RESUMO
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) can be triggered by the presence of inflammatory factors which promote the activation of immune cells by costimulatory molecules such as CD40 and its ligand CD40L. Environmental and genetic factors are involved in the etiology of the ACS. The aim of this study was to explore the gene and protein expression associated with CD40 and CD40L genetic variants in ACS patients from the western Mexican population. A total of 620 individuals from western Mexico were recruited: 320 ACS patients and 300 individuals without a history of ischemic cardiopathy were evaluated. The genotype was determined using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. CD40 and CD40L expressions at the mRNA level were quantified using TaqMan Gene Expression Assays. Soluble protein isoforms were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We did not find evidence of association between CD40 (rs1883832, rs4810485, and rs11086998) and CD40L (rs3092952 and rs3092920) genetic variants and susceptibility to ACS, although rs1883832 and rs4810485 were significantly associated with high sCD40 plasma levels. Plasma levels of sCD40L can be affected by gender and the clinical spectrum of acute coronary syndrome. Our results do not suggest a functional role of CD40 and CD40L genetic variants in ACS. However, they could reflect the inflammatory process and platelet activation in ACS patients, even when they are under pharmacological therapy. Due to the important roles of the CD40-CD40L system in the pathogenesis of ACS, longitudinal studies are required to determine if soluble levels of CD40 and CD40L could be clinically useful markers of a recurrent cardiovascular event after an ACS.
Assuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/genética , Antígenos CD40/genética , Ligante de CD40/genética , Genótipo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Idoso , Biomarcadores , Antígenos CD40/sangue , Ligante de CD40/sangue , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Fatores de Risco , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Phytase production by Aspergillus niger F3 by solid state fermentation (SSF) on citrus peel was evaluated at pilot scale under different aeration conditions. The best airflow intensity was 1 VkgM (Lair kg medium(-1) min(-1)), which allowed to produce 65 units of phytases per gram in dry basis (65 Ug(-1) d.b.) as it removed the metabolic heat generated by the microorganism, Agitation did not improve heat removal. Airflow intensity was considered as scale-up criterion. When the airflow intensity was maintained at 1 VkgM for SSF with 2 and 20 kg of medium, the kinetics parameters for biomass and enzyme concentration at the end of fermentation differed by less than 2. The air flow intensity was required to maintain the temperature and cool the SSF and to provide oxygen for microbial growth. Air flow intensity is a key a factor that must be considered when scale-up of SSF is attempted.
Assuntos
6-Fitase/biossíntese , Movimentos do Ar , Aspergillus niger/enzimologia , Biotecnologia/métodos , Fermentação/fisiologia , Aerobiose , Temperatura Alta , CinéticaRESUMO
Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is defined as the growth of microbes without a free-flowing aqueous phase. The feasibility of using a citrus peel for producing pectinase and xylanase via the SSF process by Aspergillus niger F3 was evaluated in a 2 kg bioreactor. Different aeration conditions were tested to optimize the pectinase and xylanase production. The best air flow intensity was 1 V kg M (volumetric air flow per kilogram of medium), which allowed a sufficient amount of O2 for the microorganism growth producing 265 U/g and 65 U/g pectinases and xylanases, respectively. A mathematical model was applied to determine the different kinetic parameters related to SSF. The specific growth rate and biomass oxygen yield decreased during fermentation, whereas an increase in the maintenance coefficient for the different employed carbon sources was concurrently observed.
Assuntos
Aspergillus niger/enzimologia , Biotecnologia/métodos , Endo-1,4-beta-Xilanases/biossíntese , Fermentação , Poligalacturonase/biossíntese , Aerobiose , Ar , Biomassa , Reatores Biológicos/microbiologia , Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Citrus/química , Cinética , Consumo de OxigênioRESUMO
Abstract Studies were conducted in apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen and pear, Pyrus communis L. (Rosales: Rosaceae), orchards to evaluate the attractiveness of grey halobutyl septa loaded with 1 (L2) and 10 (Mega) mg of codlemone, 8E, 10E-dodecadien-1-ol, 3 mg of pear ester, ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (DA2313), and 3 mg of pear ester plus 3 mg of codlemone (Combo) to adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). All studies were conducted in orchards treated with pheromone mating disruption. All four lures were tested on diamond-shaped sticky traps placed in 60 plots of apple and 40 plots of pears in 2003/04, and in 62 plots of apples and 30 of pears in 2004–05. Combo lures attracted significantly more moths (males + females) than all the others in both years. Comparisons among flights showed significant differences mainly for flight 1 and 2, but not always for flight 3. Mega lures provided no significant improvement compared with L2 lures during both seasons regarding the total number of moths. Combo and DA2313 lures attracted fewer females than males during the whole season. For most sample dates, more virgin than mated females were attracted to Combo lures, except during the third flight, and the overall ratio was 60:40, although the difference was not statistically significant. We conclude that the Combo lures are better indicators of codling moth activity in pheromone treated orchards, regardless of pest population level, when compared with similar lures containing codlemone or pear ester alone.
Assuntos
Decanoatos/farmacologia , Dodecanol/análogos & derivados , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Malus , Mariposas/efeitos dos fármacos , Feromônios/farmacologia , Pyrus/química , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Dodecanol/farmacologia , Ésteres , Feminino , Masculino , Fatores Sexuais , Razão de Masculinidade , Comportamento Sexual AnimalRESUMO
A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out in 62 patients (30 with osteoarthritis of the hip, 32 with osteoarthritis of the knee) to examine the efficacy of glycosaminoglycan-peptide complex in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Patients received 8-week courses of trial medication, each consisting of intramuscular injections of 3 x 2 ml ampoules per week, alternating with 8-week periods free of trial medication, in addition to conventional drug therapy and physiotherapy, as required. After 2-years' treatment, glycosaminoglycan-peptide-treated patients showed significant improvements, as compared with placebo, in relation to night pain, pain during the day, joint mobility and walking ability. Similar results were seen with both osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. In osteoarthritis of the knee it was also possible to assess joint swelling and this also showed a significant improvement. There were no significant changes in range of joint movement except for a significant decrease in active flexion in the patients with osteoarthritis of the knee treated with placebo. In contrast with many anti-osteoarthritic drugs, glycosaminoglycan-peptide complex was very well tolerated. These results suggest that glycosaminoglycan-peptide complex may be a valuable alternative form of long-term therapy for patients with osteoarthritis.