RESUMO

The extraction of sea salt depends on the occupation of large areas at the estuary banks, many of them inserted in Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs). Thus, the objective was to evaluate the economic viability of Environmental Offsets (EO) as an alternative to the unoccupied PPAs in the saltworks. In order to do so, 27 solar saltworks installed in the region of the Brazilian White Coast were evaluated for the occupation of PPAs - measured using images from satellite, georeferenced, vectored with corresponding PPA bands generated - and estimated to EO (Impact Degree x Sum of the investments necessary to implement the project) and Economic Impact (Net Present Value, with long-term interest rate of 7%) of vacating PPAs. It was considered that EO was feasible whenever the costs resulting from it were lower than the economic impact caused by the vacancy of the PPAs. The PPAs were tthe productive area of ​​the saltworksthat occupied 13.70% of PPAs. For all the evaluated enterprises the value corresponding to EO was lower than the Economic Impact resulting from the vacancy of the PPAs. Thus, EO is an economically viable and more attractive alternative to the eviction of PPAs by the saltworks industry and may also provide environmental gains due to the financing of conservation units in the areas of influence of the enterprises. However, there is a need to improve the methodology used to estimate the EO, since a maximum limit is set, the environmental impacts caused by the projects are underestimated.(AU)

A extração de sal marinho depende da ocupação de grandes áreas às margens de estuários, muitas delas inseridas em Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs). Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade econômica da Compensação Ambiental (CA) como alternativa à desocupação de APP pelas salinas. Para tanto, 27 salinas instaladas na região da Costa Branca brasileira foram avaliadas quanto à ocupação de APPs - mensuradas por meio de imagens de satélites, georreferenciadas, vetorizadas com a geração de bandas de APP - e estimados a CA (Grau de Impacto x Somatório dos investimentos necessários para implantação do empreendimento) e o Impacto Econômico (Valor Presente Líquido, com taxa de juros de longo prazo de 7%) da desocupação das APPs. A CA foi considerada viável quando seus custos resultantes foram menor do que o impacto econômico causado pela desocupação das APPs. A área produtiva média das salinas ocupa 13,70% de APP. Para todos os empreendimentos avaliados, o valor correspondente a CA foi menor que o Impacto Econômico resultante da desocupação das APP. Assim, a CA é uma alternativa economicamente viável e mais atrativa frente à desocupação das APP pela indústria salineira, podendo ainda propiciar ganhos ambientais em decorrência do financiamento de Unidades de Conservação nas áreas de influência dos empreendimentos. Evidencia-se, contudo, a necessidade do aprimoramento da metodologia usada para estimar a CA, já que fixado um limite máximo, os impactos ambientais provocados pelos empreendimentos são subestimados.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: The extraction of sea salt depends on the occupation of large areas at the estuary banks, many of them inserted in Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs). Thus, the objective was to evaluate the economic viability of Environmental Offsets (EO) as an alternative to the unoccupied PPAs in the saltworks. In order to do so, 27 solar saltworks installed in the region of the Brazilian White Coast were evaluated for the occupation of PPAs - measured using images from satellite, georeferenced, vectored with corresponding PPA bands generated - and estimated to EO (Impact Degree x Sum of the investments necessary to implement the project) and Economic Impact (Net Present Value, with long-term interest rate of 7%) of vacating PPAs. It was considered that EO was feasible whenever the costs resulting from it were lower than the economic impact caused by the vacancy of the PPAs. The PPAs were tthe productive area of ​​the saltworksthat occupied 13.70% of PPAs. For all the evaluated enterprises the value corresponding to EO was lower than the Economic Impact resulting from the vacancy of the PPAs. Thus, EO is an economically viable and more attractive alternative to the eviction of PPAs by the saltworks industry and may also provide environmental gains due to the financing of conservation units in the areas of influence of the enterprises. However, there is a need to improve the methodology used to estimate the EO, since a maximum limit is set, the environmental impacts caused by the projects are underestimated.

