RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury is a common complication in solid organ transplants, notably liver transplantation. The MELD is a score validated to predict mortality of cirrhotic patients, which is also used for organ allocation, however the influence of this allocation criteria on AKI incidence and mortality after liver transplantation is still uncertain. METHODS: This is a retrospective single center study of a cohort of patients submitted to liver transplant in a tertiary Brazilian hospital: Jan/2002 to Dec/2013, divided in two groups, before and after MELD implementation (pre-MELD and post MELD). We evaluate the differences in AKI based on KDIGO stages and mortality rates between the two groups. RESULTS: Eight hundred seventy-four patients were included, 408 in pre-MELD and 466 in the post MELD era. The proportion of patients that developed AKI was lower in the post MELD era (p 0.04), although renal replacement therapy requirement was more frequent in this group (p < 0.01). Overall mortality rate at 28, 90 and 365 days was respectively 7%, 11% and 15%. The 1-year mortality rate was lower in the post MELD era (20% vs. 11%, p < 0.01). AKI incidence was 50% lower in the post MELD era even when adjusted for clinically relevant covariates (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Liver transplants performed in the post MELD era had a lower incidence of AKI, although there were more cases requiring dialysis. 1-year mortality was lower in the post MELD era, suggesting that patient care was improved during this period.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda , Transplante de Fígado , Injúria Renal Aguda/epidemiologia , Humanos , Rim , Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Diálise Renal , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) with yttrium-90 microspheres is a palliative locoregional treatment, minimally invasive for liver tumors. The neoadjuvant aim of this treatment is still controversial, however, selected cases with lesions initially considered unresectable have been enframed as candidates for curative therapy after hepatic transarterial radioembolization. We report three cases in which the hepatic transarterial radioembolization was used as neoadjuvant therapy in an effective way, allowing posterior potentially curative therapies.
Assuntos
Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/terapia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Quimioembolização Terapêutica/métodos , Colangiocarcinoma/terapia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Terapia Neoadjuvante/métodos , Resultado do Tratamento , Radioisótopos de ÍtrioRESUMO
ABSTRACT Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) with yttrium-90 microspheres is a palliative locoregional treatment, minimally invasive for liver tumors. The neoadjuvant aim of this treatment is still controversial, however, selected cases with lesions initially considered unresectable have been enframed as candidates for curative therapy after hepatic transarterial radioembolization. We report three cases in which the hepatic transarterial radioembolization was used as neoadjuvant therapy in an effective way, allowing posterior potentially curative therapies.
RESUMO A radioembolização transarterial hepática com microesferas de ítrio-90 é uma modalidade paliativa de tratamento locorregional minimamente invasiva. O objetivo neoadjuvante deste tratamento ainda é controverso, mas casos selecionados de lesões consideradas inicialmente irressecáveis reenquadram-se como candidatos à terapia curativa após a radioembolização transarterial hepática. Relatamos três casos em que a radioembolização transarterial hepática foi utilizada como terapia neoadjuvante de forma efetiva possibilitando aplicação posterior de terapias potencialmente curativas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Idoso , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/terapia , Quimioembolização Terapêutica/métodos , Colangiocarcinoma/terapia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Radioisótopos de Ítrio , Resultado do Tratamento , Progressão da Doença , Terapia Neoadjuvante/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Renal dysfunction frequently occurs during the periods preceding and following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), and in many cases, renal replacement therapy (RRT) is required. Information regarding the duration of RRT and the rate of kidney function recovery after OLT is crucial for transplant program management. We evaluated a sample of 155 stable patients undergoing post-intensive care hemodialysis (HD) from a patient population of 908 adults who underwent OLT. We investigated the average time to renal function recovery (duration of RRT required) and determined the risk factors for remaining on dialysis > 90 days after OLT. Log-rank tests were used for univariate analysis, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify factors associated with the risk of remaining on HD. The results of our analysis showed that of the 155 patients, 28% had pre-OLT diabetes mellitus, 21% had pre-OLT hypertension, and 40% had viral hepatitis. Among the patients, the median MELD (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease) score was 27 (interquartile range [IQR] 22-35). When they were listed for liver transplantation, 32% of the patients had serum creatinine (Scr) levels > 1.5 mg/dL or were on HD, and 50% had serum creatinine (Scr) levels > 1.5 mg/dL or were on HD at the time of OLT. Of the transplanted patients, 25% underwent pre-OLT intermittent HD, and 14% and 41% underwent continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) pre-OLT and post-OLT, respectively. At 90 days post-OLT, 118 (76%) patients had been taken off dialysis, and 16 (10%) patients had died while undergoing HD. The median recovery time of these post-OLT patients was 33 (IQR 27-39) days. In the multivariate analysis, fulminant hepatic failure as the cause of liver disease (p<0.001), the absence of pre-OLT hypertension (p = 0.016), a lower intraoperative fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion volume (p = 0.019) and not undergoing pre-OLT intermittent HD (p = 0.032) were associated with performing RRT for less than 90 days. Therefore, a high proportion of OLT patients showed improved renal function after OLT, and those who were diagnosed with fulminant hepatic failure, had no pre-OLT hypertension, received a lower transfused volume of intraoperative FFP and did not undergo pre-OLT intermittent HD had a higher probability of recovery.
