RESUMO
O que é preciso para abrir o consultório do especialista em Alergia e Imunologia? Esta é uma preocupação frequente dos jovens especialistas, que muitas vezes fica sem resposta. A Comissão de Estatuto, Regulamentos e Normas da Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia (CERN-ASBAI) propõe a publicação de uma série de artigos com o objetivo de orientar sobre os passos essenciais para o estabelecimento de boas práticas no atendimento clínico de pacientes alérgicos.
What do I need to start a practice in Allergy & Immunology? This has been a frequent concern for young specialists, one that often goes unanswered. The Statute, Regulations, and Standards Committee of the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology (CERN-ASBAI) proposes the publication of a series of articles to provide guidance on the essential steps for establishing good practices in the clinical care of allergic patients.
Assuntos
Humanos , Sociedades MédicasRESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO: A anafilaxia é uma reação alérgica multissistêmica grave, de início agudo e potencialmente fatal. Poucos são os dados sobre sua epidemiologia no Brasil. O Registro Brasileiro de Anafilaxia da Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia (RBAASBAI) teve como objetivo ampliar o conhecimento sobre anafilaxia em indivíduos brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional transversal com questionário online sobre dados demográficos, desencadeantes suspeitos, manifestações clínicas, atendimento durante a reação, investigação diagnóstica e aconselhamento após a reação de pacientes que experimentaram uma reação anafilática. RESULTADOS: Entre junho/2021 e abril/2023, foram incluídos 237 pacientes (131 femininos): 99 crianças/adolescentes; 127 adultos e 11 idosos. Houve predomínio de meninos entre crianças/adolescentes (55,5%), e de mulheres entre os adultos (64,5%), e mediana de idade de 22 anos (< 1 a 77 anos). As manifestações cutâneas (92,8%) foram as mais frequentes, seguidas pelas respiratórias (70,1%), gastrointestinais (52,3%), neurológicas (36,3%) e cardiovasculares (35,3%). Os principais desencadeantes foram: alimentos (43,0%), medicamentos (26,2%), himenópteros (21,6%) e látex (2,5%); os alimentos entre crianças (leite, ovo, amendoim/castanhas), e os fármacos (anti-inflamatórios e antibióticos) entre os adultos. Quanto ao tratamento, 61,1% recebeu adrenalina (52,7% por profissional e 8,4% via autoinjetor de adrenalina -AIA). Uma adolescente (12 anos) faleceu após picada de abelha. A maioria recebeu plano escrito de emergência (78,1%) e foi ensinada a usar o AIA (70%). CONCLUSÃO: Os alimentos foram os desencadeantes mais comuns entre crianças/adolescentes, e os fármacos entre adultos brasileiros. A adrenalina continua sendo subutilizada, reforçando a necessidade de maior disseminação do tratamento adequado da anafilaxia.
INTRODUCTION: Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening, acute, severe multisystem allergic reaction.There is little data on its epidemiology in Brazil. The Brazilian Anaphylaxis Registry of the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology (RBA-ASBAI) was devised to expand knowledge about anaphylaxis in Brazilian individuals. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study using an online questionnaire to collect data on demographics, suspected triggers, clinical manifestations, treatment during the reaction, diagnostic workup, and post-reaction counseling in patients who have experienced an anaphylactic reaction. RESULTS: Between June 2021 and April 2023, 237 patients were included (131 female): 99 children/adolescents (<18yo), 127 adults (18-64yo), and 11 older adults (65-77yo). There was a male predominance in the pediatric group (55.5%), while females were predominant among adults (64.5%). The median age was 22 years (range, <1 to 77). The most frequent clinical manifestations were cutaneous (92.8%), followed by respiratory (70.1%), gastrointestinal (52.3%), neurological (36.3%), and cardiovascular (35.3%). The most common triggers were foods (43.0%), drugs (26.2%), venoms (21.6%), and latex (2.5%). Foods (milk, egg, peanuts/tree nuts) predominated among children, versus drugs (mostly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics) among adults. Regarding treatment, 61.1% received epinephrine (52.7% by a healthcare professional and 8.4% via epinephrine auto-injector [EAI]). One teenager (12yo) died due to a bee sting. Most patients received a written emergency plan (78.1%) and were taught how to use the EAI (70%). CONCLUSION: Foods were the most common triggers of anaphylaxis among Brazilian children and adolescents, while drugs predominated among adults. Epinephrine continues to be underused, highlighting the need for greater awareness of proper treatment of anaphylaxis.
