RESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Echinodorus macrophyllus (Kunth.) Micheli (Alismataceae), known as chapéu-de-couro in Brazil, is popularly used to treat inflammatory diseases. We have previously demonstrated a significant reduction in the acute inflammation for the aqueous extract of E. macrophyllus (AEEm) and its ethanolic fraction (Fr20) and described that hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives present in SF1 (Fr20 subfraction) showed higher anti-inflammatory properties by mechanisms that include a reduction of TNF-α, IL-1ß, CKCL1/KC, LTB4, and PGE2 levels in exudate. AIM OF THE STUDY: This work describes the acute toxicological effect of SF1 subfraction on SW mice treated orally for five days in the air pouch model by evaluating the hematological and biochemical determinations on the blood samples; the relative organ weight and its histopathological analysis; the liver genotoxicity assessment and the activity of liver enzymes from xenobiotic metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fr20 was earlier fractionated on the Sephadex LH-20 column, yielding mainly four subfractions, including SF1. The SF1 toxicity was evaluated in mice challenged with carrageenan on the air pouch inflammation model and orally treated for five days. The body weight was monitored daily, and the organs were weighed after the euthanasia. Hematological and biochemical determinations were carried out using specific commercial kits and following the protocols provided by the manufacturers. The organs were fixed, sectioned, processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining, and analyzed by light microscopy. Genotoxicity assessment was performed by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis. Livers were processed for ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) assays. RESULTS: SF1 exhibited low toxicity, as no significant discrepancy was observed in the relative weight of the body organs of mice. Moreover, the daily treatment with SF1 did not alter the number and percentage of red blood cells or hemoglobin concentration in the blood. The treatment with SF1 did not affect the creatinine concentration, but the 25 mg/kg dose reduced the plasma urea level and uric acid, suggesting its use in treating acute renal failure. The parameters analyzed did not present biochemical alterations indicative of liver disease. Regarding serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, a significant decrease was detected in both parameters in mice treated with SF1. In addition, the histopathological analysis showed that inflammatory focus in the livers seemed more relevant in the control groups than in those treated. There were no significant changes in the renal or splenic tissues of animals treated with SF1. Treatment with SF1 also does not have a genotoxic effect on liver cells. CONCLUSION: Treatment with SF1 showed no toxicity in mice at doses equivalent to those recommended for humans, which provides evidence of the safety of the therapeutic use of this subfraction.
Assuntos
Alismataceae , Extratos Vegetais , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Extratos Vegetais/química , Inflamação , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios/toxicidade , Carragenina , Alismataceae/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Echinodorus macrophyllus (Kunth.) Micheli is popularly used for acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. The anti-inflammatory activity was previously demonstrated for its flavonoid-enriched fractions. The aim of this work assessed the antinociceptive properties of both aqueous extract and its fractions. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: The antinociceptive activity was determined by acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin test, tail immersion test, hot-plate test, xylene-induced ear edema methods, and the evaluation of its mechanism was performed in the writhing model. The aqueous extract of Echinodorus macrophyllus (AEEm) was fractionated, yielding Fr20, and Fr40. Fr40 composition was determined by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Fr20 (all doses) and Fr40 (100 mg/kg) reduced the nociception in the tail-flick model. Both fractions increased the percentage of maximum possible effect with 25 mg/kg, in the hot-plate assay, at 60 min, while AEEm reduced pain only with 50 and 100 mg/kg. There was a reduction in xylene-edema index, with Fr40 (25 mg/kg), AEEm (50 mg/kg) and Fr20 (50 mg/kg). All doses of AEEm, Fr20, and Fr40 reduced both phases of the formalin model. In the abdominal contortion model, Fr40 presented the highest activity, reducing 96% of contortions and its antinociceptive mechanism was evaluated. The results indicated the involvement of NO and adrenergic activation pathways. The main components of Fr40 are swertisin, swertiajaponin, isoorientin 7,3'-dimethyl ether, swertisin-O-rhamnoside, isoorientin, isovitexin, isovitexin-Orhamnoside, and isovitexin-7-O-glucoside. The aqueous extract of E. macrophyllus leaves and its fractions exhibited significant analgesic effect, mediated through both peripheral and central mechanisms being considered a potentially antinociceptive drug.
RESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In Brazil, Echinodorus macrophyllus (Alismataceae), popularly known as chapéu-de-couro, is used to treat inflammatory diseases. Previous studies have shown a significant decrease in the acute inflammation for the aqueous extract of E. macrophyllus (AEEm) and its ethanolic fraction (Fr20). AIM OF THE STUDY: This work fractionated Fr20, identified the fraction and substances responsible for the in vivo anti-inflammatory property, and demonstrated important immunomodulatory mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fr20 was fractionated using Sephadex LH-20, and the most active fraction was chromatographically analyzed (HPLC-DAD and UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS). Leukotriene B4, Prostaglandin E2, and cytokines were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and in vivo acute inflammation by the air pouch model. RESULTS: The subfractions SF1, SF3, and mainly the SF4 decreased NO levels (p < 0.05). SF3 and SF4 showed high DPPH scavenger activity. SF1 was more effective than SF4 in reducing vasodilation, redness, and leukocyte migration into the 4-h air pouch. SF1 inhibited 90.5% (100 mg/kg) and SF4 54.0% (50 mg/kg), mainly affecting the number of neutrophils. SF1 and SF4 reduced the protein level in the exudate. SF1 was also more effective in inhibiting neutrophil migration in a transwell assay (46.3%) and reduced (86.1%) the Leukotriene B4 level in the exudate. After five days of treatment, some SF1 anti-inflammatory mechanisms were evaluated in the air pouch's 24 h exudate and tissue. Despite the high level of inflammation of the control group in this condition, SF1 confirmed the decrease in the protein level and neutrophils migration into the pouch. It decreased the number of bone marrow cells, indicating a systemic effect of SF1. SF1 also decreased TNF-α (87%), IL-1ß (77%), CKCL1/KC (71.3%), and PGE2 (97.8%) and increased IL-10 (74.1%) levels in the air pouch exudate. Phytochemical analysis of SF1 indicates mainly hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives. CONCLUSION: Hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives present in SF1 are related to the crucial anti-inflammatory mechanisms of E. macrophyllus, decreasing the levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, CKCL1/KC, LTB4, and PGE2 on the exudate. These results explain the reduction of vasodilatation, erythema, and neutrophil migration into the air pouch model, confirming this plant's anti-inflammatory potential.
Assuntos
Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Prostaglandinas/metabolismo , Alismataceae/química , Animais , Carragenina/toxicidade , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Prostaglandinas/genética , Células RAW 264.7RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The objective was to analyse the anti-inflammatory potential of the invasive coral species Tubastraea coccinea and Tubastraea tagusensis. METHODS: Methanolic extracts, fractions and synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory ability, and their composition was elucidated through chemical analysis. KEY FINDINGS: The genus Tubastraea (Order Scleractinia, Family Dendrophylliidae) (known as sun corals) presents compounds with pharmacological value. The introduction of these azooxanthellate hard corals into Brazil, initially in Rio de Janeiro state, occurred through their fouling of oil and gas platforms from the Campos oil Basin. The two invasive species have successfully expanded along the Brazilian coast and threaten endemic species and biodiversity. The HPLC-MS and GC-MS data suggest the presence of aplysinopsin analogues (alkaloids). Anti-inflammatory activity was observed in all samples tested in in-vivo assays, especially in T. coccinea. The ethyl acetate fraction from this sample was more effective in in-vitro assays for anti-inflammatory activity. Depending on the concentration, this fraction showed cytotoxic responses. CONCLUSIONS: These species have potential pharmacological use, and considering their invasive nature, this study presents a potential alternative use, which may enhance the management of this biological invasion.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/farmacologia , Antozoários/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Brasil , Carragenina/farmacologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacocinética , Masculino , Camundongos , Modelos Animais , Óxido Nítrico , Células RAW 264.7 , Triptofano/análogos & derivadosRESUMO
Os ectoparasitos são de grande importância na clínica de pequenos animais pela sua ação direta e por transmitir agentes patogênicos para seus hospedeiros e aos humanos, destacandose entre eles as moscas e os carrapatos. Este artigo de revisão objetiva apresentar um compêndio de informações científicas sobre moscas e carrapatos de cães, desde o seu desenvolvimento, profilaxia, métodos de controle convencionais e alternativos por meio de pesquisa utilizando bancos de dados de periódicos da área de veterinária. Os ectoparasitos de cães apresentam diversas particularidades nos seus ciclos de desenvolvimentos, os quais devem ser levados em conta para formulação de estratégias de profilaxia e controle, a fim de evitar resistência e intoxicações. O seu controle é realizado tradicionalmente com produtos de base química, porém, a inovação na pesquisa vem desenvolvendo e estimulando a produção de antiparasitários com base em extratos vegetais. Devido à alta casuística e ao número de relatos de resistência aos tratamentos, mostra-se necessário o entendimento do ciclo dos ectoparasitos e a continuidade da realização de estudos acerca de diferentes métodos de profilaxia e controle.
