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PURPOSE: To investigate surface characteristics (roughness and contact angle), anti-biofilm formation, and mechanical properties (mini-flexural strength) of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) polymer, and three-dimensional (3D) printed resin for denture base fabrication compared with conventional heat polymerized denture base resins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 discs and 40 rectangular specimens were fabricated from one CAD-CAM (AvaDent), one 3D printed (Cosmos Denture), and two conventional heat polymerized (Lucitone 199 and VipiWave) materials for denture base fabrication. Roughness was determined by Ra value; the contact angle was measured by the sessile drop method. The biofilm formation inhibition behavior was analyzed through Candida albicans adhesion, while mini-flexural strength test was done using a three-point bending test. The data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The CAD-CAM PMMA group showed the lowest C. albicans adhesion (log CFU/mL: 3.74 ± 0.57) and highest mini-flexural strength mean (114.96 ± 16.23 MPa). 3D printed specimens presented the highest surface roughness (Ra: 0.317 ± 0.151 µm) and lowest mini-flexural strength values (57.23 ± 9.07 MPa). However, there was no statistical difference between CAD-CAM PMMA and conventional groups for roughness, contact angle, and mini-flexural strength. CONCLUSIONS: CAD-CAM milled materials present surface and mechanical properties similar to conventional resins and show improved behavior in preventing C. albicans adhesion. Nevertheless, 3D printed resins present decreased mini-flexural strength.

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OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of an experimental 58S bioactive glass on dentin permeability (dP) and erosive tooth wear (dentin surface loss - dSL). METHODS: 58S bioactive glass was synthetized using a sol-gel methodology, following by lyophilization and calcination, then mixed with phosphoric acid to obtain a paste (BGP). Forty-eight dentin disks (1 mm-thick) were used for dP, and 48 dentin slabs (3 mm × 3 mm) for dSL, which were assessed at three time intervals: post-EDTA (5 min in 17% EDTA solution); post-treatment (C: distilled water; BGP: experimental bioactive glass paste; NP: Nupro prophylaxis paste; CXT: Clinpro XT varnish); and post-erosive/abrasive cycling. Data were statistically analyzed (α=0.05). RESULTS: For dP and dSL, Groups did not differ significantly post-EDTA (p>0.05). Post-treatment, all groups showed lower dP than C (p<0.05), without differing significantly among them. For the dSL analysis, Groups C, BGP and NP did not differ significantly, showing lower values than CXT (p<0.05). Post-cycling, C continued to show the highest dP (p<0.05). Specimens from Group CXT had the lowest dP and did not differ from NP (p=0.86) which did not differ from BGP (p=0.193). For C and BGP, dP value was higher post-cycling than post-treatment (p<0.05). For NP and CXT, these experimental times did not differ (p>0.05). Post-cycling, dSL for C, BGP and NP did not differ significantly; values were higher than those for CXT (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: BGP reduced dP after application, with a reduced effect after cycling. Nonetheless, it was not able to protect dentin against erosive tooth wear. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Minimizing dentin hypersensitivity is a challenge in the field of dentistry. The development of alternative products with potential to obliterate dentinal tubules and provide resistance to chemical/mechanical stimuli is, thus, highly desirable. We have proposed a material able to reduce dentin permeability, which has emerged as a promising alternative for this purpose.