Assuntos
Humanos , Sociedades MédicasRESUMO
Introdução: A reação a medicamentos com eosinofilia e sintomas sistêmicos (DRESS) trata-se de uma doença grave, sendo sua gravidade relacionada ao grau de acometimento visceral, e sua taxa de mortalidade de cerca de 10%. Seu diagnóstico é desafiador, e a utilização do escore RegiSCAR como ferramenta facilita a formação deste diagnóstico. Objetivo: Analisar os aspectos clínicos, laboratoriais, evolução e classificação dos casos segundo o RegiSCAR dos pacientes internados no serviço de Alergia e Imunologia do Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, com o diagnóstico de DRESS. Método: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo baseado na análise de prontuários de pacientes atendidos no período entre janeiro de 2006 a janeiro de 2020. Resultados: Neste estudo verificou-se maior prevalência do sexo feminino, e a DRESS acometeu principalmente adultos e idosos, tendo como comorbidades mais frequentes as doenças cardiovasculares. Dos sintomas clínicos, 69,2% dos pacientes apresentava febre, e a alteração laboratorial mais encontrada foi a presença de eosinofilia. A lesão cutânea mais frequente foi o exantema maculopapular, e os medicamentos, os anticonvulsivantes. O tempo prévio de uso do medicamento foi de 2,1 semanas, e todos os pacientes receberam corticoide sistêmico como tratamento principal, e 3 pacientes fizeram uso da imunoglubulina humana como tratamento adicional. A mortalidade foi de 7% na fase aguda, e 14% por causas secundárias. Conclusão: A DRESS é uma síndrome complexa grave e potencialmente fatal, cujo diagnóstico é desafiador. O uso do escore preconizado pelo RegiSCAR demonstrou ser importante auxílio na confirmação do diagnóstico e na diferenciação de outras doenças. A mortalidade encontrada destaca a gravidade da doença. Reconhecer e excluir a droga implicada e iniciar um tratamento precoce permite maior chance de sobrevida para estes pacientes.
Introduction: Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is a serious disease. Its severity is related to the degree of visceral involvement and its mortality rate is approximately 10%. Diagnosis is a challenge, although RegiSCAR scores can facilitate the process. Objective: To analyze clinical and laboratory data, clinical course, and classify cases according to RegiSCAR scores among patients diagnosed with DRESS who were admitted to the Allergy and Immunology service of the Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo. Method: This retrospective study analyzed the medical records of patients seen between January 2006 and January 2020. Results: There was a higher prevalence of women, with DRESS mainly affecting adults and older adults; cardiovascular diseases were the most frequent comorbidity. The most common clinical symptom was fever (69.2%), while the most common laboratory finding was eosinophilia. The most frequent skin lesion was maculopapular rash, and anticonvulsants were the main prescribed drug class. The drug was used for a mean of 2.1 weeks, and all patients received systemic corticosteroids as the main treatment. Human immunoglobulin was used as an additional treatment in 3 patients. Mortality was 7% in the acute phase and 14% due to secondary causes. Conclusion: DRESS is a severe, complex, and potentially fatal syndrome whose diagnosis is challenging. RegiSCAR scores helped confirm diagnosis and differentiate it from other diseases. The disease's mortality highlights its severity. Recognizing and excluding the implicated drug and initiating early treatment led to a greater chance of survival for these patients.