Ectoparasites are of great importance in small animal for their direct action and for transmitting pathogens to their hosts and humans, especially flies and ticks. This review article aims to present a compendium of scientific information on dog flies and ticks, from their development, prophylaxis, conventional and alternative control methods through research using veterinary journal databases. Dog ectoparasites have several particularities in their developmental cycles, which should be considered when formulating prophylaxis and control strategies to avoid resistance and intoxication. Its control is traditionally performed with chemical products, however, innovation in research has been developing and stimulating the production of antiparasitic agents based on plant. Due to the high number of cases and reports of resistance to treatments, it is necessary to understand the ectoparasite cycle and to continue studies on different prophylaxis and control methods.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/veterinária , Doenças do Cão , Ectoparasitoses/prevenção & controle , Ectoparasitoses/veterinária , Miíase/veterináriaRESUMO
Os ectoparasitos são de grande importância na clínica de pequenos animais pela sua ação direta e por transmitir agentes patogênicos para seus hospedeiros e aos humanos, destacandose entre eles as moscas e os carrapatos. Este artigo de revisão objetiva apresentar um compêndio de informações científicas sobre moscas e carrapatos de cães, desde o seu desenvolvimento, profilaxia, métodos de controle convencionais e alternativos por meio de pesquisa utilizando bancos de dados de periódicos da área de veterinária. Os ectoparasitos de cães apresentam diversas particularidades nos seus ciclos de desenvolvimentos, os quais devem ser levados em conta para formulação de estratégias de profilaxia e controle, a fim de evitar resistência e intoxicações. O seu controle é realizado tradicionalmente com produtos de base química, porém, a inovação na pesquisa vem desenvolvendo e estimulando a produção de antiparasitários com base em extratos vegetais. Devido à alta casuística e ao número de relatos de resistência aos tratamentos, mostra-se necessário o entendimento do ciclo dos ectoparasitos e a continuidade da realização de estudos acerca de diferentes métodos de profilaxia e controle.(AU)
Ectoparasites are of great importance in small animal for their direct action and for transmitting pathogens to their hosts and humans, especially flies and ticks. This review article aims to present a compendium of scientific information on dog flies and ticks, from their development, prophylaxis, conventional and alternative control methods through research using veterinary journal databases. Dog ectoparasites have several particularities in their developmental cycles, which should be considered when formulating prophylaxis and control strategies to avoid resistance and intoxication. Its control is traditionally performed with chemical products, however, innovation in research has been developing and stimulating the production of antiparasitic agents based on plant. Due to the high number of cases and reports of resistance to treatments, it is necessary to understand the ectoparasite cycle and to continue studies on different prophylaxis and control methods.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Miíase/veterinária , Doenças do Cão , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/veterinária , Ectoparasitoses/veterinária , Ectoparasitoses/prevenção & controleRESUMO
O objetivo deste trabalho é buscar entender a não participação de homens de 50-64 anos, aqui chamados de maduros, nas atividades econômicas. O foco nesse grupo etário deve-se ao fato de este grupo ser o que primeiramente será afetado pela reforma previdenciária proposta pelo governo. Esses podem ser aposentados que não voltaram ao mercado de trabalho ou nem-nem, que não participam do mercado de trabalho e não estão aposentados. Neste trabalho, o foco será nos nem-nem. Os dados utilizados são provenientes das Pesquisas Nacionais por Amostra de Domicílios (PNADs) de 1992 a 2017. Em 2012, a metodologia desta pesquisa mudou radicalmente e dificultou a comparação temporal. A pesquisa antiga continuou até 2015 conjuntamente com a nova (PNAD Contínua). Como as condições de saúde são importantes na determinação desta participação, consideram-se, também, os dados dos suplementos sobre saúde realizados pelas PNADs de 1998, 2003 e 2008, bem como os da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2013, também realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Buscando atingir os objetivos propostos, o trabalho está dividido em cinco seções, sendo a primeira esta introdução. A segunda traça um panorama da participação da população brasileira masculina de 50 a 64 anos nas atividades econômicas e a terceira detalha algumas características dos nem-nem. Utilizando-se de um modelo logístico, busca-se entender, na quarta seção, o que torna os homens nem-nem. Apresentam-se, na quinta seção, as considerações finais.
