RESUMO
Genetically modified (GM) crops, expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal toxins, have substantially transformed agriculture. Despite rapid adoption, their environmental and economic benefits face scrutiny due to unsustainable agricultural practices and the emergence of resistant pests like Spodoptera frugiperda, known as the fall armyworm (FAW). FAW's adaptation to Bt technology in corn and cotton compromises the long-term efficacy of Bt crops. To advance the understanding of the genetic foundations of resistance mechanisms, we conducted an exploratory comparative transcriptomic analysis of two divergent FAW populations. One population exhibited practical resistance to the Bt insecticidal proteins Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2, expressed in the genetically engineered MON-89Ø34 - 3 maize, while the other population remained susceptible to these proteins. Differential expression analysis supported that Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 significantly affect the FAW physiology. A total of 247 and 254 differentially expressed genes were identified in the Cry-resistant and susceptible populations, respectively. By integrating our findings with established literature and databases, we underscored 53 gene targets potentially involved in FAW's resistance to Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2. In particular, we considered and discussed the potential roles of the differentially expressed genes encoding ABC transporters, G protein-coupled receptors, the P450 enzymatic system, and other Bt-related detoxification genes. Based on these findings, we emphasize the importance of exploratory transcriptomic analyses to uncover potential gene targets involved with Bt insecticidal proteins resistance, and to support the advantages of GM crops in the face of emerging challenges.
Assuntos
Toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis , Proteínas de Bactérias , Endotoxinas , Proteínas Hemolisinas , Resistência a Inseticidas , Spodoptera , Transcriptoma , Spodoptera/efeitos dos fármacos , Spodoptera/genética , Animais , Endotoxinas/genética , Endotoxinas/farmacologia , Proteínas Hemolisinas/genética , Proteínas Hemolisinas/farmacologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Resistência a Inseticidas/genética , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/genética , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/parasitologia , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/parasitologia , Perfilação da Expressão GênicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the distribution of the proportion of teenage mothers (PTM) in time and space and its relationship with socioeconomic indicators and social vulnerability. METHODS: An ecological study was carried out with teenage mothers living in 322 census tracts in Foz do Iguaçu (state of Paraná, Brazil) between 2013 and 2019. Spatial clusters of teenage mothers were identified by spatial scanning and grouped into strata with different prevalence. The association between these strata and the individual social vulnerability of the mothers was evaluated using the Pearson's Chi-square test. Linear regression models were adjusted to evaluate the association between PTM and socioeconomic factors by census tract and temporal trend in PTM in different strata. RESULTS: We identified five high prevalence clusters in peripheral regions and six with low prevalence in the central region of the municipality. Proportionally, there were more teenage mothers with a worse vulnerability index in the high prevalence stratum than in the low prevalence stratum. Places with worse socioeconomic conditions present higher PTM, a profile that did not change over time. For the increase of one unit in the Brazilian Deprivation Index and proportion of women responsible for the household, the PTM increased, respectively, by 3.8 (95%CI 3.1-4.4) and 0.086% (95%CI 0.03-0.14). There was a reduction in the global PTM in part of the period, which occurred later in the higher prevalence strata, but the proportions were stable again in the last years of study. CONCLUSION: Teenage pregnancy is concentrated in regions with worse socioeconomic conditions and greater maternal vulnerability and its behavior over time occurred differently in these areas.
Assuntos
Gravidez na Adolescência , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Humanos , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiologia , Gravidez na Adolescência/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco , Vulnerabilidade Social , Prevalência , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto Jovem , Características de ResidênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, whose viruses are transmitted mainly by Aedes aegypti, significantly impact human health worldwide. Despite the recent development of promising vaccines against the dengue virus, controlling these arbovirus diseases still depends on mosquito surveillance and control. Nonetheless, several studies have shown that these measures are not sufficiently effective or ineffective. Identifying higher-risk areas in a municipality and directing control efforts towards them could improve it. One tool for this is the premise condition index (PCI); however, its measure requires visiting all buildings. We propose a novel approach capable of predicting the PCI based on facade street-level images, which we call PCINet. METHODOLOGY: Our study was conducted in Campinas, a one million-inhabitant city in São Paulo, Brazil. We surveyed 200 blocks, visited their buildings, and measured the three traditional PCI components (building and backyard conditions and shading), the facade conditions (taking pictures of them), and other characteristics. We trained a deep neural network with the pictures taken, creating a computational model that can predict buildings' conditions based on the view of their facades. We evaluated PCINet in a scenario emulating a real large-scale situation, where the model could be deployed to automatically monitor four regions of Campinas to identify risk areas. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: PCINet produced reasonable results in differentiating the facade condition into three levels, and it is a scalable strategy to triage large areas. The entire process can be automated through data collection from facade data sources and inferences through PCINet. The facade conditions correlated highly with the building and backyard conditions and reasonably well with shading and backyard conditions. The use of street-level images and PCINet could help to optimize Ae. aegypti surveillance and control, reducing the number of in-person visits necessary to identify buildings, blocks, and neighborhoods at higher risk from mosquito and arbovirus diseases.
