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INTRODUCTION: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication treatment includes a proton pump inhibitor and two antibiotics: amoxicillin and clarithromycin. The goal of that treatment is to eradicate the infection in at least 90% of the patients. Failure to eradicate the infection can have multiple causes, among which is the presence of point mutations in the antimicrobial target genes. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the mutations present in the pbp1a gene and their possible association with resistance to amoxicillin in vitro. METHODOLOGY: Susceptibility to amoxicillin was evaluated in 147 isolates of H. pylori from the Colombian municipality of Túquerres. PCR amplification and sequencing of the glycosyltransferase domain of the pbp1a gene were carried out on Túquerres isolates, and the association between mutations and resistance was evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 5.4% (8/147) Túquerres isolates were resistant to amoxicillin in vitro. PCR amplification of the glycosyltransferase domain of the pbp1A gene was performed on 87.5% of the amoxicillin-resistant isolates in vitro, and in the DNA sequencing analysis, a total of 2 changes of amino acids from 3 DNA mutations that encoded the PBP1A-1 protein were observed. CONCLUSION: The present study is the first report on pbp1a gene mutations in H. pylori isolates coming from a population in Túquerres. Mutations that have not been reported in previous studies were found.
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Infecções por Helicobacter , Helicobacter pylori , Humanos , Amoxicilina/farmacologia , Mutação Puntual , Helicobacter pylori/genética , Glicosiltransferases/genética , Infecções por Helicobacter/tratamento farmacológico , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
The breeding of alpaca (Vicugna pacos) is one of the most important economic activities in the high Andean areas of Peru. The commercialization of products derived from alpaca represents more than 80% of the income of high-Andean families. However, the infestation of parasites such as Sarcocystis lamacanis in the alpacas causes economic losses that deteriorate the already diminished quality of life of the alpaca breeder. The search for biomarkers that allow the early detection of these parasites is one of the most critical challenges in Peru, a country with the largest population of alpacas worldwide. This work aimed to analyze and quantify the microcysts formed by the parasite and relate them to the troponin cTnI level in the blood serum. Troponins are proteins secreted when there is damage to the cardiac muscle. 60 blood and cardiac tissue samples were collected from Tisco and La Raya slaughterhouses, localities of Caylloma Province in Arequipa, and Chucuito District in Puno, both regions in southern Peru. The cardiac muscle samples were processed with the routine histology technique and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In addition, serum samples were processed with the ELISA and immunochromatography methods for troponin cTnI. Results were 100% positive for the presence of Sarcocystis lamacanis microcysts in all cardiac muscle samples. The average microcyst quantification per field of 100x were 3.5 and 5.7 for the Tisco and La Raya samples. In addition, several microscopic lesions were observed in the cardiac muscles: microcyst infiltration between muscle fibers, basophilic microcysts with a thick outer membrane and bradyzoites inside, and tissue displacement. On the other hand, all serum blood samples were negative for troponin cTnI, with both methods, ELISA and immunochromatography. For results, we infer troponin cTnI do not can be used as a biomarker for heart damage caused by Sarcocystis lamacanis parasite in alpacas.
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Knowledge of the sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene constitutes a true revolution in understanding the composition of the intestinal microbiota and its implication in health states. This study details microbial composition through next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology in children with anemia. Anemia is the most frequent hematological disorder that affects human beings. In Peru, it is one of the conditions that presents the most significant concern due to the adverse effects that cause it, such as delayed growth and psychomotor development, in addition to a deficiency in cognitive development.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: La anisakidosis humana es una zoonosis transmitida por alimentos, causada por la ingestión de carne de pescado parasitada por nematodos anisákidos. Investigaciones sobre la presencia de anisákidos en pescados comercializados, sin cocción o congelación previa, en la región centro sur de Chile son escasas. OBJETIVO: Identificar nematodos anisákidos en catorce especies de peces marinos, obtenidos por pesca artesanal y comercializados en Concepción, Talcahuano y Lebu, ciudades de la Región del Bío Bío, Chile. MÉTODO: Entre los años 2018 y 2020, se examinó en busca de anisákidos a 334 pescados marinos frescos. RESULTADOS: Se identificó larvas de Anisakis spp. y Pseudoterranova sp. en ejemplares de siete y cuatro especies de peces, respectivamente. La mayoría de las larvas se encontraron vivas y ubicadas a nivel visceral. CONCLUSIÓN: La mayoría de las especies de peces que resultaron positivas son reconocidos hospederos intermediarios de estos parásitos. La presencia de anisákidos en la musculatura de estas especies indica que su preparación, en forma ahumada o cruda, es un riesgo para salud pública, recomendándose comprar estos productos en forma eviscerada y/o congelada, junto a promover su cocción.
