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OBJECTIVES: This study examined changes in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of temporomandibular joints (TMJ) with anterior displacement disk without reduction (DDwoR) and its correlation to clinical symptoms. METHODS: 190 individuals with DDwoR were evaluated according to Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and MRI. Pain's chronicity/intensity and limited mouth opening (locking) were correlated with: TMJ degeneration (MRI T1), effusion (T2), disc's shape and position (proton density). RESULTS: In 103 TMJ with DDwoR, hemiconvex shape (41.6%), sclerosis (45.6%) and mild effusion (47.6%) were the most prevalent findings. There was not association (p > .05) between: different DDwoR positions with pain's intensity/chronicity; effusion with locking. Disk deformation was associated with degeneration (p = .034) and pain's intensity (p = .006). Locking was associated with degeneration (p = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Condylar osteodegeneration is often related to DDwoR. Locking by DDwoR is associated with severe levels of chronic pain and articular disk deformation.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical and imaging results of two needles arthrocentesis (TNA) versus double-needle cannula arthrocentesis (DNCA) in the treatment of temporomandibular joint disc displacement (DD). METHODS: Twenty patients with DD were randomly divided into two groups: TNA and DNCA. Clinical data (pain scores; maximal interincisal distance [MID], and protrusion and laterality movements) were evaluated before and 24 months after the arthrocentesis. Disc and condyle position and joint effusion (JE) were evaluated by magnetic resonance exams. RESULTS: Both groups presented improvement in the MID, including pain reduction, modifications in disc and condyle positions, and reduction of the presence of JE, without difference between groups (p > 0.05). The DNCA was performed significantly faster (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Both TNA and DNCA are efficient in promoting improvement in the MID: reduction in pain, modifications in disc and condyle positions, and, in part, may account for less JE, without difference between techniques.

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ABSTRACT BAKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Arthralgia is a common complaint among patients with temporomandibular osteodegeneration, however, for the accurate diagnosis of osteodegeneration, it is suggested the adoption of imaging tests associated with standardized clinical diagnosis protocols. The objective of this study was to evaluate patients with degenerative changes in the temporomandibular joint previously visualized by cone beam computed tomography, relating these changes with the clinical diagnoses and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders, in order to conclude which of the degenerative changes develop more painful symptomatology. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational descriptive study. Thirty-eight patients who had previously done the cone beam computed tomography exam were evaluated. Subjects were grouped according to clinical diagnosis of temporomandibular joint changes using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders questionnaire. The presence of pain was considered during lateral palpation; intra-articular palpation; excursive movements; and active mouth opening. RESULTS: Among the purely clinical diagnoses, only 10.5% were conclusive, classifying patients as suffering from osteoarthritis/osteoarthrosis. Painful joint symptoms were found in all groups, with no statistically significant difference. Similarly, the presence of degenerative disorders, including flattening, osteophytes, sclerosis, and erosion were found in similar proportions in all diagnosis groups. CONCLUSION: 89.5% of the degenerative changes were clinically underdiagnosed. There was a positive association between the presence of symptoms and the number of correct clinical diagnoses of osteoarthritis/osteoarthrosis obtained with the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Entre os pacientes com osteodegeneração cortical temporomandibular, a artralgia é uma queixa comum, entretanto, para o diagnóstico preciso de osteodegeneração sugere-se a adoção de exames de imagem associados a protocolos de diagnóstico clínico padronizados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar pacientes com alterações degenerativas da articulação temporomandibular previamente visualizados por tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico, relacionando essas alterações com os diagnósticos e sintomas clínicos da disfunção temporomandibular, a fim de concluir quais das alterações degenerativas se associam ao sintoma álgico. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo observacional descritivo transversal. Foram avaliados 38 pacientes que já haviam realizado realizado a tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico. Os indivíduos foram agrupados de acordo com o diagnóstico clínico de alterações na articulação temporomandibular, utilizando o questionário Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. A presença de dor foi considerada durante: palpação lateral; palpação intra-articular; movimentos excursivos; e abertura ativa da boca. RESULTADOS: Entre os diagnósticos puramente clínicos, apenas 10,5% foram conclusivos, classificando os pacientes como portadores de osteoartrite/osteoartrose. Sintomas articulares dolorosos foram encontrados em todos os grupos, sem diferença estatisticamente significante. Da mesma forma, a presença de distúrbios degenerativos, incluindo achatamento, osteófitos, esclerose e erosão, foi encontrada em proporções semelhantes em todos os grupos de diagnóstico. CONCLUSÃO: 89,5% das alterações degenerativas foram clinicamente subdiagnosticadas. Houve associação positiva entre a presença de sintomas e o número de diagnósticos clínicos corretos de osteoartrite/osteoartrose obtidos com o Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders.