RESUMO: A extração de sal marinho depende da ocupação de grandes áreas às margens de estuários, muitas delas inseridas em Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs). Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade econômica da Compensação Ambiental (CA) como alternativa à desocupação de APP pelas salinas. Para tanto, 27 salinas instaladas na região da Costa Branca brasileira foram avaliadas quanto à ocupação de APPs - mensuradas por meio de imagens de satélites, georreferenciadas, vetorizadas com a geração de bandas de APP - e estimados a CA (Grau de Impacto x Somatório dos investimentos necessários para implantação do empreendimento) e o Impacto Econômico (Valor Presente Líquido, com taxa de juros de longo prazo de 7%) da desocupação das APPs. A CA foi considerada viável quando seus custos resultantes foram menor do que o impacto econômico causado pela desocupação das APPs. A área produtiva média das salinas ocupa 13,70% de APP. Para todos os empreendimentos avaliados, o valor correspondente a CA foi menor que o Impacto Econômico resultante da desocupação das APP. Assim, a CA é uma alternativa economicamente viável e mais atrativa frente à desocupação das APP pela indústria salineira, podendo ainda propiciar ganhos ambientais em decorrência do financiamento de Unidades de Conservação nas áreas de influência dos empreendimentos. Evidencia-se, contudo, a necessidade do aprimoramento da metodologia usada para estimar a CA, já que fixado um limite máximo, os impactos ambientais provocados pelos empreendimentos são subestimados.

RESUMO

Long periods of aridity can cause changes in the diet of fish since hydrological variations affect the availability of food resources. The objective of this study was to investigate the diet of two species of fish (Astyanax aff. bimaculatus and Triportheus signatus), present in the Umari reservoir in Upanema, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, to evaluate the influence of seasonality on their diets. The samples were collected quarterly during the months of February to November 2013, with four days in the field, and at five different sites of the reservoir with nets with meshes ranging from 12 to 70 mm (between adjacent nodes). For the identified items in the diet, the frequencies of occurrence and volume, combined in the calculation of the Alimentary Index (IAi), were obtained. Significant alterations in the diet of the species were observed, predominantly in insects. The changes found in the diet indicate an influence of seasonality on the feeding habits of these species, with a predominance of autochthonous items in the dry period and allochthonous items in the rainy period.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Long periods of aridity can cause changes in the diet of fish since hydrological variations affect the availability of food resources. The objective of this study was to investigate the diet of two species of fish (Astyanax aff. bimaculatus and Triportheus signatus), present in the Umari reservoir in Upanema, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, to evaluate the influence of seasonality on their diets. The samples were collected quarterly during the months of February to November 2013, with four days in the field, and at five different sites of the reservoir with nets with meshes ranging from 12 to 70 mm (between adjacent nodes). For the identified items in the diet, the frequencies of occurrence and volume, combined in the calculation of the Alimentary Index (IAi), were obtained. Significant alterations in the diet of the species were observed, predominantly in insects. The changes found in the diet indicate an influence of seasonality on the feeding habits of these species, with a predominance of autochthonous items in the dry period and allochthonous items in the rainy period.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss in total knee arthroplasty by examining the existing literature. METHOD: This literature review investigated the use of tranexamic acid in knee arthroplasty. The search was performed in the Pubmed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Lilacs databases over a 20-year period using the keywords: "knee arthroplasty, tranexamic acid, and efficacy". Only randomized clinical trials published between 2000 and 2016 in English, Spanish, or Portuguese were accepted, and only trials which scored above 3 on the Jadad scale were selected. RESULTS: A total of 7 randomized clinical trials met the inclusion criteria, with a sample of 948 patients. CONCLUSION: The use of tranexamic acid in total knee arthroplasty (unilateral or bilateral) reduces perioperative and postoperative blood loss more than other available antifibrinolytics. With this reduction in total blood loss and the need for blood transfusions without any increase in side effects, the use of tranexamic acid can be considered safe and effective in controlling bleeding after knee arthroplasties. Level of Evidence II; Systematic review.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia do ácido tranexâmico na redução da perda sanguínea em artroplastia total de joelho com relação à literatura existente. MÉTODO: O presente artigo é uma revisão da literatura a respeito da utilização do ácido tranexâmico nas artroplastias de joelho. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados do Pubmed, Science Direct, Google Scholar e Lilacs com os descritores: "knee arthroplasty", "tranexamic acid", and "efficacy", ao longo de 20 anos. Foram aceitos apenas ensaios clínicos randomizados, publicados entre o período de 2000 e 2016, nos idiomas inglês, espanhol e português. Somente os ensaios graduados acima de três pela escala de Jadad foram selecionados. RESULTADOS: No total, sete ensaios clínicos randomizados satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão, com uma amostra de 948 pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: O uso do ácido tranexâmico na artroplastia total do joelho, tanto uni quanto bilateral, reduz a perda de sangue no peri e no pós-operatório em comparação com outros antifibrinolíticos usados. Com a redução da perda total de sangue e da necessidade de transfusões sanguíneas, sem qualquer aumento dos efeitos colaterais, a utilização do uso do ácido tranexâmico pode ser considerada segura e eficaz no controle do sangramento depois de artroplastias do joelho. Nível de Evidência II; Revisão sistemática.