Assuntos
HumanosRESUMO
O desenvolvimento e a ampliação do uso das vacinas durante décadas contribuíram para o controle e erradicação de doenças infecciosas, causando um grande impacto na saúde pública no mundo. A análise de segurança das vacinas percorre criteriosos processos e fases dos estudos clínicos, um dos pilares essenciais para aprovação regulatória e utilização do produto na população. O evento supostamente atribuído à vacinação e imunização (ESAVI), terminologia atual, é definido como qualquer ocorrência médica indesejada após a vacinação que possui, ou não, uma relação causal com o uso de uma vacina ou outro imunobiológico. Cabe ressaltar que eventos adversos mais raros ou inesperados, incluindo os eventos de hipersensibilidade, poderão ocorrer na fase pós-comercialização, quando as vacinas são aplicadas em milhões de pessoas. Neste artigo, serão discutidos os principais aspectos relacionados aos eventos adversos de hipersensibilidade pós-vacinais de interesse do especialista, e os desafios frente ao reconhecimento do agente causal e conduta a ser adotada. Além disso, serão revisados os potenciais alérgenos presentes nas vacinas de uso rotineiro para auxiliar o profissional de saúde na identificação de pacientes com potencial de risco de ESAVI por tais componentes. A atualização do conhecimento acerca da segurança e dos benefícios das vacinas pelos profissionais de saúde, sobretudo em populações especiais, contribui para condutas em imunização mais apropriadas, reduzindo o risco de exposição a um possível alérgeno em pessoas comprovadamente alérgicas às vacinas ou a alguns dos seus componentes, além de evitar contraindicações desnecessárias em eventos coincidentes ou não graves.
The expansion of vaccine use and development in recent decades has contributed to the control and eradication of infectious diseases, causing a major impact on public health worldwide. Vaccine safety analysis, which involves careful processes and clinical study, is one of the essential pillars of regulatory approval and use in the population. In current terminology, events supposedly attributable to vaccination and immunization (ESAVI) are defined as any unwanted medical occurrence after vaccination that may or may not have a causal relationship with vaccines or other immunobiologicals. It is noteworthy that rare or unexpected adverse events, including hypersensitivity, can occur during the post-marketing phase, when vaccines are administered to millions of people. In this article, we will discuss the main aspects of post-vaccine hypersensitivity events of interest to specialists and challenges to recognizing the causal agent and appropriate clinical practice. Potential allergens in routine vaccines will also be reviewed to help health professionals identify patients with a potential risk of ESAVI due to such components. Updating health professionals' knowledge about the safety and benefits of vaccines, particularly in special populations, can contribute to more appropriate clinical practice regarding immunization, reducing the risk of exposure to possible allergens in people with allergies to vaccines or their components, avoiding unnecessary contraindications in coincidental or non-serious events.
Assuntos
Humanos , Vacinas contra Influenza , Vacina contra Difteria, Tétano e Coqueluche , Vacina contra Varicela , Vacina contra Difteria e Tétano , Vacinas Pneumocócicas , Vacina contra Febre Amarela , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Polietilenoglicóis , Hipersensibilidade a Leite , Técnicas e Procedimentos Diagnósticos , Hipersensibilidade ao Látex , Hipersensibilidade a Ovo , Anti-InfecciososRESUMO
Objective: Assess the incidence of anaphylaxis in the emergency room (ER) of a private pediatric hospital in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, and describe associated factors. Method: This was a cross-sectional, retrospective, and observational study based on the medical records of patients from 0 to 18 years old seen at the emergency unit during the years of 2016-2019, who had a diagnosis potentially related to anaphylaxis according to ICD-10. All medical records were individually reviewed for the presence of compatible signs and symptoms that identified "possible" cases of anaphylaxis. Cases were considered probable anaphylaxis when medical history was compatible and indicative of anaphylaxis in the opinion of at least 2 allergists. Results: The incidence of anaphylaxis was 0.013%. Among the 56 patients identified (mean age 4.2 years), food was the most predominant suspected factor (53%), followed by unknown factors (32%), and drugs (12.5%). All patients presented with cutaneous symptoms, 74% with respiratory, and 53% with gastrointestinal. Allergic disease as a comorbidity was found in 39% of the children and 11% had a history of previous anaphylaxis. There were neither cases of syncope or shock, nor deaths. Intramuscular (IM) adrenaline was prescribed in 37.5% of cases. Conclusions: The incidence of anaphylaxis was low when compared to the worldwide incidence. The severity of most cases was mild, cutaneous symptoms were predominant, and food was the suspected trigger most frequently associated with reactions.
