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ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the effect of recreational soccer on bone mineral density and sarcopenia in the elderly. Methods: Fourteen elderly people aged 65.9 ± 3.4 years were selected. They were separated into two groups: the intervention group and the control group; the intervention group played recreational soccer for 12 weeks on two days of the week. Assessments were performed for bone mineral density and body muscle mass before and after the intervention. For statistical analysis, the repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc test was used. Results: After 12 weeks, there was a significant change in bone mineral density in the region of the total femur (p = 0.020). Analyzing the participants' sarcopenia, no significant results were found after the intervention period. Conclusion: Playing recreational soccer causes a significant improvement in the total femur and maintains bone regions in the spine, whole body, and femoral neck. Also, it promotes a removal from the threshold for sarcopenia screening in the elderly.
RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar o efeito do futebol recreativo na densidade mineral óssea e sarcopenia dos idosos. Métodos: Foram selecionados quatorze idosos com idade de 65,9±3,4 anos. Os indivíduos foram separados em dois grupos: grupo intervenção e grupo controle, o grupo intervenção praticou futebol recreativo durante 12 semanas em dois dias da semana. Foram feitas avaliações para densidade mineral óssea e massa muscular corporal no período anterior e sucessor as intervenções. Para a análise estatística, foi utilizada a anova de medidas repetidas com o post-hoc de Bonferroni. Resultados: Após 12 semanas, ocorreu alteração significativa na densidade mineral óssea na região do fêmur total (p=0,020). Já na análise da sarcopenia dos participantes não houveram resultados significativos após o período de intervenção. Conclusão: Praticar futebol recreativo provoca melhora significativa no fêmur total e manutenção dos sítios ósseos da coluna, corpo inteiro e colo do fêmur. Além disso, promove afastamento da zona limítrofe para rastreio de sarcopenia nos idosos.
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Abstract It is not known if competitive anxiety affects decision-making performance in athletes. This study aimed to analyze the effect of competitive anxiety on passing decision-making in young soccer players. This is a prospective study, whose sample consisted of 40 soccer athletes of the under-17 category. The Portuguese version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2R) was filled out by athletes 45 minutes before the start of a soccer match. Decision-making was evaluated in a real game situation. The analysis and categorization of actions were based on the Game Performance Assessment Instrument. The results showed significant influence of cognitive anxiety (R² =.20; p = .001), somatic anxiety (R² = .45; p = .001) and self-confidence about the passing decision-making index (R² = .31; p = .001). It was concluded that competitive anxiety can be considered an intervening factor in decision-making of the pass of young male soccer players.Keywords: test validity, scaling, elderly, depression
Resumo Não se sabe se a ansiedade competitiva acarreta efeito no desempenho da tomada de decisão em atletas. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o efeito da ansiedade competitiva sobre a tomada de decisão do passe em jovens atletas de futebol. Trata-se de uma investigação prospectiva, cuja amostra foi composta por 40 atletas de futebol da categoria sub-17. A versão em língua portuguesa do Competitite State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2R) foi preenchida 45 minutos antes do início de uma partida de futebol. A tomada de decisão foi avaliada pelos critérios do Game Performance Assessment Instrument. Os resultados apontaram influência significativa da ansiedade cognitiva (R² = .20; p = .001), da ansiedade somática (R² = .45; p = .001) e da autoconfiança sobre o índice de tomada de decisão do passe (R² = .31; p = .001). Concluiu-se que a ansiedade competitiva pode ser considerada um fator interveniente na tomada de decisão do passe de jovens atletas de futebol do sexo masculino.