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Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da concentração e do tempo de condicionamento com ácido fluorídrico na rugosidade e morfologia superficial de uma zircônia glazeada. Materiais e Métodos: Blocos de cerâmica à base de zircônia (5×5×3 mm) (Vita YZ-2000-Cubes, Vita- Zahnfabrik, Alemanha) foram confeccionados e divididos em 6 grupos, de acordo com os fatores "concentração do ácido fluorídrico (HF)" (5% e 10%) e "tempo de condicionamento" (20 s, 60 s e 90 s) (n=2): HF10/20 = HF 10% + 20 s; HF10/60 = HF 10% + 60 s; HF10/90 = HF 10% + 90 s; HF5/20 = HF 5% + 20 s; HF5/60 = HF 5% + 60 s; HF5/ 90 = HF 5% + 90 s. O glaze (Vita Akzent, Vita-Zahnfabrik, Alemanha) foi aplicado com o auxílio de um pincel e sinterizado de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. Após os diferentes protocolos de condicionamento, foram aferidas cinco medições de rugosidade (Ra) para cada espécime em Perfilômetro Digital (Wyko®, Modelo NT- 1100, Veeco, EUA). Os dados (µm) obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente com análise de variância (ANOVA 2-fatores) e Teste de Tukey (95%). Resultados: O fator "concentração do ácido fluorídrico" (p=0,149) não foi significante estatísticamente. No entanto, o fator "tempo de condicionamento" (p=0,009) foi significante. A interação entre os fatores também apresentou significância estatística (p=0,00). As médias de rugosidade (±desvio-padrão) obtidas foram (µm): GHF10/20=1,94(±0,72)A, GHF5/90=1,92(±0,19)A, GHF5/ 20=1,38(±0.48)AB, GHF5/60=1,18(±0,63)B, GHF10/60=1,17(±0,30)B, GHF10/90=0,82(±0,27)B (Tukey). Conclusão: Conclui-se que o ácido fluorídrico (10%) em maior concentração, associado a um menor tempo de condicionamento (20 s), promoveu maior rugosidade superficial da zircônia glazeada. (AU)

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different etching protocols on the surface roughness of a glazed zirconia. Material and Methods: Zirconia ceramic-blocks (5 × 5 × 3 mm) (Vita YZ-2000-Cubes, Vita-Zahnfabrik, Germany) were prepared and divided into 6 groups according to the variables "concentration of hydrofluoric acid (HF)" (5 % and 10 %) and " etching time " (20 s, 60 s and 90 s) (n = 2), as follows: HF10/20 = HF 10% + 20 s; HF10/60 = HF 10% + 60 s; HF10/90 = HF 10% + 90 s; HF5/20 = HF 5% + 20 s; HF5/60 = HF 5% + 60 s; HF5/90 = HF 5% + 90 s. The glaze (Vita Akzent, Vita- Zahnfabrik, Germany) was applied with a brush and sintered according to the manufacturer's recommendations. After different etching protocols, five roughness (Ra) measurements were taken for each specimen in a digital profilometer (Wyko ®, Model NT-1100, Veeco, USA). The data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA 2­way) and Tukey's test (95%). Results: The variable "concentration of hydrofluoric acid" (p=0.149) was not statistically significant, while the variable "etching time" (p=0.009) was significant. The interaction between variables was statistically significant (p = 0.00). The roughness averages (± standard deviation) obtained were (µm): GHF10/20=1.94(±0.72)A, GHF5/90=1.92(±0.19)A, GHF5/ 20=1.38(±0.48)AB, GHF5/60=1.18(±0.63)B, GHF10/60=1.17(±0.30)B, GHF10/90=0.82(±0.27)B (Tukey). Conclusion: It can be concluded that hydrofluoric acid (10%) at a higher concentration associated with a lower etching time (20 s) promoted higher superficial roughness on glazed zirconia. (AU)

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes tratamentos de superfície na resistência adesiva entre a interface zircônia/cimento resinoso. Blocos de zircônia (12 x 11,6 x 1,2 mm) foram divididos em cinco grupos (n=10) e classificados conforme o tratamento de superfície. Nas amostras em que a superfície não foi jateada, os filmes de glaze foram avaliados em função do condicionamento ou não das amostras com ácido fluorídrico (HF). No jateamento das superfícies das cerâmicas foram utilizadas microesferas de alumina, com e sem revestimento de sílica, e avaliada a influência dos tratamentos na resistência adesiva entre a superfície da cerâmica e o cimento resinoso. No teste de resistência de união, as amostras com glaze condicionado e com jateamento (alumina + sílica) apresentaram resultados superiores em relação às amostras não jateadas. As falhas foram classificadas em adesiva, mista e coesiva com a ajuda de um estereomicroscópio. A caracterização das superfícies foi avaliada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva. A espessura dos filmes glaze, obtida pela micrografi a da secção transversal das amostras, apresentou espessuras semelhantes independentemente do tratamento. Os tratamentos de superfície da zircônia com glaze condicionado (com e sem secagem) e jateamento (alumina + sílica) obtiveram os melhores resultados de resistência de união.