Assuntos
Aedes , Dengue , Mosquitos Vetores , Aedes/virologia , Aedes/fisiologia , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Humanos , Mosquitos Vetores/virologia , Mosquitos Vetores/fisiologia , Dengue/prevenção & controle , Dengue/epidemiologia , Dengue/transmissão , Cidades , Controle de Mosquitos/métodos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Infecção por Zika virus/prevenção & controle , Infecção por Zika virus/epidemiologia , Infecção por Zika virus/transmissãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor that exhibits resistance to current treatment, making the identification of novel therapeutic targets essential. In this context, cellular prion protein (PrPC) stands out as a potential candidate for new therapies. Encoded by the PRNP gene, PrPC can present increased expression levels in GBM, impacting cell proliferation, growth, migration, invasion and stemness. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanisms through which PRNP/PrPC modulates key aspects of GBM biology remain elusive. METHODS: To elucidate the implications of PRNP/PrPC in the biology of this cancer, we analyzed publicly available RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data of patient-derived GBMs from four independent studies. First, we ranked samples profiled by bulk RNA-seq as PRNPhigh and PRNPlow and compared their transcriptomic landscape. Then, we analyzed PRNP+ and PRNP- GBM cells profiled by single-cell RNA-seq to further understand the molecular context within which PRNP/PrPC might function in this tumor. We explored an additional proteomics dataset, applying similar comparative approaches, to corroborate our findings. RESULTS: Functional profiling revealed that vesicular dynamics signatures are strongly correlated with PRNP/PrPC levels in GBM. We found a panel of 73 genes, enriched in vesicle-related pathways, whose expression levels are increased in PRNPhigh/PRNP+ cells across all RNA-seq datasets. Vesicle-associated genes, ANXA1, RAB31, DSTN and SYPL1, were found to be upregulated in vitro in an in-house collection of patient-derived GBM. Moreover, proteome analysis of patient-derived samples reinforces the findings of enhanced vesicle biogenesis, processing and trafficking in PRNPhigh/PRNP+ GBM cells. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our findings shed light on a novel role for PrPC as a potential modulator of vesicle biology in GBM, which is pivotal for intercellular communication and cancer maintenance. We also introduce GBMdiscovery, a novel user-friendly tool that allows the investigation of specific genes in GBM biology.
Assuntos
Glioblastoma , Príons , Humanos , Expressão Gênica , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Glioblastoma/genética , Glioblastoma/patologia , Proteínas Priônicas/genética , Proteínas Priônicas/metabolismo , Príons/genética , Príons/metabolismo , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP/genética , Sinaptofisina/metabolismoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the distribution of the proportion of teenage mothers (PTM) in time and space and its relationship with socioeconomic indicators and social vulnerability. Methods: An ecological study was carried out with teenage mothers living in 322 census tracts in Foz do Iguaçu (state of Paraná, Brazil) between 2013 and 2019. Spatial clusters of teenage mothers were identified by spatial scanning and grouped into strata with different prevalence. The association between these strata and the individual social vulnerability of the mothers was evaluated using the Pearson's Chi-square test. Linear regression models were adjusted to evaluate the association between PTM and socioeconomic factors by census tract and temporal trend in PTM in different strata. Results: We identified five high prevalence clusters in peripheral regions and six with low prevalence in the central region of the municipality. Proportionally, there were more teenage mothers with a worse vulnerability index in the high prevalence stratum than in the low prevalence stratum. Places with worse socioeconomic conditions present higher PTM, a profile that did not change over time. For the increase of one unit in the Brazilian Deprivation Index and proportion of women responsible for the household, the PTM increased, respectively, by 3.8 (95%CI 3.1-4.4) and 0.086% (95%CI 0.03-0.14). There was a reduction in the global PTM in part of the period, which occurred later in the higher prevalence strata, but the proportions were stable again in the last years of study. Conclusion: Teenage pregnancy is concentrated in regions with worse socioeconomic conditions and greater maternal vulnerability and its behavior over time occurred differently in these areas.