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Viscosupplementation is a minimally invasive technique that replaces synovial fluid by intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid (HA). Although effective in some joints, there is not conclusive evidence regarding temporomandibular disorders. This case series described the efficacy of a viscosupplementation protocol in intra-articular temporomandibular disorders. Ten patients with a diagnosis of disc displacement and/or osteoarthritis by Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) were submitted to four monthly injections of low or medium molecular weight HA. Pain, mandibular function, image analysis by tomography and magnetic resonance, and quality of life were assessed at baseline and follow-ups (1 and 6 months). Pain, jaw range-of-motion, mandibular function, and quality of life improved at follow-up evaluations. Osteoarthritis changes decreased, and 20% of patients improved mandibular head excursion after treatment. Resolution of effusion and improvement in disc morphology were observed for most patients. This viscosupplementation protocol reduced pain and symptoms associated with internal derangement of temporomandibular joint, improved quality of life, and showed benefits from both low and medium molecular weight HA in alternate cycles.

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Various etiologies are attributed to the development of subjective tinnitus, but their inter-relationship with the presence of temporomandibular disorders and depression is still poorly understood. To assess the presence of depressive symptoms in individuals with TMD and subjective tinnitus, assessing the impact on their quality of life. This is a cross-sectional observational descriptive study. We evaluated 44 patients in a public University. For TMD diagnosis as well as assessment of depressive symptoms, the RDC/TMD questionnaire was used. Otolaryngological assessment was conducted by means of pure tone, speech, and immitance audiometry. The "Tinnitus Handicap Inventory" questionnaire was also administered. 84% of the individuals with tinnitus had myofascial pain, with the masseter muscle being the most prevalent area of pain, and 16% exclusively had painful and/or degenerative TMJ changes. Among the patients with myofascial pain, 86,5% had depressive symptoms, while among those without myofascial pain, only 42,8% presented these symptoms. Eleven (11) patients (25%) reported slight impact of tinnitus on quality of life, 15 (34%) mild impact, 7 (16%) moderate, 7 (16%) severe, and 4 (9%) catastrophic impact. There was a positive association between the presence of myofascial pain and depressive symptoms (p=0,02), as the intensity of tinnitus increases and the severity of depressive symptoms (p<0,01).

Diversas etiologias são atribuídas ao desenvolvimento do zumbido subjetivo, contudo sua inter-relação com a presença das desordens temporomandibulares e depressão é ainda pouco compreendida. Avaliar a presença de sintomas depressivos em indivíduos portadores de DTM e zumbido subjetivo, avaliando o impacto da presença do zumbido na qualidade de vida dos mesmos. Tipo de estudo: trata-se de um estudo descritivo observacional transversal. Foram avaliados 44 pacientes do Serviço ATM da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Para diagnóstico das DTM assim como avaliação dos sintomas depressivos, foi utilizado o questionário do RDC/TMD. Foi realizada avaliação otorrinolaringológica, sendo feitas a audiometria tonal, vocal e imitanciometria. Também foi aplicado o questionário "Tinnitus Handicap Inventory". Dos 84% indivíduos com zumbido apresentaram dor miofascial, sendo o músculo masseter a região mais prevalente de dor, e 16% possuíram exclusivamente alterações álgicas e/ou degenerativas da ATM. Dentre os portadores de dor miofascial, 86,5% apresentaram sintomas depressivos, enquanto naqueles sem dor miofascial a presença destes sintomas estava presente em apenas 42,8%. 11 indivíduos (25%) relataram impacto do zumbido na qualidade de vida desprezível, 15 (34%) impacto leve, 7 (16%) moderado, 7 (16%) severo e 4 (9%) impacto catastrófico. Houve associação positiva entre a presença de sintomas depressivos e dor miofascial (p=0,02), assim como relação direta entre o aumento da intensidade do zumbido e a severidade dos sintomas depressivos (p<0,01).