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To describe a cohort of patients with acute liver failure and to analyze the demographic and clinical factors associated with mortality. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study in which all patients admitted for acute liver failure from July 28, 2012, to August 31, 2017, were included. Clinical and demographic data were collected using the Epimed System. The SAPS 3, SOFA, and MELD scores were measured. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Receiver operating characteristics curves were obtained for the prognostic scores, along with the Kaplan-Meier survival curve for the score best predicting mortality. RESULTS: The majority of the 40 patients were female (77.5%), and the most frequent etiology was hepatitis B (n = 13). Only 35% of the patients underwent liver transplantation. The in-hospital mortality rate was 57.5% (95%CI: 41.5 - 73.5). Among the scores investigated, only SOFA remained associated with risk of death (OR = 1.37; 95%CI 1.11 - 1.69; p < 0.001). After SOFA stratification into < 12 and ≥ 12 points, survival was higher in patients with SOFA <12 (log-rank p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: SOFA score in the first 24 hours was the best predictor of fatal outcome.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The knowledge of the fish trophic structure has been outstanding for providing relevant information on the functioning of the ecosystem in which they are inserted, mainly in dammed environments of semiarid regions that suffer constant changes in the level of water, resulting in alterations, especially in the feeding of the fish due to the variation of the food resources throughout the year, causing changes in the diet of the local ichthyofauna. Within this context, the objective was to describe the trophic categories of fish species in freshwater environments of the Rio Grande do Norte state. Seven trophic guilds were recorded: Detritivore/iliophagous, Insectivorous, Carcinophagous, Piscivorous, Herbivorous and Omnivorous. Through the results, it is observed that the fish species inserted in different environments of the state present the same food pattern, demonstrating flexibility on the diet, prevailing a generalist alimentary habit.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The knowledge of the fish trophic structure has been outstanding for providing relevant information on the functioning of the ecosystem in which they are inserted, mainly in dammed environments of semiarid regions that suffer constant changes in the level of water, resulting in alterations, especially in the feeding of the fish due to the variation of the food resources throughout the year, causing changes in the diet of the local ichthyofauna. Within this context, the objective was to describe the trophic categories of fish species in freshwater environments of the Rio Grande do Norte state. Seven trophic guilds were recorded: Detritivore/iliophagous, Insectivorous, Carcinophagous, Piscivorous, Herbivorous and Omnivorous. Through the results, it is observed that the fish species inserted in different environments of the state present the same food pattern, demonstrating flexibility on the diet, prevailing a generalist alimentary habit.

