RESUMO
Citrus bergamia is a citric species known as bergamot. The species is widely used due to its derivatives, such as juices, extracts, and essential oil. Specifically, the bergamot essential oil (BEO) is of great interest, with a chemical composition rich in terpenes and esters. Considering its chemical composition, bioactivity, and great economic potential, the characterization of BEO should be studied. However, this essential oil is almost unexplored in terms of a characterization associated with colloids. Chemical characterization was carried out by gas-chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer and by gas-chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector. Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was carried out to confirm the bioactivity of this important essential oil. Dynamic light scattering analysis was performed to create a pattern of droplet size distribution of BEO. Major compounds of BEO were linalyl acetate, limonene, and linalool. The BEO was active against E. coli and presented a MIC value of 2.000 µg/mL, while values of MIC and MBC higher than 2.000 µg/mL were observed for S. aureus. The dynamic light scattering analysis revealed a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 65.7 ± 2.2 nm. After a 1:10 dilution it was observed reduction of mean diameter and enhancement of the percentagem of low size droplets, resepctively 44.1 ± 1.2 nm and 14.5 ± 0.5 nm (28.8 ± 1.2%). Higher droplets and reduced polydispersity index were observed after 1:100 dilution. In the present study, the chemical characterization was in accordance with the species, as the characteristic chemical markers of the species were found. Moreover, it has presented antibacterial activity as expected for the BEO. The analysis of the colloid showed a pattern of droplet size distribution following the Ostwald ripening mechanism after dilution.
Assuntos
Óleos Voláteis , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , Terpenos , Antibacterianos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Monogeneans are ectoparasites that may cause losses in production and productivity in the aquaculture of Colossoma macropomum. Chemotherapeutics used in aquaculture usually have major adverse effects on fish; hence, the use of essential oils has been considered advantageous, but these are not soluble in water. Thus, the use of nanostructures to enhance water solubility of compounds and improve bioactivity may be very promising. This study investigated the antiparasitic activity of nanoemulsion prepared with Copaifera officinalis oleoresin (50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 mg/L), against monogenean parasites from the gills of C. macropomum. The particle size distribution and zeta potential suggested that a potentially kinetic stable system was generated. The nanoemulsion from C. officinalis oleoresin achieved high efficacy (100%) at low concentrations (200 and 300 mg/L) after 15 min of exposure. This was the first time that a nanoemulsion was generated from C. officinalis oleoresin using a solvent-free, non-heating and low-energy method. Moreover, this was the first time that an antiparasitic against monogeneans on fish gills, based on nanoemulsion of C. officinalis oleoresin, was tested.
Assuntos
Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Caraciformes , Fabaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Trematódeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Emulsões , Doenças dos Peixes/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Nanoestruturas/análise , Infecções por Trematódeos/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologiaRESUMO
Outbreaks of diseases pose a major threat to sustainable aquaculture development worldwide. Application of herbal products to combat parasitic diseases provides an alternative approach for sustainable aquaculture. This study investigated the in vitro antiparasitic effects of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion prepared using the essential oil from Pterodon emarginatus, against monogeneans infesting Colossoma macropomum. Gill arches from C. macropomum (47.6 ± 14.5 g and 13.5 ± 1.4 cm) that were naturally parasitized by Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri were immersed in different dispersions of the P. emarginatus nanoemulsions (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/L). The major compounds presented in the essential oil of P. emarginatus were ß-elemene, ß-caryophyllene and α-humulene. Characterization of these nanoemulsions showed that they have a small mean droplet size and low polydispersity index, which is concordant with stable systems. In this in vitro trial, the P. emarginatus nanoemulsion concentrations of 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/L presented 100% helminthic efficacy against monogeneans of the gills of C. macropomum. The highest two concentrations used (400 and 600 mg/L) were seen to immobilize the parasites after only 15 min. Therefore, it would be worthwhile testing these concentrations in therapeutic baths against monogeneans of C. macropomum.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Caraciformes , Fabaceae/química , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Trematódeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Animais , Emulsões , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Nanoestruturas/análise , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/prevenção & controleRESUMO
A chemical investigation and bioassays against fifth-instar nymphae of the hematophagous insect Rhodnius prolixus, vector of Chagas disease, were conducted with the essential oil from Zanthoxylum caribaeum. The main results may be summarized as follows: (i) 54 components were identified, corresponding to 90.4% of the relative composition; sesquiterpenes (47.3%) and monoterpenes (41.2%) are the major constituents; (ii) muurola-4,5-trans-diene and isodaucene are described for the first time as chemical constituents of the essential oil from leaves of this species; (iii) topical treatment with the crude essential oil induced high levels of paralysis (from 18.88 to 33.33%) and mortality (from 80 to 98.9%) depending on the dose applied (0.5 to 5.0 µl per insect); (iv) feeding treatment with the crude essential oil also induced high levels of mortality (from 48.8 to 100%) but low levels of paralysis (from 2.22 to 7.77%) depending on the dose applied (0.5 to 5.0 µl/ml of blood); (v) in the continuous treatment, only the dose of 5.0 µl/cm(2) was able to promote statistical significant levels of mortality (63.3%) but no paralysis were detected. However in this group, occasionally, only few insects displayed malformations of legs and wings after treatment; and (vi) any treatment was able to disrupt the metamorphosis process since the low adult stage emergence observed to all groups was due the high insect mortality. These observations suggest the interference of Z. caribaeum compounds on the triatomine neuroendocrine system. The significance of these results in relation to the relevant biological events in R. prolixus as well as the possible use of insect growth regulators present in Z. caribaeum oil in integrated vector control programs against hematophagous triatomine species is herein discussed.
Assuntos
Inseticidas , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Rhodnius/efeitos dos fármacos , Zanthoxylum/química , Animais , Insetos Vetores/efeitos dos fármacos , Monoterpenos/química , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Ninfa/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos Voláteis/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Sesquiterpenos/química , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
LipL32 is the major lipoprotein in the membrane of pathogenic leptospira. In this work, we report on the production of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against recombinant LipL32 (rLipL32) and on the evaluation of their potential for use as reagents in diagnostic tests for leptospirosis. The MAbs were all of the IgG(2b) isotype and reacted specifically with native LipL32 in pathogenic serovars only. MAbs reacted in the same region of the rLipL32 molecule and their affinity constant was between 5x10(7) M(-1) and 6x10(6) M(-1). These results suggest that although the MAbs cannot be used together, they are well suited for diagnostic tests of leptospirosis based on LipL32 detection.