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Gunshot wounds may have fatal results. Even when not causing major injuries to soft and hard tissues, there may be other severe problems. This study aimed at reporting the case of a projectile located in the left infratemporal fossa and at discussing treatment, risks and complications. CASE REPORT: Male patient, 18 years old, suffered a gunshot wound which has penetrated the face by the left zygomatic region, and was lodged in the homolateral infratemporal fossa. This has caused jaw function impairment and pain. Foreign body was surgically removed by preauricular access and patient was then submitted to physiotherapy. After treatment, temporomandibular joint function was reestablished and esthetic results were considered excellent without sequelae. CONCLUSION: Management of patients hit by projectiles is more complex when these are located in an area of difficult access and close to noble structures. Radiographic techniques obtained by means of different planes allow the accurate location of the object. There may be major deformity and functional incapacity, especially if the facial nerve is affected during bullet trauma or during surgery. Although there were no nervous injuries, functional impairment of orofacial structures was decisive to indicate the surgical procedure. Surgical removal of the projectile from the infratemporal fossa, combined with postoperative physiotherapy, has shown to be an effective treatment.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Ferimentos causados por arma de fogo podem ter resultados fatais. Mesmo que a bala não cause grandes lesões para os tecidos moles e duros, outros problemas graves podem ocorrer. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o caso de um projétil localizado na fossa infratemporal esquerda, discutir o tratamento cirúrgico, seus riscos e complicações. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do gênero masculino, 18 anos, sofreu um ferimento por arma de fogo que penetrou na face pela região zigomática esquerda, alojando-se na fossa infratemporal homolateral. Esse ocasionou comprometimento da função mandibular e dor. O corpo estranho foi removido cirurgicamente por meio do acesso pré-auricular e o paciente foi posteriormente submetido a sessões de fisioterapia. Após o tratamento, foi reestabelecida a função da articulação temporomandibular, a dor desapareceu e os resultados estéticos foram considerados excelentes, sem sequelas. CONCLUSÃO: O manuseio dos pacientes acometidos por projétil torna-se mais complexo quando esse está localizado em uma área de difícil acesso e ao lado de estruturas nobres. Técnicas radiográficas, obtidas por meio de diferentes planos, permitem uma localização precisa do objeto. Grande deformidade e incapacidade funcional podem ocorrer, especialmente, se o nervo facial é afetado durante o trauma balístico ou durante o ato cirúrgico. Apesar de não haver lesões nervosas, o comprometimento funcional das estruturas orofaciais foi decisivo para indicar o procedimento cirúrgico. A remoção cirúrgica do projétil da fossa infratemporal combinado com a fisioterapia, pós-operatória, mostraram ser um tratamento eficaz.

