu. migonei and Lu. whitmani are of secondary importance.
Assuntos
Altitude , Insetos Vetores/classificação , Psychodidae/classificação , Animais , Brasil , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Humanos , Leishmaniose Cutânea/transmissão , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
This randomized, single blind clinical trial was performed to compare the efficacy and toxicity of BP88 Sodium Stibogluconate (SS) to Glucantime(R) (N-methyl-glucamine), (GL). Sixty-three patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: 32 patients were treated with GL and 3l patients were treated with SS. Both groups received 15mg Sb+5/kg/day for 20 days. Toxicity was evaluated through EKG, urea, creatinine, AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, and lipase, assessed before treatment, on day 10 and day 20 of treatment and 90 days after treatment. In the group treated with GL, 81% (26/32) of patients were cured compared to 77% (24/31) in the SS group. Five (16%) patients relapsed in the GL group compared to 6 (19%) in the SS group. One patient in each group did not respond to treatment. AST, ALT, amylase, and lipase were more elevated in the SS group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the efficacy of both treatments was similar although there was more toxicity in the ES group.
Assuntos
Gluconato de Antimônio e Sódio/uso terapêutico , Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Leishmaniose Cutânea/tratamento farmacológico , Meglumina/uso terapêutico , Compostos Organometálicos/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Antimoniato de Meglumina , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Método Simples-CegoRESUMO
The influence of altitude and latitude on some structure sizes of Lutzomyia intermedia was noted; several structures of insects collected in higher localities were greater, according to Bergmann's rule. This influence was more remarkable in two localities of the State of Espírito Santo, probably due to greater differences in altitude. Comparing insects from different latitudes, more differences were noted in comparisons of insects from low altitude localities than in those of material from higher altitudes. The small number of differences between insects collected in July and in December does not indicate a defined influence of season and temperature on the size of adults. The possible epidemiological implications of these variations are discussed.