Resumen No se sabe si la ansiedad competitiva genera efectos en el rendimiento de toma de decisiones en los atletas. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el efecto de la ansiedad competitiva sobre toma de decisiones del pase en futbolistas jóvenes. Se trata de una investigación prospectiva, cuya muestra fue formada por 40 jugadores de la categoría sub-17. La versión en portugués del Competitive State Anxiety Intentory se completó 45 minutos antes del comienzo de una partida de fútbol. La toma de decisiones se evaluó mediante los criterios del instrumento de evaluación del rendimiento del juego por medio del Game Performance Assessment Instrument. Los resultados mostraron una influencia significativa de la ansiedad cognitiva (R² = .20; p = .001), de la ansiedad somática (R² = .45; p = .001) y de la autoconfianza sobre el índice de toma de decisión del pase (R² = .31; p = .001). Se concluyó que la ansiedad competitiva puede considerarse un factor que interviene en la toma de decisiones del pase de jóvenes jugadores de fútbol de sexo masculino.
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Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Ansiedade , Futebol , Atletas , Psicologia do EsporteRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The current recommendations on resistance training involving older adults have reported an improvement of body composition variables. Despite this, there is a lack of knowledge on how elastic resistance training (ERT) affects the muscle mass in older adults population. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a short-term ERT on muscle mass of health and untrained older adults. METHODS: Forty older adults were randomized into two groups of 20 individuals each: Control Group (CG = 66.2 ± 6.6 years) and Training Group (TG = 69.1 ± 6.3 years). TG underwent an ERT twice a week during 8 weeks and control group did not receive any specific intervention. The primary outcome was the upper and lower limbs muscle mass, measured by Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The secondary outcomes were knee isokinetic peak torque (PT) at 60°/s and 120°/s speeds and isometric handgrip strength. A 2×2 mixed model (group [TG and CG] × time [pre and post]) analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine the effect on primary and secondary outcomes. RESULTS: The results of the ANOVA showed no significant effects in group x time interaction for (1) upper limbs fat free mass (F [1.38] = 1.80, p = 0.19, effect size [ES] = 0.1) and for (2) lower limbs fat free mass (F [1.38] = 0.03, p = 0.88, ES = 0.02). Regarding muscle strength, the ANOVA showed no significant effects in group x time interaction for (3) PT at 60°/s (F [1.38] = 0.33, p = 0.56, ES = 3.0), for (4) PT at 120°/s (F [1.38] = 0.80, p = 0.38, ES = 4.1) and for handgrip strength (F [1.38] = 0.65, p = 0.42-value, ES = 0.9). Analysis of PT in TG showed a significant change of 4.5%, but only at 120°/s (p = 0.01) when comparing pre and post-training (time interaction). CONCLUSIONS: Eight weeks of ERT did not show significant changes in muscle mass and strength of untrained older adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02253615 (09/25/14).
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Composição Corporal , Extremidade Inferior , Força Muscular , Atrofia Muscular , Treinamento Resistido/métodos , Extremidade Superior , Absorciometria de Fóton/métodos , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Feminino , Humanos , Extremidade Inferior/diagnóstico por imagem , Extremidade Inferior/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Monitorização Fisiológica/métodos , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Atrofia Muscular/diagnóstico , Atrofia Muscular/fisiopatologia , Atrofia Muscular/terapia , Resultado do Tratamento , Extremidade Superior/diagnóstico por imagem , Extremidade Superior/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the GHR exon 3 fl/d3 polymorphism and body composition traits in Brazilian cohorts of normal post-menarche adolescent girls and in post-menopausal women with and without osteoporosis. First, multiplex PCR and quantitative PCR (TaqMan) were used with 105 DNA samples from the general Brazilian population to validate the SNP rs6873545 as a surrogate marker for the GHR polymorphism. Subsequently, genotyping was carried out to evaluate associations for this polymorphism in 136 post-menarche adolescents and 175 post-menopausal women, who were evaluated for body composition traits such as bone mineral density and fat-free mass. Statistical analysis used an independent sample t test, one-way ANOVA test and post hoc Tukey HSD test. Significant values were assumed by p < 0.05. Genotyping indicated complete linkage disequilibrium between the GHR polymorphism and the SNP alleles (r(2) = 1.0). Adolescents and healthy post-menopausal women showed no genotype associations for body composition traits or osteoporosis. However, a lower total body bone mineral density was observed in fl/fl post-menopausal women with osteoporosis (p = 0.0004). These results suggest that the SNP rs6873545 can be used as a surrogate for the GHR fl/d3 polymorphism due to linkage disequilibrium in the Brazilian population and that the fl/fl genotype is a severity-related risk factor for osteoporosis, but did not appear to be associated with disease status.