BACKGROUND: Human anisakidosis is a food-borne zoonosis, caused by the intake of fish meat parasitized by anisakid nematodes. Research of anisakids parasites in commercialized fish, without previous cooking or freezing, in the south central region of Chile is scarce. AIM: To identify anisakid nematodes in fourteen species of marine fish, obtained by artisanal fishing and commercialized in Concepción, Talcahuano and Lebu, cities from Bío Bío Region, Chile. METHODS: During 2018 to 2020, we examinated for anisakids to 334 fresh marine fishes. RESULTS: Larvae of Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova sp. were identified in specimens of seven and four fish species, respectively. Most of the larvae were found alive and located at the visceral level. CONCLUSION: Most of the positive fish species are recognized intermediate hosts for these parasites. The presence of anisakids in the musculatura of these species indicates that their preparation, in smoked or raw form, is a risk to public health, and it is recommended to buy these products in gutted and / or frozen form, together with promoting their cooking.
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Animais , Anisakis , Anisaquíase/veterinária , Alimentos Marinhos/parasitologia , Peixes/parasitologia , Zoonoses , Chile , LarvaRESUMO
The cadmium L x-ray spectrum induced by electron impact was analyzed in detail. The measurements were performed on a bulk pure sample using a commercial wavelength dispersive spectrometer, and the spectrum was processed with a parameter optimization method previously developed. This procedure permitted the determination of characteristic energies, relative transition probabilities and natural linewidths for this element. The results obtained here were compared to the data found in the literature, when available. Spectral structures related to satellite and radiative Auger Effect emissions were also analyzed, assessing energy shifts and relative intensities. Some of these parameters were determined for the first time, even in overlapping peaks and weak transitions, which was possible due to the robustness of the spectral processing method used.
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BACKGROUND: The bivalve Aulacomya ater (cholga), is one of the most consumed mollusks by the population. However, there is evidence of fecal water contamination caused by causes that affect the sea, increasing the probability of contamination by the Cryptosporidium parvum, which generates cryptosporidiosis in people. AIM: To determine the presence of C. parvum in cholga extracted from the Bio Bio Region (Chile). METHODS: Fifty-five cholgas were selected from a cultivation center and a natural extraction bank. These samples were processed in the laboratory and the presence of acid-alcohol resistant elements was evaluated. Positive samples were analyzed by direct immunofluorescence with anti-C. parvum antibody. RESULTS: 16.4% of the total samples were affected by the oocysts of C.parvum. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time we described C. parvum in A. ater from the Chilean coast, being this mollusk a possible vehicle for transmission of cryptosporidiosis to the population and their predatory animals. Furthermore, the presence of C. parvum reflects fecal water contamination on the evaluated coasts. We are currently monitoring other extraction areas for this mollusk.
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Criptosporidiose , Cryptosporidium parvum , Animais , Chile , Fezes , OocistosRESUMO
A priority of the industrial applications of microalgae is the reduction of production costs while maximizing algae biomass productivity. The purpose of this study was to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of pH control on the production of Nannochloropsis gaditana in tubular photobioreactors under external conditions while considering the environmental, biological, and operational parameters of the process. Experiments were carried out in 3.0 m3 tubular photobioreactors under outdoor conditions. The pH values evaluated were 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, and 10.0, which were controlled by injecting pure CO2 on-demand. The results have shown that the ideal pH for microalgal growth was 8.0, with higher values of biomass productivity (Pb) (0.16 g L-1 d-1), and CO2 use efficiency ([Formula: see text]) (74.6% w w-1); [Formula: see text]/biomass value obtained at this pH (2.42 [Formula: see text] gbiomass-1) was close to the theoretical value, indicating an adequate CO2 supply. At this pH, the system was more stable and required a lower number of CO2 injections than the other treatments. At pH 6.0, there was a decrease in the Pb and [Formula: see text]; cultures at pH 10.0 exhibited a lower Pb and photosynthetic efficiency as well. These results imply that controlling the pH at an optimum value allows higher CO2 conversions in biomass to be achieved and contributes to the reduction in costs of the microalgae production process.