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on bond strength at the zirconia/resin cement interface. Zirconia blocks (12 x 11.6 x 1.2 mm) were divided into five groups (n=10) and classified according to the surface treatment. In the samples wherein the surface glaze has not been sandblasted the films were assessed for conditioning or not the samples with hydrofluoric acid (HF). Alumina microespheres with and without silica coating were used to blast the surfaces, and also to study the effect of treatments on bond strength between the ceramic surface and the resin cement. In the bond strength test samples with conditioning glaze and sandblasting (alumina + silica) showed higher scores than the non-blasted samples. The flaws were classified as adhesive, cohesive and mixed with the aid of a stereomicroscope. Surface characterization was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The thickness of the glaze film obtained by the micrograph of the cross section of the samples showed similar thicknesses regardless of treatment applied. The zirconia surface treatments with conditioning glaze (with and without drying) and sandblasting (alumina + silica) generated the best bond strength results.

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Objetivo: Este estudo se propôs avaliar o efeito de diferentes tempos de secagem de dois adesivos tipo ‘total-etch & rinse’ e ciclagem térmica na resistência adesiva entre cerâmica feldspatica e cimento resinoso. Material e Métodos: Trinta e dois blocos (12×10×4 mm) de cerâmica feldspática e respectivos blocos (32) de resina composta foram obtidos. A superfície de cimentação de cada bloco cerâmico foicondicionada por ácido fluorídrico (HF), silanizada (S), e recebeu a aplicação de um dos dois sistemas adesivos testados (SB - Single Bond 2, 3M-ESPE; ou PB – Prime & Bond NT, Dentsply). Então a superfície com o adesivo foi seca em diferentes tempos (5, 10 e 15s) antes da cimentação. Após, um cimento resinoso foi aplicado sobre a superfície de cimentação e o bloco correspondente de resina foi cimentado. Os palitos para microtração foram obtidos, sendo que metade deles foram imediatamente testados, enquanto os demais foram submetidos à ciclagem térmica e armazenagem (150 dias). Para os grupos sem envelhecimento, o tempo de secagem mais longo (15s) aumentou a resistência para o adesivo SB, enquanto que reduziu a resistência para o adesivoPB. Resultados: Para os grupos envelhecidos, as resistências adesivas dos diferentes tempos de secagem não foram diferentes estatisticamente, independente do adesivo. A falha predominante foi coesiva do cimento resinoso, seguido pela falha na interface cerâmica cimento. Conclusão: Conclui se que tempos mais longos de secagem podem melhorar a resistência adesiva à cerâmica testada, usando o adesivo SB. Por outro lado, tempos mais curtos podem otimizar a adesão para o adesivo PB. O envelhecimento afetou a adesão somente nos grupos do adesivo SB

Objective: This study evaluated the effect of drying times of two total-etch & rinse adhesives on the resin bond strength to a feldsphatic ceramic, before and after aging. Material and Methods:Feldsphatic-ceramic CAD-CAM bars were cut into blocks (12×10×4 mm) with a cutting machine (N = 32). Impressions were made of each ceramic block with silicone putty material and the negativespace was filled with a composite resin. The bonding ceramic surface was etched with hydrofluoric acid, silanized, and the adhesive system (SB- Single Bond 2, 3M-ESPE; or PB- Prime & Bond NT, Dentsply) was applied. The samples were dried at different times (5, 10 and 15 s) before the cementation. The resin and ceramic blocks were cemented bya dual cure resin cement. All samples were stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h. For the μ-TBS test, the samples were sliced into microbars. Half of the bars of each block was tested after 24 h and, the other bars were submitted to thermocycling (12,000×) and water storage (150 d). For the 24 h groups, the longer drying time increased (p < 0.05) the bond strength of SB (water/alcohol adhesive), while reduced (p < 0.05) for the PB group (acetone based adhesive). Results: For the aged groups, the bond strength for the different drying times had no significant difference, for the both adhesives. Conclusion: Longer drying times increased the bond strength values of SB. Smaller drying times increased the bond strength values of PB. The aging protocol influenced the bond strength of SB groups.