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a distribuição da proporção de mães adolescentes (PMA) no tempo e espaço e sua relação com indicadores socioeconômicos e vulnerabilidade social. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo ecológico com mães adolescentes residentes em 322 setores censitários de Foz do Iguaçu (PR) entre 2013 e 2019. Aglomerados espaciais de mães adolescentes foram identificados por varredura espacial e agrupados em estratos com diferentes prevalências. Avaliou-se a associação entre esses estratos e a vulnerabilidade social individual das mães pelo teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. Ajustaram-se modelos de regressão linear para avaliar associação entre a PMA e fatores socioeconômicos por setor censitário e tendência temporal da PMA nos diferentes estratos. Resultados: Identificaram-se cinco aglomerados de alta prevalência nas regiões periféricas e seis de baixa na região central do município. Proporcionalmente houve mais mães adolescentes com pior índice de vulnerabilidade no estrato de alta prevalência do que no de baixa. Locais com piores condições socioeconômicas apresentaram maior PMA, perfil que não mudou ao longo do tempo. Para o aumento de uma unidade do Índice Brasileiro de Privação e da proporção de mulheres responsáveis por domicílio, a PMA aumentou respectivamente 3,8 (IC95% 3,1-4,4) e 0,086% (IC95% 0,03-0,14). Houve uma redução na PMA global em parte do período, que ocorreu mais tardiamente nos estratos de maior prevalência, mas as proporções voltaram a ficar estáveis nos últimos anos de estudo. Conclusão: A gravidez na adolescência se concentra em regiões de pior condição socioeconômica e com maior vulnerabilidade materna e seu comportamento no tempo ocorreu, nessas áreas, de modo distinto.
RESUMO
Introdução: Algumas arboviroses transmitidas por vetores como Aedes aegypti e Culex spp. são consideradas de grande importância epidemiológica, entre estas, destacam-se a dengue, Zika, chikungunya, febre amarela e febre do Nilo ocidental. A transmissão dos arbovírus ocorre enquanto as fêmeas infectadas realizam a hematofagia e as atuais medidas que visam a redução dessas arboviroses na população se dão principalmente com foco na redução da população de mosquitos. Índices de vigilância entomológica fazem parte das rotinas de programas de controle. Estudos recentes têm questionado a eficácia da utilização de índices de formas imaturas do vetor para predição do risco de transmissão de arboviroses e associação com incidência de casos. Isso indica que realizar a vigilância com a forma adulta dos vetores pode ser uma alternativa de maior eficácia. Objetivos: Estimar, predizer e mapear a infestação por Ae. aegypti e o Culex spp. associadas a variáveis de uso e ocupação do solo no município de Campinas/SP no período de verão entre os anos de 2021 a 2023. Material e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado por meio de coletas mensais de mosquitos adultos realizadas em 200 armadilhas BG MosquititoTM distribuídas aleatoriamente na área urbana de Campinas. Foram realizadas regressões múltiplas em um contexto bayesiano e geoestatístico utilizando a abordagem de aproximações de Laplace aninhadas e integradas e equações diferenciais parciais estocásticas. Foram consideradas como covariáveis o Índice Brasileiro de Privação (IBP) e informações sobre uso e ocupação do solo obtidas de imagens de satélite. Resultados: O melhor modelo de regressão para o número de Ae. aegypti fêmeas encontrou associação positiva com o IBP, uma medida do nível socioeconômico, e árvores. Quanto aos machos, o melhor modelo mostrou associação positiva com cimento e telha de zinco. O melhor modelo para o total de mosquitos Ae. aegypti mostrou associação positiva com o IBP, cimento e árvore e o mesmo ocorreu para Culex spp. Foram elaborados mapas com a predição da quantidade de mosquitos para cada modelo considerando a distribuição das covariáveis presentes na área de estudo. Conclusões: Com esse estudo, foi possível modelar as quantidades de fêmeas, machos e total de Ae. aegypti e total de Culex spp., com base nas informações obtidas com a partir da instalação das armadilhas de adultos, e predizer os níveis de infestação para todos os locais da área de estudo. Variáveis socioeconômicas e de uso e ocupação do solo mostraram-se associadas aos números de mosquitos coletados, com exceção do nível socioeconômico para os machos de Ae. aegypti. Os resultados mostram que a utilização dessas covariáveis nas modelagens foram úteis para melhorar as predições nos locais não amostrados. Nosso estudo mostrou ser possível identificar áreas de maior risco para infestação de forma independente dos limites administrativos da área de estudo, quer sejam bairros ou distritos. Além disso, mostrou ser viável o uso de armadilhas de adultos para realização de vigilância entomológica.