Assuntos

RESUMO

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever uma coorte de doentes com insuficiência hepática aguda, e analisar os fatores demográficos e clínicos associados à mortalidade. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo em que todos os pacientes admitidos por insuficiência hepática aguda foram incluídos no período de 28 de julho de 2012 a 31 de agosto de 2017. Dados clínicos e demográficos foram coletados via Sistema Epimed. Foram mensurados SAPS 3, SOFA e MELD. Estimaram-se as OR e seus IC95%. Foram obtidas as curvas Características de Operação do Receptor para os escores de prognóstico, assim como a curva Kaplan-Meier de sobrevida para o escore com melhor predição de mortalidade. Resultados: A maioria dos 40 doentes era do sexo feminino (77,5%), e a etiologia mais frequente foi hepatite pelo vírus B (n = 13). Apenas 35% dos doentes foram submetidos ao transplante hepático. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 57,5% (IC95%: 41,5 - 73,5). Dentre os escores investigados, apenas o SOFA se manteve associado ao risco de morte (OR = 1,37; IC95% 1,11 - 1,69; p < 0,001). Após a estratificação do SOFA em < 12 e ≥ 12 pontos, a sobrevida foi maior nos pacientes com SOFA < 12 (Log-rank p < 0,001). Conclusão: SOFA nas primeiras 24 horas foi o maior preditor de desfecho fatal.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe a cohort of patients with acute liver failure and to analyze the demographic and clinical factors associated with mortality. Methods: Retrospective cohort study in which all patients admitted for acute liver failure from July 28, 2012, to August 31, 2017, were included. Clinical and demographic data were collected using the Epimed System. The SAPS 3, SOFA, and MELD scores were measured. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Receiver operating characteristics curves were obtained for the prognostic scores, along with the Kaplan-Meier survival curve for the score best predicting mortality. Results: The majority of the 40 patients were female (77.5%), and the most frequent etiology was hepatitis B (n = 13). Only 35% of the patients underwent liver transplantation. The in-hospital mortality rate was 57.5% (95%CI: 41.5 - 73.5). Among the scores investigated, only SOFA remained associated with risk of death (OR = 1.37; 95%CI 1.11 - 1.69; p < 0.001). After SOFA stratification into < 12 and ≥ 12 points, survival was higher in patients with SOFA <12 (log-rank p < 0.001). Conclusion: SOFA score in the first 24 hours was the best predictor of fatal outcome.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss in total knee arthroplasty by examining the existing literature. Method: This literature review investigated the use of tranexamic acid in knee arthroplasty. The search was performed in the Pubmed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Lilacs databases over a 20-year period using the keywords: "knee arthroplasty, tranexamic acid, and efficacy". Only randomized clinical trials published between 2000 and 2016 in English, Spanish, or Portuguese were accepted, and only trials which scored above 3 on the Jadad scale were selected. Results: A total of 7 randomized clinical trials met the inclusion criteria, with a sample of 948 patients. Conclusion: The use of tranexamic acid in total knee arthroplasty (unilateral or bilateral) reduces perioperative and postoperative blood loss more than other available antifibrinolytics. With this reduction in total blood loss and the need for blood transfusions without any increase in side effects, the use of tranexamic acid can be considered safe and effective in controlling bleeding after knee arthroplasties. Level of Evidence II; Systematic review.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do ácido tranexâmico na redução da perda sanguínea em artroplastia total de joelho com relação à literatura existente. Método: O presente artigo é uma revisão da literatura a respeito da utilização do ácido tranexâmico nas artroplastias de joelho. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados do Pubmed, Science Direct, Google Scholar e Lilacs com os descritores: "knee arthroplasty", "tranexamic acid", and "efficacy", ao longo de 20 anos. Foram aceitos apenas ensaios clínicos randomizados, publicados entre o período de 2000 e 2016, nos idiomas inglês, espanhol e português. Somente os ensaios graduados acima de três pela escala de Jadad foram selecionados. Resultados: No total, sete ensaios clínicos randomizados satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão, com uma amostra de 948 pacientes. Conclusão: O uso do ácido tranexâmico na artroplastia total do joelho, tanto uni quanto bilateral, reduz a perda de sangue no peri e no pós-operatório em comparação com outros antifibrinolíticos usados. Com a redução da perda total de sangue e da necessidade de transfusões sanguíneas, sem qualquer aumento dos efeitos colaterais, a utilização do uso do ácido tranexâmico pode ser considerada segura e eficaz no controle do sangramento depois de artroplastias do joelho. Nível de Evidência II; Revisão sistemática.