Assuntos
Aposentadoria , Mercado de Trabalho , Nível de SaúdeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of demand and provision of care for the Brazilian population with functional disabilities in activities of daily living. METHODS: This is a quantitative and descriptive study using baseline data from ELSI-Brazil (Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging), a cohort study with a representative sample of the Brazilian population aged 50 years or older (n = 9,412). We considered the demand for care from the self-report of having some difficulty to perform at least one activity of daily life (eating, bathing, going to the toilet, dressing, moving in a room [ambulation], and transferring from chair [transfer]). Care supply was measured by having some help to perform the activity of daily living. RESULTS: Approximately a quarter of the individuals evaluated (23.2%) reported difficulty in at least one activity of daily living, especially regarding transfer and dressing. Age, schooling, and number of chronic diseases were significantly associated with the difficulty in activities of daily living. Among those who reported difficulty, 35.1% received help of others and 11.8% did not receive (lack of care). The activities with greater lack of care were bathing (13.3%) and transfer (11.7%), which reveals an undignified survival condition. Care remains a family (94.1%) and female (72.1%) issue; despite the important changes that have taken place in society, there is still a lack of care policies. Of the total caregivers, 25.8% reported stopping working or studying to perform this role and only 9.2% were paid (hired ones or family members). CONCLUSIONS: The ELSI-Brazil results reveal the expressive care demand of the Brazilian population aged 50 years or older with functional disabilities on activities of daily living and the lack of care policies aimed at this public.
Assuntos
Atividades Cotidianas , Cuidadores/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil , Pessoas com Deficiência , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic crude extract (HCE) from Chenopodium ambrosioides leaves on the development of type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and on pro-inflammatory cytokine balance. METHODS: Collagen-induced arthritis was induced in DBA1/J mice. On the 21st day, the mice were treated orally with HCE or methotrexate, daily. Six weeks after beginning the treatment, the following measures were determined: lymphoid organs cell numbers, percentage of blood cells, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17 serum concentrations, activity of hepatic and kidney glutathione S-transferase, hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, bone density and histopathology. KEY FINDINGS: Treatment of CIA mice with HCE 5 mg/kg (HCE5) reduced the percentage of neutrophils and macrophages and the number of bone marrow cells and increased the lymphocyte numbers and the inguinal lymph node cellularity. This treatment inhibited the serum concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α, which may be related to the preservation of bone density and to the slight thickening of periarticular tissues, with minimal fibrosis and fibroblast proliferation in the joints. The CIA group presented advanced articular erosion and synovial hyperplasia. Phytochemical analysis showed mainly flavonols. CONCLUSIONS: HCE5 presented anti-arthritic potential and reduced IL-6 and TNF-α, which participate directly in the development and maintenance of the inflammatory process in rheumatoid arthritis.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Chenopodium ambrosioides/química , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Folhas de Planta/química , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Artrite Experimental/imunologia , Artrite Experimental/patologia , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Interleucina-6/sangue , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos DBA , Patela/efeitos dos fármacos , Patela/patologia , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Some studies have used the follow-up method to analyze real behavioral changes in research involving physical activity (PA) interventions. This has great scientific value; however, it is hard to apply without satisfactory resources and research funding. Little is known about how many studies have used this method to analyze PA interventions in low-income and middle-income countries, especially Brazil. PURPOSE: To describe Brazilian studies using follow-up analysis after PA interventions. METHODS: A systematic review was performed including Brazilian studies with follow-up analysis after PA interventions; the analyzed papers were from the previous 10 years. The search was carried out in Portuguese, English, and Spanish in the following databases: SciELO, Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Literature, PubMed, and Scopus. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis method was used. RESULTS: In total, 6 of the 7 studies analyzed were from the southeast region, with the intervention time ranging from 2 to 12 months, carrying out follow-up every 5.3 months with 2.2 observations on average. The interventions had a behavioral approach and were generally carried out in universities, hospitals, and ambulatory care. CONCLUSION: Studies on PA interventions using follow-up analysis are scarce. Considering the relevance of follow-up studies to measure behavior changes, the results suggest that more studies about this topic are essential in Brazil.