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Biomassa , Microalgas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fotobiorreatores , Estramenópilas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Concentração de Íons de HidrogênioRESUMO
Pexophagy is a peroxisome degradation process. The last two steps of penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium rubens are carried out in peroxisomes. These organelles proliferate in large numbers during this process, so that after the penicillin secretion, their removal is essential as a regulatory mechanism. In this work, two pexophagy modes are described for the high-penicillin producing strain P. rubens P2-32-T, by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on 24- and 48-h cultures (when maximum penicillin production is achieved). The obtained images show peroxisome phagocytosis by vacuoles in three different ways: macropexophagy, micropexophagy, and a new proposed model: unipexophagy.
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Penicilinas/biossíntese , Penicillium/metabolismo , Autofagia , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Redes e Vias Metabólicas , Penicilinas/metabolismo , Penicillium/ultraestrutura , Peroxissomos/metabolismo , Fagocitose , Vacúolos/metabolismoRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: El bivalvo Aulacomya ater (cholga), es uno de los moluscos de mayor consumo en la población chilena. Sin embargo, existe evidencia de contaminación fecal hídrica provocada por los cauces que llegan al mar, aumentando la probabilidad de contaminación por Cryptosporidium parvum, el que genera criptosporidiosis en el ser humano. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de C. parvum en cholgas extraídas desde la Región del Bío Bío (Chile). Material y Métodos: Se seleccionaron 55 cholgas provenientes de un centro de cultivo y de un banco natural de extracción. Estas muestras, fueron procesadas en el laboratorio y se evaluó la presencia de elementos ácido-alcohol resistentes. Las muestras positivas, se analizaron por inmunofluorescencia directa, con anticuerpo específicos contra C. parvum. Resultados: 16,4% del total de las muestras tenían ooquistes de C. parvum. Conclusiones: Por primera vez se describe C. parvum en A. ater provenientes de las costas chilenas, siendo este molusco un posible vehículo de transmisión de criptosporidiosis a la población y a sus animales depredadores. Además, la presencia de C. parvum refleja la contaminación fecal hídrica en las costas evaluadas. Actualmente estamos monitoreando otras zonas de extracción de este molusco.
Abstract Background: The bivalve Aulacomya ater (cholga), is one of the most consumed mollusks by the population. However, there is evidence of fecal water contamination caused by causes that affect the sea, increasing the probability of contamination by the Cryptosporidium parvum, which generates cryptosporidiosis in people. Aim: To determine the presence of C. parvum in cholga extracted from the Bio Bio Region (Chile). Methods: Fifty-five cholgas were selected from a cultivation center and a natural extraction bank. These samples were processed in the laboratory and the presence of acid-alcohol resistant elements was evaluated. Positive samples were analyzed by direct immunofluorescence with anti-C. parvum antibody. Results: 16.4% of the total samples were affected by the oocysts of C.parvum. Conclusions: For the first time we described C. parvum in A. ater from the Chilean coast, being this mollusk a possible vehicle for transmission of cryptosporidiosis to the population and their predatory animals. Furthermore, the presence of C. parvum reflects fecal water contamination on the evaluated coasts. We are currently monitoring other extraction areas for this mollusk.
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Animais , Cryptosporidium parvum , Criptosporidiose , Chile , Oocistos , FezesRESUMO
Previously, our group reported the establishment of a white callus cell line of Buddleja cordata Kunth that is a high producer of the secondary metabolite, verbascoside (VB, also named acteoside), under suspension culture conditions. Here, we present experimental evidence of the sustained ability of that cellular line to grow and produce high amounts of VB for 5 years of continuous culture. Cellular line profiles were determined at the early (at the beginning) and late stages (at the end of 5 years of continuous subculturing) by analyzing relevant parameters of culture growth, i.e., specific growth rate [µ], doubling time [dt], and growth index [GI], as well as VB production. Late-stage cultures exhibited a 61% faster growth rate than early-stage subcultures, and 25 and 3% lower doubling time and growth index. The extents of growth phases were found to be different. Similar amounts of biomass were found (9.5 g and 9.4 g L-1). Verbascoside production increased parallel to cell growth; maximal yield level occurred in the mid-exponential phase and lasted until the end of the stationary phase (i.e., from the 15th to the 25th day and from the 9th to the 21st day for the early and late stages, correspondingly). The content of VB was higher in the late-stage culture (1.43 ± 0945 g L-1) than in the early-stage culture (1.21 ± 0.0286 g L-1). Productivity values point out the potential use of B. cordata cell line in the biotechnological production of VB and for research focused on the biochemistry of secondary metabolism.