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Objective: To assess the effect of simulated brushing after different treatments in color maintenance and sur-face roughness of a ceramic. Materials and methods: Thirty lithium disilicate ceramic blocks were obtained, sintered, finished with water abrasive paper grit, and divided into: Group P- polished with diamond-coated silicone tips; Group G- glaze; Group S- pigment layer and glaze. A brushing simulator machine (37 oC/120 rpm) was used (10,000; 30,000; and 100,000 cycles) and surface roughness analysis was performed before and after this simulation in a rugosimeter (Ra parame-ters - mean roughness). The samples color were assessed with a spectrophotometer (Easyshade, Vita; parameters L*a*b*). Results: Regarding surface roughness, Group P presented statistical difference after 10 years. Group G presented difference for the initial measurement, and after 1 and 3 years. Regarding color, Group P did not vary after 10 years. Group G presented difference for the initial measurement, and after 1 and 3 years; Group P did not vary after brushing, except for 1 and 10 years The initial color of Group G was similar after 1 and 3 ye-ars, however, it presented statistical difference after 10 years. Group S presented similar behavior between the initial periods from 1 to 3 years, however, the initial ?E differed statistically for 10 years. Group S were shown to be statistically different from others for all periods, ex-cept for S and P in 1 year. Conclusion: It was concluded that Group P did not suffer initial color alteration after simulated brushing, and Group G and S suffered color alteration after 10 years of simulated brushing.

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros de adesão entre glaze e full-contour zirconia (FCZ) e FCZ glazeada e cimento resinoso. Zircônia e glaze tiveram as suas propriedades caracterizadas. Amostras de FCZ foram divididas em 5 grupos: (GL) aplicação de glaze; (AL+GL) jateamento com óxido de alumínio + glaze; (CJ+GL) partículas de óxido de alumínio modificada por sílica(Cojet®) + glaze; (SP+GL) tratamento químico com solução piranha + glaze; (CJ) Cojet. Microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e de força atômica (MFA) foram realizadas para avaliar a topografia das amostras. Scratch test foi realizado para avaliar o tipo de união entre zircônia e glaze após os diferentes tratamentos [(GL), (AL), (CJ) e (SP). Durante a cimentação, os grupos glazeados [(GL), (AL+GL), (CJ+GL) e (SP+GL)] foram tratados com ácido fluorídrico (HF) e silano; e o grupo não glazeado (CJ) apenas com silano. O cimento resinoso foi unido à zircônia utilizando um dispositivo específico para o teste de cisalhamento (SBS). Para a realização do teste SBS, metade dos espécimes de cada tratamento foi ensaiada 24 h após a cimentação e a outra metade foi envelhecida (armazenagem e termociclagem). Para a avaliação da retenção, foram confeccionados coroas FCZ e preparos para coroa total em substrato deresina epóxica (G10) (simulando um dente). Os grupos que receberam tratamento na superfície interna da coroa [(GL), (CJ+GL), (SP+GL) e (CJ)] foram cimentados com cimento resinoso sem MDP (Multilink Automix, 3M). O grupo que não recebeu tratamento na superfície interna (PF) foi cimentado utilizando um cimento resinoso contendo MDP (Panavia F, Kuraray). Os dados de adesão foram analisados estatisticamente (ANOVA e Tukey test). A full-contour zirconia apresentou alta densidade, microestrutura homogênea e propriedades mecânicas comparáveis à zircônia tradicional. O glaze correspondente apresentou picos coincidentes com à fase leucita (DRX) com morfologia irregular em formato e tamanho. ...