RESUMO
Objective: To assess the profile of allergist/immunologist (A/I) physicians in Brazil, the workplace, the access to diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on professional practice. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted as an online survey. All adhering members of the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology (ASBAI) received a Google Forms tool by email. The questionnaire addressed sociodemographic and professional aspects of the Brazilian allergists/immunologists (A/I) daily routine. The information was analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. Results: Four hundred and sixty members answered the questionnaire. Women were predominant among the responders (336; 73%), and the median age was 47 years (range, 27-82 years). Most participants worked in the private sector (437, 95%), whereas 256 (47%) worked in the public sector. Among the public sector employees, 210 (82%) reported having access to some diagnostic test for allergic diseases and inborn errors of immunity. Only 91 (35%) A/I physicians in the public system had access to allergen-specific immunotherapy, compared to 416 (95, 9%) of those in the private sector. Regarding biological drugs, 135 (52.7%) and 314 (71.9%) of the A/I physicians working in the public and private sector, respectively, reported access. Two hundred and eighty-three (61.6%) had at least a 50% reduction in the number of consultations, and 245 (56%) provided telemedicine care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: Brazilian A/I have incorporated the most recent advances in managing immunoallergic diseases into their clinical practice, but they still have little access to various diagnostic methods. Strategies to enable the presence of A/I in public health services should be discussed and implemented. The coronavirus pandemic has accelerated the incorporation of telemedicine as a viable and promising method of medical care and can expand access to the specialty.
RESUMO
Severe combined immunodeficiency, SCID, is a pediatric emergency that represents the most critical group of inborn errors of immunity (IEI). Affected infants present with early onset life-threatening infections due to absent or non-functional T cells. Without early diagnosis and curative treatment, most die in early infancy. As most affected infants appear healthy at birth, newborn screening (NBS) is essential to identify and treat patients before the onset of symptoms. Here, we report 47 Brazilian patients investigated between 2009 and 2020 for SCID due to either a positive family history and/or clinical impression and low TRECs. Based on clinical presentation, laboratory finding, and genetic information, 24 patients were diagnosed as typical SCID, 14 as leaky SCID, and 6 as Omenn syndrome; 2 patients had non-SCID IEI, and 1 remained undefined. Disease onset median age was 2 months, but at the time of diagnosis and treatment, median ages were 6.5 and 11.5 months, respectively, revealing considerable delay which affected negatively treatment success. While overall survival was 51.1%, only 66.7% (30/45) lived long enough to undergo hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, which was successful in 70% of cases. Forty-three of 47 (91.5%) patients underwent genetic testing, with a 65.1% success rate. Even though our patients did not come from the NBS programs, the diagnosis of SCID improved in Brazil during the pilot programs, likely due to improved medical education. However, we estimate that at least 80% of SCID cases are still missed. NBS-SCID started to be universally implemented in the city of São Paulo in May 2021, and it is our hope that other cities will follow, leading to early diagnosis and higher survival of SCID patients in Brazil.
Assuntos
Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , DNA/genética , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Triagem Neonatal , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/diagnóstico , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/epidemiologia , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/genética , Linfócitos TRESUMO
A Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia (ASBAI) se manifesta totalmente favorável à imunização contra a COVID-19 em indivíduos entre 5 e 11 anos, para a proteção não somente deste grupo, mas também de seus conviventes. A vacinação de crianças, demonstrada sua eficácia e segurança, é fundamental para o controle da circulação do vírus e proteção de indivíduos cuja resposta vacinal pode não ocorrer de modo eficiente, como os imunocomprometidos e idosos. A imunização de pessoas entre 5 e 11 anos deve ser uma estratégia de saúde pública fundamental para o controle da pandemia que nos assola desde março de 2020 com todas as suas graves consequências para a saúde pública e a economia.
The Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology (ASBAI) is totally in favor of immunization against COVID-19 in individuals between 5 and 11 years old, for the protection not only of this group, but also of their cohabitants. The vaccination of children, once its efficacy and safety has been demonstrated, is essential for controlling the circulation of the virus and protecting individuals whose vaccine response may not occur efficiently, such as the immunocompromised and the elderly. The immunization of people between the ages of 5 and 11 must be a fundamental public health strategy to control the pandemic that has been plaguing us since March 2020 with all its serious consequences for public health and the economy.