Assuntos
Rim/fisiologia , Rim/fisiopatologia , Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Diálise Renal , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Testes de Função Renal , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Recuperação de Função FisiológicaRESUMO
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world and the third most common cause of cancer death, and accounts for 5.6% of all cancers. Nearly 82% of the approximately 550,000 liver cancer deaths each year occur in Asia. In some regions, cancer-related death from HCC is second only to lung cancer. The incidence and mortality of HCC are increasing in America countries as a result of an ageing cohort infected with chronic hepatitis C, and are expected to continue to rise as a consequence of the obesity epidemic. Clinical care and survival for patients with HCC has advanced considerably during the last two decades, thanks to improvements in patient stratification, an enhanced understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease, and because of developments in diagnostic procedures and the introduction of novel therapies and strategies in prevention. Nevertheless, HCC remains the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. These LAASL recommendations on treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma are intended to assist physicians and other healthcare providers, as well as patients and other interested individuals, in the clinical decision-making process by describing the optimal management of patients with liver cancer.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/mortalidade , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Alcoolismo/diagnóstico , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico , Terapia Combinada , Países em Desenvolvimento , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Feminino , Hepatite C Crônica/diagnóstico , Hepatite C Crônica/epidemiologia , Humanos , América Latina , Cirrose Hepática/diagnóstico , Cirrose Hepática/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico , Masculino , Prognóstico , Medição de Risco , Sociedades Médicas , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To propose a grading system for early hepatic graft dysfunction. METHODS: A retrospective study from a single transplant center. Recipients of liver transplants from deceased donors, transplanted under the MELD system were included. Early graft dysfunction was defined by Olthoff criteria. Multiple cut-off points of post-transplant laboratory tests were used to create a grading system for early graft dysfunction. The primary outcome was 6-months grafts survival. RESULTS: The peak of aminotransferases during the first postoperative week correlated with graft loss. The recipients were divided into mild (aminotransferase peak >2,000IU/mL, but <3,000IU/mL); moderate (aminotransferase peak >3,000IU/mL); and severe (aminotransferase peak >3,000IU/mL + International Normalized Ratio ≥1.6 and/or bilirubin ≥ 10mg/dL in the 7th postoperative day) early allograft dysfunction. Moderate and severe early dysfunctions were independent risk factors for graft loss. Patients with mild early dysfunction presented with graft and patient survival comparable to those without graft dysfunction. However, those with moderate early graft dysfunction showed worse graft survival than those who had no graft dysfunction. Patients with severe early dysfunction had graft and patient survival rates worse than those of any other groups. CONCLUSION: Early graft dysfunction can be graded by a simple and reliable criteria based on the peak of aminotransferases during the first postoperative week. The severity of the early graft dysfunction is an independent risk factor for allograft loss. Patients with moderate early dysfunction showed worsening of graft survival. Recipients with severe dysfunction had a significantly worse prognosis for graft and patient survival.