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Objetivo: Verificar a associação de DTM em pacientes com HAS, por meio da análise de características clínicas e radiográficas, e suas principais condições clínicas de diagnóstico em indivíduos com DTM e hiperexcursão articular. Métodos: Avaliou-se uma amostra de 43 pacientes do gênero feminino, com idade entre 20 e 50 anos. Estes foram submetidos ao Critério Diagnóstico para Pesquisa em Disfunção Temporomandibular (RDC/TMD) eixo I (para diagnóstico do tipo de desordem temporomandibular), ao Teste de Beighton (para avaliação da presença de HAS) e à avaliação de exame radiográfico do tipo planigrafia (para classificação do tipo de excursão apresentada e para observação de alterações morfológicas na cabeça da mandíbula). Os dados foram submetidos a tratamento estatístico com os testes de Fisher e Qui quadrado (p< 0,05). Resultados: Foram encontradas associações estatisticamente significantes de HAS às seguintes condições: aplainamento em articulação temporomandibular direita (p<0,013) e esquerda (p<0,075); DTM muscular (p<0,037); e DTM mista (muscular e articular associadas) (p<0,082). Associações borderline foram identificadas para de HAS e osteófito em articulação temporomandibular direita (p<0,102) e esquerda (p<0,166); hiperexcursão em articulação temporomandibular esquerda (p<0,173). Conclusão: Por meio da análise foi possível concluir que existe uma associação entre a HAS e as DTMs do tipo muscular e mista. A alteração de excursão mais frequentemente observada foi a hiperexcursão. Quando avaliadas alterações morfológicas nos componentes ósseos das ATM, verificou-se que indivíduos com HAS possuem uma maior probabilidade de manifestar alterações degenerativas do tipo aplainamento e osteófito. Por fim, constatou-se uma elevada frequência de outras dores musculoesqueletais nos pacientes.(AU)

Aim: To analyze the clinical and radiographic features of systemic articular hypermobility in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), as well as the main conditions of clinical diagnosis (muscle, bone, disc position) in individuals with TMD. Methods: This study evaluated 43 female patients, between 20 and 50 years of age, who were submitted to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC / TMD) axis I (to diagnose the type of temporomandibular disorder), the Beighton test (to assess the presence of Systemic Joint Hypermobility), and the evaluation of planigraphy-type radiographic examinations (to classify the type of excursion presented and to observe the morphological changes in the condyle). Data were analyzed statistically by applying the Fisher and chi square tests (p> 0.05). Results: Statistically significant associations were found regarding hypertension under the following conditions: smoothing of right (p <0.013) and left (p <0.75) temporomandibular joints; Muscle TMD (p <0.037); and mixed TMD (association of muscle and joint) (p <0.082). Borderline associations were identified for hypertension and osteophytes in the right (p <0.102) and left (p <0.166) temporomandibular joints, hyperexcursion in left temporomandibular joint (p <0.173), and osteophytes in the right (p <0.102) and left (p <0.166) temporomandibular joints. Conclusion: Through this sample, it could be concluded that there is an association between hypertension and both muscular and mixed TMDs. The most frequently observed change was hyperexcursion. When morphological changes in the bone components of the temporomandibular joints were evaluated, it was found that individuals with hypertension are more likely to express degenerative changes, especially smoothing and osteophytes. A high frequency of other musculoskeletal pain was also observed in these patients.(AU)

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Knowledge of the different imaging tests and their appropriate indications is crucial to establish the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders, especially in patients with overlapping signs and symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To present and assess the main diagnostic imaging tests for temporomandibular disorders and rationally discuss their indication criteria, advantages, and disadvantages. METHODS: Literature review in the Web of Knowledge, PubMed and SciELO databases, as well as manual search for relevant publications in reference lists of the selected articles. RESULTS: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were considered the gold standard assessments for the temporomandibular joint to evaluate hard and soft tissues, respectively. Each diagnostic method exhibited distinct sensitivity and specificity for the different subtypes of joint dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Selecting an evaluation examination based on its accuracy, safety, and clinical relevance is a rational decision that can help lead to an accurate diagnosis and an optimum treatment plan.

