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We examined external characters and internal anatomy, after dorsal dissection, of 11 species of Oligochaeta from the Peruvian Amazonia Loreto department. Four new species of families Glossoscolecidae and Rhinodrilidae and genera Righiodrilus and Martiodrilus are described here. Righiodrilus omagua, sp. nov., differs from other Righiodrilus by the presence of tubercula pubertatis in segments ½15, 15- ½18, 18; male pores located in intersegment 16/17; large seminal vesicles in segment 12 that extend until segment 24. Martiodrilus (Maipure) yurimaguensis, sp. nov., has a saddle-shaped clitellum in 14-1/4 25 and tubercula pubertatis between segments 1/318 -1/2 25. Martiodrilus (Maipure) tapiai, sp. nov., is differentiated from the others by the position of the tubercula pubertatis in 19-24, and the shape and size of spermathecae, common setae, ornamentation of genital setae and the location of male pores in intersegment 18/19. Martiodrilus (Martiodrilus) alegrei sp. nov., differs from other species of the genus by extension of tubercula pubertatis from 21 to 26, the number and shape of spermathecae. It is the only species of the genus that presents a single pair of spermathecae in segment 6. Additional records for the Peruvian Republic and the Amazonian region are also reported for Martiodrilus (Maipure) pano, Periscolex yuya, Pontoscolex (Pontoscolex) corethrurus, Rhinodrilus lavellei, Rhinodrilus pahanasii, Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) modiglianii and Ocnerodrilus occidentalis. With these new records, the earthworm fauna of Perú recorded so far increases to 36 species (21 native and 15 exotic), including eight native from Peruvian Amazonia Region. Many more species are still expected to be found.

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BACKGROUND: The phytopatogen Claviceps paspali is the causal agent of Ergot disease in Paspalum spp., which includes highly productive forage grasses such as P. dilatatum. This disease impacts dairy and beef production by affecting seed quality and producing mycotoxins that can affect performance in feeding animals. The molecular basis of pathogenicity of C. paspali remains unknown, which makes it more difficult to find solutions for this problem. Secreted proteins are related to fungi virulence and can manipulate plant immunity acting on different subcellular localizations. Therefore, identifying and characterizing secreted proteins in phytopathogenic fungi will provide a better understanding of how they overcome host defense and cause disease. The aim of this work is to analyze the whole genome sequences of three C. paspali isolates to obtain a comparative genome characterization based on possible secreted proteins and pathogenicity factors present in their genome. In planta RNA-seq analysis at an early stage of the interaction of C. paspali with P. dilatatum stigmas was also conducted in order to determine possible secreted proteins expressed in the infection process. RESULTS: C. paspali isolates had compact genomes and secretome which accounted for 4.6-4.9% of the predicted proteomes. More than 50% of the predicted secretome had no homology to known proteins. RNA-Seq revealed that three protein-coding genes predicted as secreted have mayor expression changes during 1 dpi vs 4 dpi. Also, three of the first 10 highly expressed genes in both time points were predicted as effector-like. CAZyme-like proteins were found in the predicted secretome and the most abundant family could be associated to pectine degradation. Based on this, pectine could be a main component affected by the cell wall degrading enzymes of C. paspali. CONCLUSIONS: Based on predictions from DNA sequence and RNA-seq, unique probable secreted proteins and probable pathogenicity factors were identified in C. paspali isolates. This information opens new avenues in the study of the biology of this fungus and how it modulates the interaction with its host. Knowledge of the diversity of the secretome and putative pathogenicity genes should facilitate future research in disease management of Claviceps spp.

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Here, we report a new draft genome sequence of an isolate of the ascomycete Claviceps paspali that is responsible for ergot disease in grasses of the Paspalum genus. This new draft genome sequence will provide useful data for evaluating intraspecies and interspecies genome variation in C. paspali and other Claviceps genus members.