Assuntos
Falência Hepática/cirurgia , Transplante de Fígado/métodos , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/classificação , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Adolescente , Adulto , Bilirrubina/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Feminino , Sobrevivência de Enxerto/fisiologia , Humanos , Falência Hepática/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Fatores de Tempo , Doadores de Tecidos , Transaminases/sangue , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Propor um sistema de graduação para a disfunção precoce do enxerto hepático. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de um único centro transplantador. Foram incluídos receptores de transplante hepático por doador falecido transplantados pelo sistema MELD. A disfunção precoce do enxerto foi definida segundo os critérios de Olthoff. Diversos pontos de corte para testes de laboratório pós-transplante foram utilizados para criar um sistema de graduação da disfunção precoce do enxerto. O principal desfecho foi a perda do enxerto aos 6 meses. RESULTADOS: O pico de aminotransferases durante a primeira semana pós-operatória se correlacionou com a perda do enxerto. Os receptores foram divididos em disfunção precoce do enxerto leve (pico de aminotransferases >2.000UI/mL, mas <3.000UI/mL); moderada (pico de aminotransferases>3.000 UI/mL); e grave (pico de aminotransferases >3.000UI/mL + International Normalized Ratio >1,6 e/ou bilirrubina >10mg/dL no 7º dia pós-operatório). Disfunções precoces moderada e grave, foram fatores de risco independentes para a perda do enxerto. Pacientes com disfunção precoce leve apresentaram sobrevida do enxerto e do paciente comparável àqueles sem disfunção do enxerto. Contudo, aqueles com disfunção precoce moderada tiveram pior sobrevida do enxerto comparada aos que não tiveram disfunção do enxerto. Pacientes com disfunção precoce grave tiveram sobrevida do enxerto e do paciente pior do que os outros grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Disfunção precoce do enxerto pode ser graduada por meio de um critério simples e confiável, baseado no pico de aminotransferases durante a primeira semana de pós-operatório. A gravidade da disfunção precoce do enxerto é um fator de risco independente para a perda do enxerto. Pacientes com disfunção precoce moderada tiveram pior sobrevida do enxerto. Receptores com disfunção precoce grave tiveram um prognóstico significativamente pior de sobrevida do enxerto e do paciente.
OBJECTIVE: To propose a grading system for early hepatic graft dysfunction. METHODS: A retrospective study from a single transplant center. Recipients of liver transplants from deceased donors, transplanted under the MELD system were included. Early graft dysfunction was defined by Olthoff criteria. Multiple cut-off points of post-transplant laboratory tests were used to create a grading system for early graft dysfunction. The primary outcome was 6-months grafts survival. RESULTS: The peak of aminotransferases during the first postoperative week correlated with graft loss. The recipients were divided into mild (aminotransferase peak >2,000IU/mL, but <3,000IU/mL); moderate (aminotransferase peak >3,000IU/mL); and severe (aminotransferase peak >3,000IU/mL + International Normalized Ratio >1.6 and/or bilirubin > 10mg/dL in the 7th postoperative day) early allograft dysfunction. Moderate and severe early dysfunctions were independent risk factors for graft loss. Patients with mild early dysfunction presented with graft and patient survival comparable to those without graft dysfunction. However, those with moderate early graft dysfunction showed worse graft survival than those who had no graft dysfunction. Patients with severe early dysfunction had graft and patient survival rates worse than those of any other groups. CONCLUSION: Early graft dysfunction can be graded by a simple and reliable criteria based on the peak of aminotransferases during the first postoperative week. The severity of the early graft dysfunction is an independent risk factor for allograft loss. Patients with moderate early dysfunction showed worsening of graft survival. Recipients with severe dysfunction had a significantly worse prognosis for graft and patient survival.
Assuntos
Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Transplante de Fígado , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , ReoperaçãoRESUMO
In the field of organizational management, the term "compliance" designates the set of actions to mitigate risk and prevent corruption. Programs are composed by formal control systems, codes of ethics, educational actions, ombudsmen, and reporting channels--to mention the most recurrent, which vary according to the sector, the institutional culture, and the strategy. Leadership has a fundamental role in the process of compliance, not only due to its power to implement it, but precisely because it exercises this power, in itself, the object of reflections on ethics. The goal of this research was to evaluate the susceptibility of leaders to the risk of breaching organizational rules that involve ethical aspects. For quantitative investigation, we used social and descriptive statistical analysis of secondary data provided by ICTS Global, a company specialized in risk reduction. The study analyzed deals with non-probabilistic sampling by convenience, carried out between the years 2004 and 2008 with employees and candidates of 74 private companies located in Brazil. The final number of individuals studied is 7,267. The indicators analyzed are contained in the index of moral perception of comprehension of individual vision of the concerning hypotheses of ethical conflicts. According to the information obtained in the investigation, leaders are more willing to fail to comply. Paradoxically, the data also show that leaders are more loyal to organizations, raising the hypothesis that the bent toward moral integrity and loyalty to the organization are not necessarily simultaneous behaviors (it is possible that, motivated by loyalty, a leader might break away from individual principles). Based on the data and on bibliographic references, our final considerations point to the importance of considering systems from which leadership is recruited, compensated, promoted, developed, etc., in the prevention of corruption. Our data do not show that leaders are more corrupt, but that they have a greater disposition towards relaxing principles in professional circumstances.
