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PURPOSE: TRPV1 desensitization or blockade promotes hyperthermia in rodents. Daily changes in core body temperature (Tc), spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA), and glucocorticoids are temporal cues for peripheral clocks. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of both desensitization and blockade of TRPV1 on Tc, SLA, blood corticosterone, and the clock genes Per1 and Bmal1 in the liver and adrenal. METHODS AND RESULTS: Resiniferatoxin (RTX, 20 µg kg-1) known to desensitize the intra-abdominal TRPV1 channels was i. p. administered in adult male rats. One day after, RTX rats displayed higher Tc than vehicle rats (control) in the light and dark phases. RTX rats showed higher corticosterone at zeitgeber time (ZT) 6 and ZT12 compared to ZT0. Control rats showed a rise in corticosterone at ZT12. RTX abolished the Per1 peak in both the liver and adrenal glands, whereas it enhanced the peak of Bmal1 expression in the liver and decreased it in adrenal glands. Circadian variation in Tc and SLA was unaffected despite higher Tc being found along the light phase up to 5 days after RTX injection. Acute blockade of TRPV1 with the antagonist AMG-517 injected at ZT0 increased Tc and reduced corticosterone without affecting SLA. In the liver, while AMG-517 did not affect Per1, it increased Bmal1 mRNA. In adrenal glands, AMG-517 increased Per1 and did not affect Bmal1 expression. Although rats exposed to a 60-min 34 °C environment showed similar hyperthermia to that observed in AMG-517 rats, neither corticosterone nor liver nor adrenal clock genes changed. CONCLUSIONS: Inactivation of TRPV1 by abdominal desensitization or by antagonism alters the time-of-day changes of clock genes expression in the liver and adrenal, as well as corticosterone. TRPV1 may be necessary for signaling cyclical temporal cues for clock genes in the periphery but less critical for the circadian profile of Tc and SLA.

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BACKGROUND: Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are the most common type of birth defects, affecting millions of newborns every year; no prevalence data are available in São Paulo State, Brazil's most populous state. The objective is to identify trends in prevalence and risk factors for CHD in São Paulo State, Brazil. METHODS: We developed a population-based study to estimate the CHD trend of prevalence in recent years, stratified by maternal age and geographical clusters, using all cases of CHD identified by the Live Births Information System (SINASC-Sistema de Informação Sobre Nascidos Vivos) from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2018. We calculated the trends of prevalence, the regression coefficient (ß), the annual percent change (APC), and 95% confidence interval using the Prais-Winsten regression model, with the Durbin-Watson test. RESULTS: We found 10,594 cases of CHD among 8,536,101 live births (LB), a prevalence of 12.4/10,000 LB. There was no difference in the sex distribution; they are primarily Caucasian (60.2%), 75.2% born at term, and 74.4% weight > 2500 g, 66.9% of births were by cesarean section. São Paulo State presented an increasing CHD trend of prevalence (APC = 18.9%). The highest CHD prevalence rate was in mothers aged ≥ 35 years (22.2/10,000 LB). There were 12,271 specific congenital heart defects among 10,594 patients (1.16 CHD/patient). Atrial septal defect has the highest number of cases (3835), with a prevalence of 4.49/10,000 LB, corresponding to 31.3% of all CHD. CONCLUSION: CHD had an increasing prevalence trend in recent years, being highest in São Paulo City and ≥ 35-year mothers.