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Introducción Actualmente, la cirugía conservadora seguida de radioterapia es el tratamiento de elección para los estadios tempranos de cáncer de mama ya que ha demostrado ser equivalente a la mastectomía en cuanto a la sobrevida. Sin embargo, la posibilidad de recidiva local luego del tratamiento conservador existe, y se han descripto diferentes factores pronósticos vinculados a ella. Objetivos Estimar la tasa de recidiva local en las pacientes con tratamiento quirúrgico conservador e identificar los parámetros relacionados con mayor riesgo de recidiva local de cáncer de mama. Material y método Se analizaron en forma retrospectiva y comparativa 450 pacientes operadas con cirugía conservadora con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama invasor, intervenidas entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2012. Se evaluaron las siguientes variables para recidiva local: edad, estado menopáusico, tamaño tumoral, tipo histológico, grado histológico, compromiso axilar, invasión linfovascular, componente intraductal extenso, receptores hormonales, her2, márgenes y multifocalidad. Resultados Con un seguimiento medio de 71,2 meses, la tasa de recidiva fue del 6,2% (28 de 450). El tiempo medio hasta la recidiva fue de 53 meses. En el análisis univariado, la edad menor a 35 años (p=0,0008), el estado premenopáusico (p=0,036), el tamaño tumoral mayor a 1 cm (p=0,04), el compromiso axilar (p=0,008), la invasión linfovascular (p=0,033) y el componente intraductal extenso (p=0,007) mostraron estar asociados a un mayor riesgo de recidiva local. En cambio, el tipo y grado histológico, los receptores hormonales, el her2, los márgenes y la multifocalidad no tuvieron relevancia en el desarrollo de la misma. Conclusiones Mediante este estudio, pudimos observar que la edad joven, la premenopausia, el tamaño tumoral, la enfermedad axilar y la presencia de invasión linfovascular y componente intraductal extenso en el tumor representan factores pronósticos de recidiva de cáncer de mama luego del tratamiento quirúrgico conservador.

Introduction Nowadays, breast conserving surgery followed by radiation therapy is the treatment of choice for early stage breast cancer, since it has proven to be equivalent to mastectomy in terms of survival. However, there is a possibility of recurrence after conservative treatment and there are different prognostic factor associated with it. Objectives To estimate the rate of local recurrence in patients with conservative treatment and identify the parameters related to the higher risk of breast cancer local recurrence. Materials and method Four hundred and fifty (450) patients operated on conservative surgery, between January 2006 and December 2012, with diagnose of invasive breast cancer, have been analyzed in a retrospective a comparative way. The following risk variables have been evaluated for local recurrence: age, menopausal status, tumor size, histologic type, histologic grade, nodal status, lymphovascular invasion, extensive intraductal component, hormone receptors, her2, margins status and multifocal tumors. Results For an average follow up of 72.2 months, the average rate of recurrence was 6.2% (28/450). The average relapse time was 53 months. On the univariate analysis, age lower than 35 years (p=0.0008), premenopausal status (p=0.036), tumor size larger than 1 cm (p=0.04), nodal status (p=0.008), lymphovascular invasion presence (p=0.033) and the extensive intraductal component presence (p=0.007) have shown to be associated with higher risk for local recurrence. On the other hand, histological type and grade, hormone receptors, her2, margin status and multifocal tumors had no relevance for development of local recurrence. Conclusions Through this study we were able to observe that young age, premenopausal, tumor size, nodal status, lymphovascular invasion presence, extensive intraductal component presence are indicators of an increased risk of local recurrence after conservative treatment.

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The Uruguayan Creole cattle population (N = 600) is located in a native habitat in south-east Uruguay. We analyzed its genetic diversity and compared it to other populations of American Creole cattle. A random sample of 64 animals was genotyped for a set of 17 microsatellite loci, and the D-loop hyper-variable region of mtDNA was sequenced for 28 calves of the same generation. We identified an average of 5.59 alleles per locus, with expected heterozygosities between 0.466 and 0.850 and an expected mean heterozygosity of 0.664. The polymorphic information content ranged from 0.360 to 0.820, and the global FIS index was 0.037. The D-loop analysis revealed three haplotypes (UY1, UY2 and UY3), belonging to the European matriline group, with a haplotype diversity of 0.532. The history of the population, changes in the effective population size, bottlenecks, and genetic drift are possible causes of the genetic variability patterns that we detected.

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Among Anoplura, the family Echinophthiriidae includes species that infest pinnipeds and otters. Previous evidence obtained from pinnipeds infested by echinophthiriids, specifically from seals, indicates that flippers are the preferred infestation sites, while lice from fur seals select areas in the pelage. We studied habitat selection of Antarctophthirus microchir on South American sea lion pups (Otaria flavescens Shaw, 1800) from Patagonia, Argentina, during the austral summer of 2009. We found a clear pattern of habitat selection: eggs are laid on the dorsal surface; nymphs 1 hatch there and then migrate to the belly, where they develop into adults and copulate; and then ovigerous females return to the dorsal surface. On the one hand, nymphs 1 are characterised by their low locomotory ability; therefore, the fact that they migrate as soon as they hatch suggests a clear pressure leading to microhabitat restriction. On the other hand, the described pattern of microhabitat selection seems to respond to the physiological requirements of each stage, which vary according to the physiological process considered, e.g. oviposition, morphogenesis, hatching and development. Accordingly, it appears that A. microchir would prefer the host's ventral area for development and copulation and the dorsal area for oviposition. However, the causes of this pattern are not clear, and many factors could be involved. Considering that sea lion pups periodically soak at high tides, and that prolonged immersion and very high humidity are known to be lethal for lice eggs, selecting the dorsal area would be advantageous for oviposition because it dries much faster. Furthermore, because humidity should be retained for longer periods on the ventral surface of the pup, wetter conditions on the sea lion would prevent desiccation of the nymphs in the very arid environment where O. flavescens breeds.

