Assuntos
Giardia lamblia/genética , Giardíase/parasitologia , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico , Animais , Criança , Creches , Análise por Conglomerados , Cuba/epidemiologia , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Giardia lamblia/classificação , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Humanos , Camundongos , FenótipoRESUMO
We conducted a longitudinal study on giardiasis in three daycare centers in Havana City for a period of 18 months and described a group of children with a "predisposition" or tendency towards re-infection with Giardia lamblia. This group was found to be more frequently associated with clinical symptoms such as diarrhea. A case-control study was designed to determine whether socioeconomic factors and hygiene were associated with this phenomenon. We found no differences between the groups with regard to overcrowding rates, number of persons per bed, absence of certain electric appliances, mother's schooling, or mean family income. However, there were proportionally more fathers with less than complete secondary education among cases as compared to controls. In addition, we found no differences in lack of hand-washing before eating and after defecation; however, we found a higher percentage of families who washed vegetables insufficiently among predisposed children. Finally, a lower percentage of families with predisposed children boiled their water. Our results demonstrate the important role of water as a vehicle for transmission of giardiasis and the importance of various epidemiologic factors.
Assuntos
Creches , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Animais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cuba/epidemiologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Giardia lamblia/isolamento & purificação , Giardíase/transmissão , Humanos , Higiene , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Água/parasitologiaRESUMO
En un estudio longitudinal sobre giardiasis desarrollado durante 18 meses en tres guarderías infantiles de Ciudad de La Habana, describimos un grupo de niños con tendencia o "predisposición" a la infección por Giardia lamblia; a los que se les encontró con síntomas clínicos más asociados a las diarreas. Este estudio de casos y controles se desarrolló para conocer si algunos factores socioeconómicos y hábitos higiénicos estaban asociados con este fenómeno. No se encontraron diferencias entre ambos grupos en las tasas de hacinamiento, el índice de personas por cama, en la carencia de determinados equipos eléctricos, en el nivel escolar de las madres, y en el promedio del ingreso familiar; sin embargo, predominó una frecuencia mayor de padres con nivel escolar menor de 12 grado en los casos que en los controles. No se encontraron diferencias entre ambos grupos en cuanto a la ausencia de lavado de manos antes de comer y después de defecar, pero se encontró un mayor porcentaje de lavado incorrecto de vegetales, y una menor frecuencia del hábito de hervir el agua de consumo en las familias de los casos. Estos resultados demuestran el papel del agua como vehículo de transmisión en la giardiasis y la importancia de algunos factores epidemiológicos
Assuntos
Creches , Pré-Escolar , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Lactente , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Recently, we reported a partial characterization of the epitope recognized by the ES-78 monoclonal antibody (MoAb). This monoclonal antibody was obtained from spleen lymphocytes of a mouse immunized with excretory-secretory antigens of Fasciola hepatica adult worms. In the present study, we report the results obtained in experiments of passive protection using this MoAb in BALB/c mice infected with 15 Fasciola hepatica metacercariae. The monoclonal antibody was able to reduce the parasite burden when administered 24 h before challenge but not when delivered 7 days after challenge. The antibody recognition of digestive tract structures in 3-week-old parasites was demonstrated by immune histochemical techniques. The antigens purified by affinity chromatography using this antibody had molecular weights of 14-20, 25-29 and 36-45 kDa and demonstrated proteinase activity similar to cathepsin L. These results suggest that the antigens carrying the epitope recognized by the ES-78 MoAb may be used as target in the protection against fasciolosis.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Fasciola hepatica/imunologia , Fasciolíase/prevenção & controle , Imunização Passiva , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Antígenos de Helmintos/química , Cisteína Endopeptidases/análise , Cisteína Endopeptidases/imunologia , Fasciolíase/parasitologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
En 1997, se desarrolló un proyecto nacional de adiestramiento integral para el diagnóstico de las parasitosis intestinales, el que incluyó 4 cursos; uno com carácter nacional, y otros 3 en las provincias centrales, orientales y occidentales. Al comparar los errores diagnósticos, viu-se que Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis y los leucocitos mostraron um porcentaje significativamente menor de fallas después del curso que al comienzo (p<0,01), al igual que con Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar y Chilomastix mesnilii (p< 0,05). Entre los helmintos, Taenia sp., Fasciola hepatica y los ancylostomídeos redujeron significativamente el número de fallas (p< 0,01). En el resto de las especies se encontraron muy pocos errores, y los porcentajes de fallas no variaron al finalizar los cursos (p> 0,05). Por otra parte, al comparar las medias de las puntuaciones antes y después de los cursos, se encontró un aumento significativo en el curso de las provincias centrales (p<0,05), en las occidentales (p< 0,01), y en la totalidad (p< 0,01), lo que demonstró la efectividad a corto plazo de esta intervención. Sin embargo, pensa que estas actividades de educación continuada deberian seguirse junto com programas nacionales para el control de la calidad.
Assuntos
Erros de Diagnóstico , Serviços Laboratoriais de Saúde Pública , Parasitos , Controle de QualidadeRESUMO
The active participation of the community is indispensable for reducing Aedes aegypti mosquito populations so causes leading to their growth, actions taken, effects on the health and the people in charge of controlling such mosquitoes are all dealt with in this paper. 210 persons were interviewed from June 25 to 27, 1997. The causes of the growth of the mosquito population were: excessive garbage (59), dirty waters (58), open water reservoirs (50) and lack of fumigation (21). 40 of interviewed people did not know that these vectors can breed even in clean waters. They mentioned some effects on the health due to the mosquito bites. 51 said that mosquitoes should be jointly controlled by the State and the community but 35 believed that the State should be the sole responsible for this task. These opinions may determine that steps are not properly taken to avoid proliferation of vector and that the activities of the anti-vector program are not really understood since they do not meet the expectations.