Introduction: Some arboviruses transmitted by vectors such Aedes aegypti and Culex spp. are considered of great epidemiological importance, among which dengue, Zika and chikungunya, yellow fever and West Nile fever stand out. The transmission of arboviruses occurs while infected females are carrying out hematophagy, and current measures aimed at reducing these arboviruses in the population are mainly focused on reducing the mosquito population. Entomological surveillance indices are part of the routines of control programs. Recent studies have questioned the effectiveness of using indices of immature forms of the vector to predict the risk of arbovirus transmission and association with the incidence of cases. This indicates that carrying out surveillance with the adult form of the vectors may be a more effective alternative. Objectives: Estimate, predict and map the infestation of Ae. aegypti and Culex spp. associated with land use and occupation variables in the city of Campinas (SP) in the summer period between 2021 to 2023. Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out through monthly collections of adult mosquitoes in 200 BG MosquititoTM traps randomly distributed in the urban area of Campinas. Multiple regressions were performed in a Bayesian and geostatistical context using the approach of nested and integrated Laplace approximations and stochastic partial differential equations. The Brazilian Deprivation Index (IBP) and information on land use and occupation obtained from satellite images were considered as covariates. Results: The best regression model for the number of female Ae. aegypti found a positive association with the IBP, a measure of socioeconomic status, and trees. As for males, the best model considered showed a positive association with cement and zinc tiles. The best model for the total number of Ae. aegypti showed a positive association with IBP, cement and trees, as the same occurred for Culex spp. Conclusions: With this study, it was possible to model the numbers of females, males and total Ae. aegypti and total Culex spp., based on the information obtained from the installation of adult traps, and to predict the infestation levels for all locations in the study area. Socioeconomic and land use and occupation variables were associated with the numbers of mosquitoes collected, with the exception of the socioeconomic level for males of Ae. aegypti. The results show that the use of these covariates in the models was useful to improve predictions in the non-sampled locations. Our study showed that it is possible to identify areas of greater risk for infestation independently of the administrative boundaries of the study area, whether they are neighborhoods, districts. Furthermore, it was shown to be feasible to use adult traps to carry out entomological surveillance.
Assuntos
Análise de Regressão , Aedes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Culex/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Análise Espacial , Infecções , BrasilRESUMO
BACKGROUND: training in critical surgical situations is crucial for a safe outcome. The use of simulators is well established, although many are quite expensive, requiring the search for financially viable solutions for training centers. METHODS: we built a low-cost simulator for intra-abdominal bleeding with inexpensive materials, such as a manikin chest, latex tubes, silicone rubber, and waterproof fabric, seeking to mimic the abdominal viscera and vessels and their anatomical correlations. An IV infusion set allowed simulated blood to flow under pressure, and the blood flowed freely during simulation. After obtaining a functional model, we selected general surgeons to validate the simulator and its use in teaching surgery. We used the content validity index (CVI), with a cutoff of 0.9. RESULTS: the cost of building the prototype was US$71,00 in 2021, accounting for the purchase of the various necessary materials. Twelve raters participated in the validation tests. The results obtained from the feedback survey showed a good evaluation of all items, especially the recognition of the injured vessel, access to the vascular injury, hemostasis by manual compression, and hemostatic suturing. CONCLUSION: the proposed simulator obtained good results in scenarios of intra-abdominal bleeding from large vessels, as well as for hemostasis by manual compression and suturing. It proved to be a useful tool for training in critical intra- abdominal bleeding situations, while maintaining a low cost of building.