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the adhesive parameters between glaze and full-contour zirconia (FCZ) and overglazed FCZ and resin cement. Zirconia and glaze were tested to determined theirs properties. FCZ samples were divided into 5 groups: (GL) glaze application; (AL+GL)sandblasting with aluminum oxide + glaze; (CJ+GL) tribochemical silica coating (Cojet®) + glaze; (SP+GL) chemical surface treatment with piranha solution+glaze; (CJ) Cojet. Electron scanning microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (MFA) were performed to evaluate the FCZ topography.Scratch test was executed to evaluate the bonding between FCZ and glazeafter the different surface pretreatment. For the bonding procedures the glazed groups [(GL), (AL+GL), (CJ+GL) and (SP+GL)] were etched with hydrofluoric acid (HF) and treated with a silane coupling agent and the group without glaze (CJ) was treated only with a silane. The resin cement was bonded to the zirconia surface using a dedicated device for the shear test(SBS). For the SBS test, half of the samples were tested after 24 h and theother half after storage and thermocycling. To evaluate the tensile retention of FCZ crowns cemented on epoxy resin (G10) specimens simulating fullcontour crowns were made. Pretreated groups [(GL), (CJ+GL), (SP+GL) and (CJ)] were bonded with a resin cement without MDP (Multilink Automix, 3M). The group without surface pretreatment (PF) was bonded with a MDP-based resin cement (Panavia F, Kuraray). The adhesive data were statistically analysed (ANOVA e Tukey test). FCZ showed high density, homogeneous microstructure and mechanical properties similar to the traditional zirconia. FCZ glaze was characterized as a leucite with irregular shape and size morphology. The scratch test pattern was similar for all the evaluated groups and classified as a cohesive failure of the glaze. The shear data suggested that the chemicall treatment, before the glaze application, did not improve the bonding ...

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of the convergence angle of tooth preparation on the fracture load of Y-TZP-based ceramic (YZ - Vita YZ) substructure (SB) veneered with a feldspathic porcelain (VM9 - Vita VM9). METHODS: Finite element stress analysis (FEA) was performed to examine the stress distribution of the system. Eighty YZ SB were fabricated using a CAD-CAM system and divided into four groups (n=20), according to the total occlusal convergence (TOC) angle: G6 - 6° TOC; G12 - 12° TOC; G20 - 20° TOC; and G20MOD - 20° TOC with modified SB. All SB were veneered with VM9, cemented in a fiber reinforced epoxy resin die, and loaded to failure. Half of the specimens from each group (n=10) were cyclic fatigued (10(6) cycles) before testing. Failure analysis was performed to determine the fracture origin. Data were statistically analyzed using Anova and Tukey's tests (α=0.05). RESULTS: The greatest mean load to fracture value was found for the G20MOD, which was predicted by the FEA. Cyclic fatigue did not significantly affect the load of fracture. Catastrophic failure originating from the internal occlusal surface of the SB was the predominant failure mode, except for G20MOD. SIGNIFICANCE: The YZ-VM9 restorations resisted greater compression load than the usual physiological occlusal load, regardless of the TOC angle of preparations. Yet, the G20MOD design produced the best performance among the experimental conditions evaluated.

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OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the flexural strength and Vickers hardness of a microwave energy heat-cured acrylic resin by adding different concentrations of silane surface-treated nanoparticle silica. METHODS: Acrylic resin specimens with dimensions of 65 × 10 × 2.5 mm were formed and divided into five experimental groups (n = 10) according to the silica concentration added to the acrylic resin mass (weight %) prior to polymerisation : G1, without silica; G2, 0.1% silica; G3, 0.5% silica; G4, 1.0% silica; and G5, 5.0% silica. The specimens were submitted to a three-point flexural strength test and to the Vickers hardness test (HVN). The data obtained were statistically analysed by anova and the Tukey test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Regarding flexural strength, G5 differed from the other experimental groups (G1, G2, G3 and G4) presenting the lowest mean, while G4 presented a significantly higher mean, with the exception of group G3. Regarding Vickers hardness, a decrease in values was observed, in which G1 presented the highest hardness compared with the other experimental groups. CONCLUSION: Incorporating surface-treated silica resulted in direct benefits in the flexural strength of the acrylic resin activated by microwave energy; however, similar results were not achieved for hardness.

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