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INTRODUCTION: Despite the high prevalence of asthenia in cancer patients, around 50-75%, and its impact on quality of life, it continues to be a difficult symptom to assess and manage. This study defines the extent of perception and diagnosis of asthenia associated with cancer among Spanish oncologists. METHODS: A descriptive, observational study conducted in Spain based on a five-part structured questionnaire available to participants through a private website. RESULTS: The 100 oncologists surveyed, most in the public healthcare setting, diagnose asthenia in 58-70% of cases. They consider old age (56.5%) and advanced-stage disease (94.2%) as factors associated with the occurrence of asthenia, which is also common in, particularly, tumours, such as pancreatic cancer (30.4%), and some therapies, notably chemotherapy alone (67%) or combined with radiotherapy (96%). Despite its adequate detection, physicians rarely ask their patients about asthenia, use instruments for its evaluation or assess its impact on quality of life. Likewise, only 40% of all patients are treated, although therapeutic intervention, a multidisciplinary approach combining drug and non-drug treatments and managing a variety of causative factors, can be considered adequate. Finally, 91.5% of those surveyed do not have action guidelines for asthenia in their hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Even when asthenia is widely diagnosed in cancer patients in Spain, there is a laxity in its assessment and treatment. Increased awareness among healthcare professionals of its impact and relevance is therefore required, as well as adequate protocols for its systematic detection and management within the routine assessment and treatment of cancer patients.

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Eighteen spontaneously breathing anesthetized rats were selected to belong to three groups: control (C), unilateral (U), and bilateral phrenicotomy (B). Eight days after surgery, the passive and active mechanical properties of the respiratory system, the shape of the occlusion pressure wave, the decay of inspiratory muscle activity during expiration and control of breathing were analysed. Passive and active elastances increased significantly from C to U and from U to B. Passive and active time constants decreased either in uni- or bilateral phrenicotomies. Passive and active resistances remained unaltered. The intensity of respiratory drive increased from C to U and B. In conclusion, uni- and bilateral phrenicotomies increase the elastic load of the respiratory system, because of both its passive and active components, which raised the respiratory neuromuscular drive of the remaining muscles. Consequently, minute ventilation remained unchanged. The higher frequency was allowed for, by a shorter time constant of the respiratory system and by a faster decay of post-inspiratory muscle activity.

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Pneumoperitoneum may give rise to several respiratory changes; nevertheless, no comprehensive analysis of respiratory mechanics has been performed under this condition. Respiratory mechanics and thoracoabdominal morphometry were evaluated in six sedated, anaesthetized, paralysed, and mechanically-ventilated rats before (control) and during pneumoperitoneum. After airway occlusion at end-inspiration, respiratory system, pulmonary, and chest wall resistive pressures (deltaP1,rs, deltaP1,L and deltaP1,cw, respectively) and viscoelastic/inhomogeneous pressures (deltaP2,rs, deltaP2,L and deltaP2,cw, respectively) were determined. Total pressure changes (deltaPtot) were calculated as the sum of deltaP1 and deltaP2, yielding the values of deltaPtot,rs, deltaPtot,L and deltaPtot,cw, respectively. Respiratory system, lung, and chest wall static (Est,rs, Est,L and Est,cw, respectively), and dynamic elastances (Edyn,rs, Edyn,L and Edyn,cw, respectively), and the corresponding changes in elastance (deltaE) (calculated as Edyn-Est) were also obtained. Chest wall configuration both at functional residual capacity (FRC) and end-inspiration (FRC + tidal volume (VT)) was also evaluated in another four rats. Pneumoperitoneum significantly increased deltaPtot,rs, deltaPtot,cw, deltaP2,rs, deltaP2,cw, deltaErs, deltaEcw, Est,rs, Est,L and Est,cw. Lateral and anteroposterior diameters increased significantly, with the exception of lateral diameters at the level of crista iliaca. Cephalocaudal diameter and FRC decreased. In conclusion, pneumoperitoneum augments elastances and increases the pressure dissipated against viscoelasticity/inhomogeneity of the respiratory system and chest wall. These changes are related to a cephalad displacement of the diaphragm plus changes in thoracoabdominal configuration.

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