Assuntos
Ética Institucional , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Liderança , Cultura Organizacional , Má Conduta Profissional , Brasil , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , Princípios Morais , Política , Comportamento de Redução do RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare low and high MELD scores and investigate whether existing renal dysfunction has an effect on transplant outcome. METHODS: Data was prospectively collected among 237 liver transplants (216 patients) between March 2003 and March 2009. Patients with cirrhotic disease submitted to transplantation were divided into three groups: MELD > or = 30, MELD < 30, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Renal failure was defined as a +/- 25% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate as observed 1 week after the transplant. Median MELD scores were 35, 21, and 13 for groups MELD > or = 30, MELD < 30, and hepatocellular carcinoma, respectively. RESULTS: Recipients with MELD > or = 30 had more days in Intensive Care Unit, longer hospital stay, and received more blood product transfusions. Moreover, their renal function improved after liver transplant. All other groups presented with impairment of renal function. Mortality was similar in all groups, but renal function was the most important variable associated with morbidity and length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION: High MELD score recipients had an improvement in the glomerular filtration rate after 1 week of liver transplantation.
Assuntos
Transplante de Fígado/estatística & dados numéricos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Adulto , Idoso , Transfusão de Sangue/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/complicações , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirurgia , Creatinina/sangue , Feminino , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Nefropatias/complicações , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/cirurgia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/complicações , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Este estudo foi desenhado para avaliar os resultados da nova política de alocação em relação à mortalidade na lista de espera. MÉTODOS: O banco de dados de transplante hepático do Estado de São Paulo foi revisado de forma retrospectiva, de julho de 2003 até julho de 2009. Os pacientes foram divididos naqueles transplantados antes (Grupo Pré-MELD) e depois (Grupo Pós-MELD) da implementação do sistema MELD (Model for End-stage Liver Disease). Foram incluídos apenas os candidatos adultos para transplante de fígado. O desfecho primário foi a mortalidade na lista de espera. RESULTADOS: A taxa não ajustada de óbitos na lista de espera diminuiu significativamente após a implementação do sistema MELD (de 91,2 para 33,5/1.000 pacientes por ano; p<0,0001). A análise multivariada mostrou uma queda significativa no risco de morte na lista de espera para pacientes após o MELD (HR de 0,34; p<0,0001). Atualmente, 48% dos pacientes são transplantados no primeiro ano na lista (versus 23% na era pré-MELD; p<0,0001). A sobrevida dos pacientes e do enxerto não mudou com a implementação do MELD. CONCLUSÃO: Houve redução no tempo de espera e na mortalidade na lista após implementação do sistema MELD em São Paulo. Os pacientes na lista no período pós-MELD apresentaram uma redução significativa no risco de mortalidade na lista de espera. Não houve mudanças nos resultados após o transplante. O MELD pode ser utilizado com sucesso para alocação para transplante fígado em países em desenvolvimento.
OBJECTIVE: The MELD system has not yet been tested as an allocation tool for liver transplantation in the developing countries. In 2006, MELD (Model for End-stage Liver Disease) was launched as a new liver allocation system in São Paulo, Brazil. This study was designed to assess the results of the new allocation policy on waiting list mortality. METHODS: The State of São Paulo liver transplant database was retrospectively reviewed from July 2003 through July 2009. Patients were divided into those who were transplanted before (Pre-MELD Group) and those who were transplanted after (post-MELD Group) the implementation of the MELD system. Only adult liver transplant candidates were included. Waiting list mortality was the primary endpoint. RESULTS: The unadjusted death rate in waiting list decreased significantly after the implementation of the MELD system (from 91.2 to 33.5/1,000 patients per year; p<0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed a significant drop in risk of waiting list death for post-MELD patients (HR 0.34; p<0.0001). Currently, 48% of patients are transplanted within 1-year of listing (versus 23% in the pre-MELD era; p<0.0001). Patient and graft survival did not change with MELD implementation. CONCLUSION: There was a reduction in waiting time and list mortality after implementation of the MELD system in São Paulo. Patients listed in the post-MELD era had a significant reduction in risk for the waiting list mortality. There were no changes in post-transplant outcomes. MELD can be successfully utilized for liver transplant allocation in developing countries.