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Light is the most powerful temporal cue that entrains physiology and behavior through modulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. However, on a daily basis, individuals face a combination of light and several non-photic cues, such as social interaction. In order to investigate whether SCN activity and SCN-driven rhythms are altered by social interaction, adult male C57BLJ/6 mice were maintained in groups of 3-4 animals per cage or 1 animal per cage (socially isolated) under 12:12 h / light:dark (LD) cycles or constant darkness (DD). Analysis of the two anatomical subdivisions (ventral, v and dorsal, d) of the medial SCN revealed an effect of housing conditions on the d-SCN but not on the v-SCN on the number of c-Fos immunoreactive (ir) neurons. As such, 2 h after the light-phase onset d-SCN c-Fos-ir number was lower in single-housed mice under LD. Importantly, under DD there were no effect of housing conditions in the number of c-Fos-ir SCN neurons. Social isolation increased the amplitude and strength of SCN-driven rhythm of body temperature (Tc) entrained to LD and it advanced its onset, uncoupling with spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) rhythm, without altering endogenous Tc and SLA rhythms expressed under DD. Associated with reduced Tc in the light phase, single-housed mice showed reduced body weight. However, these phenotypes were not accompanied by changes in the number of c-Fos-ir neurons in the preoptic area (POA), which are known to regulate energy metabolism and Tc. Altogether, these results imply that the social interaction masking effect on the d-SCN is added to that of light stimulus, in order to achieve full c-Fos expression in the SCN, which, in turn seems to be required to maintain daily-phase coherence between the photo-entrained rhythms of Tc and SLA. There might be an inter-relationship between masking (social interaction) and entrainment stimulus (light) that impacts the circadian parameters of the photo-entrained Tc rhythm. As such, in the absence of social interactions a more robust Tc rhythm is shown. This inter-relationship seems to occur in the dorsal subdivision of the SCN but not in the POA.

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A cirurgia cardíaca é um procedimento complexo que leva o paciente a uma condição crítica. A circulação extracorpórea (CEC) é um recurso indispensável para a maioria dessas cirurgias, onde a função do coração é temporariamente substituída por um aparelho artificial, podendo gerar diversas complicações no pós operatório. Outro suporte de extrema necessidade é a ventilação mecânica (VM), que através de um aparelho, que permite a respiração artificial impondo uma pressão positiva nas vias áreas do paciente...

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Time perception can be affected by real emotional pictures of people that evoke different levels of arousal. Figurative artwork images of body postures that imply movement with different intensities and evoke different levels of arousal can modulate the perception of time. The present study investigated whether abstract paintings that represent motion in different ways affect the perception of time when subjects are exposed to the paintings for different durations. Undergraduate students observed 20 abstract paintings from different artistic schools (i.e., cubism, constructivism, expressionism, and futurism). They observed for 3 s each painting and estimated the time of exposure (reproduction method). After the time estimations, the subjects completed different semantic Movement, Arousal, Complexity, and Recognition scales to obtain information about how the painting compositions were perceived. Time distortions were observed for only two cubist paintings that represented human forms, which were related to both evoked arousal and implied movement (Experiment 1). Experiment 2 further verified whether these time distortions were related to implied movement perception or arousal. Different groups of participants were exposed for 3 and 9 s to only four cubist paintings that represented human forms. These time exposures (3 and 9 s) were used because the arousal-evoking effects may be transient for exposure times that are longer than 2-3 s. The data analysis revealed overestimation of time for the cubist painting that had greater arousal and movement scores only when the subjects were exposed for 9 s, showing that implied movement in abstract human figures is more effective than images with emotional content. We discuss the effect of durations of exposure to pictorial characteristics of artwork on time perception, emphasizing aspects of the visual perception of human forms in cubist paintings and arousal effects in an aesthetic episode.

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Time perception can be affected by real emotional pictures of people that evoke different levels of arousal. Figurative artwork images of body postures that imply movement with different intensities and evoke different levels of arousal can modulate the perception of time. The present study investigated whether abstract paintings that represent motion in different ways affect the perception of time when subjects are exposed to the paintings for different durations. Undergraduate students observed 20 abstract paintings from different artistic schools (i.e., cubism, constructivism, expressionism, and futurism). They observed for 3 s each painting and estimated the time of exposure (reproduction method). After the time estimations, the subjects completed different semantic Movement, Arousal, Complexity, and Recognition scales to obtain information about how the painting compositions were perceived. Time distortions were observed for only two cubist paintings that represented human forms, which were related to both evoked arousal and implied movement (Experiment 1). Experiment 2 further verified whether these time distortions were related to implied movement perception or arousal. Different groups of participants were exposed for 3 and 9 s to only four cubist paintings that represented human forms. These time exposures (3 and 9 s) were used because the arousal-evoking effects may be transient for exposure times that are longer than 2-3 s. The data analysis revealed overestimation of time for the cubist painting that had greater arousal and movement scores only when the subjects were exposed for 9 s, showing that implied movement in abstract human figures is more effective than images with emotional content. We discuss the effect of durations of exposure to pictorial characteristics of artwork on time perception, emphasizing aspects of the visual perception of human forms in cubist paintings and arousal effects in an aesthetic episode.(AU)