Assuntos
Hemostáticos , Cirurgiões , Humanos , Simulação por Computador , Abdome , Competência ClínicaRESUMO
Objetivo: A pesquisa tem por objetivo verificar os limiares de repouso eletromiográfico dos músculos masseter e temporal em pacientes com disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) antes e após intervenção fonoaudiológica com e sem a utilização de bandagem elástica terapêutica. Métodos: A coleta contou com 14 participantes do sexo feminino, com idade entre 18 e 40 anos, com diagnóstico de DTM muscular ou mista. As pacientes foram divididas entre dois grupos classificados em: pacientes com bandagem associada à terapia tradicional (CB) e grupo de terapia tradicional (SB). As pacientes inicialmente foram avaliadas pelo exame de eletromiografia de superfície nas situações de contração voluntária máxima e repouso, e após quatro semanas de intervenção, foi realizada nova avaliação com os mesmos instrumentos. A análise dos dados ocorreu de forma quantitativa e qualitativa. Resultados:No grupo SB o músculo masseter direito apresentou aumento dos valores de repouso com significância, foi observado que o mesmo ocorreu para todos os músculos deste grupo, influenciando no equilíbrio da musculatura ipsilateral e contralateral, no entanto sem evidência estatística. O grupo CB não demonstrou valores estatísticos significativos, porém qualitativamente os valores de repouso muscular diminuíram e equilibraram-se de forma contralateral. Conclusão: Não foram observadas mudanças estatisticamente significantes nos limiares eletromiográficos durante repouso dos músculos masseter e temporal em ambos os grupos. Qualitativamente houve aumento dos valores eletromiográficos após terapia manual tradicional em todos os músculos do grupo SB. Com relação ao grupo CB, houve diminuição dos valores do repouso eletromiográfico após terapia, embora sem evidências estatísticas. (AU)
Purpose: Objective: The research aims to verify the electromyographic rest thresholds of the masseter and temporal muscles in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) before and after speech therapy intervention with and without the use of therapeutic elastic bandage. Methods: The collection included 14 female participants, aged between 18 and 40 years, who had a diagnosis of muscular or mixed TMD. The patients were divided into two groups: with traditional therapy (CB) bandage and traditional therapy (SB) only group. The patients underwent initial evaluation, as well as surface electromyography in situations of maximum voluntary contraction and rest and at the end of the four weeks of intervention, a new evaluation was performed with the same instruments. Data analysis occurred quantitatively and qualitatively. Results: In the SB group, the right masseter muscle showed a significant increase in resting values. It was observed that the same occurred for all muscles in this group, influencing the balance of the ipsilateral and contralateral muscles, although without statistical evidence. The CB group did not show statistically significant values, but qualitatively the muscle rest values decreased and balanced in a contralateral way. Conclusion: No statistically significant changes were observed in the resting electromyographic thresholds of the masseter and temporalis muscles in both groups. Qualitatively, there was an increase in electromyographic values after traditional manual therapy in all muscles in the SB group. Regarding the CB group, there was a decrease in electromyographic resting values after therapy, although without statistical evidence. (AU)
Objetivo: La investigación tiene como objetivo verificar los umbrales electromiográficos de reposo de los músculos masetero y temporal en pacientes con trastornos temporomandibulares (TMD) antes y después de la terapia del habla con y sin el uso de venda elástica terapéutica. Métodos: La colección incluyó a 14 participantes mujeres, con edades entre 18 y 40 años, diagnosticadas con TTM muscular o mixta. Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos clasificados en: pacientes con vendaje asociado a terapia tradicional (CB) y grupo de terapia tradicional (SB). Los pacientes fueron inicialmente evaluados mediante electromiografía de superficie en situaciones de máxima contracción voluntaria y reposo, luego de cuatro semanas de intervención se realizó una nueva evaluación con los mismos instrumentos. El análisis de datos se llevó a cabo cuantitativa y cualitativamente. Resultados: En el grupo SB, el músculo masetero derecho presentó un aumento significativo en los valores de reposo, se observó que lo mismo ocurrió para todos los músculos de este grupo, influyendo en el equilibrio de los músculos ipsilaterales y contralaterales, sin embargo, sin evidencia estadística. El grupo CB no mostró valores estadísticamente significativos, pero cualitativamente los valores de descanso muscular disminuyeron y se equilibraron contralateralmente. Conclusión: No se observaron cambios estadísticamente significativos en los umbrales electromiográficos en reposo de los músculos masetero y temporal en ambos grupos. Cualitativamente, hubo un aumento de los valores electromiográficos después de la terapia manual tradicional en todos los músculos del grupo SB. En cuanto al grupo CB, hubo una disminución de los valores electromiográficos de reposo después de la terapia, aunque sin evidencia estadística. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Eletromiografia , Músculos da Mastigação , Relaxamento Muscular/fisiologia , Síndrome da Disfunção da Articulação Temporomandibular/terapia , Manipulações Musculoesqueléticas , Fita Atlética , Estudos Controlados Antes e DepoisRESUMO
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-delimited vesicular bodies carrying different molecules, classified according to their size, density, cargo, and origin. Research on this topic has been actively growing through the years, as EVs are associated with critical pathological processes such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Despite that, studies exploring the physiological functions of EVs are sparse, with particular emphasis on their role in organismal development, initial cell differentiation, and morphogenesis. In this review, we explore the topic of EVs from a developmental perspective, discussing their role in the earliest cell-fate decisions and neural tissue morphogenesis. We focus on the function of EVs through development to highlight possible conserved or novel processes that can impact disease progression. Specifically, we take advantage of what was learned about their role in development so far to discuss EVs impact on glioblastoma, a particular brain tumor of stem-cell origin and poor prognosis, and how their function can be hijacked to improve current therapies.