Resumo Introdução: O conhecimento dos distintos exames de imagem e sua correta indicação é fundamental para elaboração do diagnóstico das disfunções temporomandibulares, principalmente em pacientes com grande sobreposição de sinais e sintomas. Objetivo: Apresentar e avaliar os principais exames de diagnóstico por imagem das disfunções temporomandibulares, além de discutir racionalmente os seus critérios de indicação, vantagens e desvantagens. Método: Revisão da literatura nas bases de dados Web of Knowledge, PubMed e SciELO, além de busca manual por publicações relevantes nas listas de referências dos artigos selecionados. Resultado: Os exames de tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética foram considerados ''padrão-ouro'' para a avaliação dos tecidos duros e moles, respectivamente, da articulação temporomandibular. Cada método de diagnóstico pesquisado apresentou sensibilidade e especificidade distintas para os diferentes subtipos de disfunção da articulação. Conclusão: Considera-se como racional a indicação fundamentada na acurácia, segurança e relevância clínica do exame a ser solicitado, o que implica na adequada determinação do diagnóstico e do plano de tratamento.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a frequência dos diferentes padrões faciais (padrão I, II, III, face longa e face curta) em indivíduos portadores das desordens temporomandibulares (DTMs), diagnosticados através do eixo I do RDC/TMD. Também foi proposto avaliar a existência de associação entre esses padrões e a relação oclusal maxilomandibular dos pacientes (classe), além de aferir alguns ângulos e proporções tegumentares dos mesmos, a fim de relacioná-los com as diferentes faces encontradas. A amostra foi constituída de 55 pacientes portadores de DTM que não haviam realizado tratamento ortodôntico, e nem passado por cirurgia na boca ou na face. Foram utilizadas fotografias extraoclusais frontais e de perfil dos pacientes para classificação do padrão facial, assim como fotografias intraoclusais para a classificação de Angle. Para obtenção do ângulo de convexidade facial, ângulo do terço inferior da face, proporção do terço inferior da face e da altura facial anterior médio sobre a altura facial anterior inferior (Afam/Afai) foram realizadas marcações pontuais nas fotografias extraoclusais, através do software Radiocef Studio 1,0. Com a amostra de 55 pacientes, foi possível concluir que o padrão facial mais frequente foi o I (61,8 %), seguido pelos padrões II (21,8%) e III (16,4%). Foi demonstrado não haver associação entre as DTMs apresentadas pelos pacientes e os diferentes padrões faciais, porém, houve uma tendência das relações oclusais das classes acompanharem o padrão. Por fim, observou-se que as medidas angulares e as proporções faciais, que esta pesquisa se propôs avaliar, diferiram, em sua maioria, dos valores sugeridos pela literatura...

The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of different facial patterns (I, II, III, short, and long types) in subjects with temporomandibular disorders (TMD), diagnosed by RDC/TMD axis I. Also, to evaluate the association between these patterns and occlusal maxillomandibular relationships, still measuring some angles and proportions of the same soft tissue in order to relate them to the different facial types found. The sample consisted of 55 patients with TMD, which had not undergone orthodontic treatment neither any surgery in the mouth or face. The facial pattern was classified by extra-oral (frontal and profile). The Angle malocclusions were classified by intra-oral photos. The facial convexity, lower third facial angle, the ratio between the lower third face and the middle third face height over the antero-inferior facial third height (MFTH/LFTH) were obtained by markings over the extra-oral photos using the Radiocef Studio 1.0. With a sample of 55 patients it was possible to conclude that the facial pattern I was the most frequent (61.8%), followed by patterns II (21.8%) and III (16.4%). There was no association between TMD and different facial patterns. However, the occlusal relationships follow the pattern. Finally, it was observed that the angular measurements and facial proportions, evaluated here differed from most of the values suggested in the literature...

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INTRODUCTION: Knowledge of the different imaging tests and their appropriate indications is crucial to establish the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders, especially in patients with overlapping signs and symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To present and assess the main diagnostic imaging tests for temporomandibular disorders and rationally discuss their indication criteria, advantages, and disadvantages. METHODS: Literature review in the Web of Knowledge, PubMed and SciELO databases, as well as manual search for relevant publications in reference lists of the selected articles. RESULTS: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were considered the gold standard assessments for the temporomandibular joint to evaluate hard and soft tissues, respectively. Each diagnostic method exhibited distinct sensitivity and specificity for the different subtypes of joint dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Selecting an evaluation examination based on its accuracy, safety, and clinical relevance is a rational decision that can help lead to an accurate diagnosis and an optimum treatment plan.

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