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Cross-sectional study analyzed as case-control to identify risk factors for non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy. We studied 412 out-clinics HIV infected subjects of three public hospitals of Recife, Pernambuco. The objective was to examine the association between non-adherence to the antiretroviral therapy and biological, social-behavior and demographics and economic factors, factors related to the disease and/or treatment, factors related to life habits and depression symptoms. Variables significantly associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy were: time elapsed since HIV diagnosis (p = 0.002), daily dose (p = 0.046), use of alcohol (p = 0.030) and past drug use (p = 0.048), and borderline p-values were found for educational level (p = 0.093) and family monthly income (p = 0.08). In the multivariable analysis, the factors that remained in the final model were family monthly income, time period with HIV infection and use of alcohol. No association was observed between non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy and gender, age, sexual orientation, marital status, educational level and place of residence. Based on our results and the local situation we suggest: assessment of social needs; training of partners and/or families on supporting adherence, creation of 'adherence groups' to motivate and to reassure patients on the benefits of treatment; counseling and/or psychotherapy for alcohol drinkers.

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Cross-sectional study analyzed as case-control to identify risk factors for non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy. We studied 412 out-clinics HIV infected subjects of three public hospitals of Recife, Pernambuco. The objective was to examine the association between non-adherence to the antiretroviral therapy and biological, social-behavior and demographics and economic factors, factors related to the disease and/or treatment, factors related to life habits and depression symptoms. Variables significantly associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy were: time elapsed since HIV diagnosis (p = 0.002), daily dose (p = 0.046), use of alcohol (p = 0.030) and past drug use (p = 0.048), and borderline p-values were found for educational level (p = 0.093) and family monthly income (p = 0.08). In the multivariable analysis, the factors that remained in the final model were family monthly income, time period with HIV infection and use of alcohol. No association was observed between non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy and gender, age, sexual orientation, marital status, educational level and place of residence. Based on our results and the local situation we suggest: assessment of social needs; training of partners and/or families on supporting adherence, creation of "adherence groups" to motivate and to reassure patients on the benefits of treatment; counseling and/or psychotherapy for alcohol drinkers.

Estudo transversal com análise tipo caso-controle, que avaliou 412 pacientes de hospitais públicos do Recife - PE, com o objetivo de identificar fatores preditivos de não adesão à terapia antiretroviral. Verificou-se associação entre não adesão à terapia antiretroviral e aspectos biológicos, sócio-comportamentais e demográficos, econômicos, relacionados à doença e ao tratamento, aos hábitos de vida e aos distúrbios do humor. Variáveis com associação estatisticamente significante com não adesão na análise univariada foram: tempo de diagnóstico (p = 0,002), maior número diário de comprimidos (p = 0,046), uso de álcool (p = 0,030) e uso de drogas no passado (p = 0,048). Observou-se associação limítrofe com grau de instrução (p = 0,093) e renda mensal familiar (p = 0,08). Após análise multivariada, permaneceram no modelo final: renda mensal familiar, tempo de diagnóstico e uso de álcool. Não houve associação entre gênero, idade, comportamento sexual, estado civil, grau de instrução, município de residência e não adesão à terapia antiretroviral. Baseados nos nossos resultados e nas características da população estudada sugerimos: valorização das necessidades sociais, sensibilização de parceiros e/ou familiares para estimular a adesão, criação de grupos de adesão para motivar e persuadir os pacientes sobre os benefícios do tratamento, aconselhamento e/ou psicoterapia para alcoolistas.

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