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Composição Corporal/genética , Densidade Óssea/genética , Osteoporose/genética , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Antropometria , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Proteínas de Transporte , Criança , Éxons/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação/genética , Masculino , Menarca/fisiologia , Menopausa/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: To compare the metabolic parameters, flexibility, muscle strength, functional capacity, and lower limb muscle power of elderly women with and without the metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 28 older women divided into two groups: with the MetS (n = 14; 67.3 ± 5.5 years; 67.5 ± 16.7 kg; 1.45 ± 0.35 m; 28.0 ± 7.6 kg/m(2)), and without the MetS (n = 14; 68.7 ± 5.3 years; 58.2 ± 9.9 kg; 1.55 ± 0.10 m; 24.3 ± 3.8 kg/m(2)). Body composition was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and dynamic muscle strength was assessed by one-maximum repetition (1RM) tests in leg press, bench press and biceps curl exercises. Six-minute walk test, Timed Up and Go (TUG); 30-second sitting-rising; arm curl using a 2-kg dumbbell, sit-and-reach (flexibility), and vertical jump tests were performed. RESULTS: There was no difference between groups regarding age (P = 0.49), height (P = 0.46), body fat (%) (P = 0.19), systolic (P = 0.64), diastolic (P = 0.41) and mean blood pressure (P = 0.86), 30-second sitting-rising (P = 0.57), 30-s arm curl (P = 0.73), leg press 1RM (P = 0.51), bench press 1RM (P = 0.77), and biceps curl 1RM (P = 0.85). However, women without the MetS presented lower body mass (P = 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.0001), waist circumference (P = 0.02), waist-to-height ratio (P = 0.02), fat body mass (kg) (P = 0.05), lean body mass (kg) (P = 0.02), blood glucose (P = 0.05), triglycerides (P = 0.03), Z-score for the MetS (P = 0.05), higher high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (P = 0.002), better performance on TUG (P = 0.01), flexibility (P = 0.03), six-minute walk test (P = 0.04), vertical jump (P = 0.05) and relative muscle strength for leg press (P = 0.03), bench press (P = 0.04) and biceps curl (P = 0.002) exercises as compared to women with the MetS. CONCLUSION: Elderly women with the MetS have higher metabolic risk profile and lower functional capacity, muscle strength, lower limb power and flexibility as compared to women without the MetS. The evaluation of functional capacity may help to determine the degree of physical decline in older persons with the MetS, while exercise interventions should be encouraged.
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Síndrome Metabólica/fisiopatologia , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Aptidão Física/fisiologia , Absorciometria de Fóton , Idoso , Antropometria , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Teste de Esforço/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO: No Brasil, ainda são poucos os estudos que apresentam dados relevantes sobre fatores relacionados às características físicas ou estilo de vida e a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) de adolescentes do sexo feminino. OBJETIVO: Identificar e verificar a contribuição das características físicas e de estilo de vida relacionadas à DMO de adolescentes do sexo feminino. MÉTODOS: A amostra deste estudo foi composta por 329 meninas com idades entre 10 e 20 anos. Como características físicas, foram avaliados: peso corporal, estatura, índice de massa corporal, estágio de maturação sexual, raça e pigmentação cutânea. Já para o estilo de vida, os seguintes fatores foram avaliados: consumo diário de cálcio, nível de atividade física (NAF) e nível socioeconômico (NSE). A densidade mineral óssea (DMO) do corpo inteiro, da coluna lombar e do colo do fêmur foram avaliados pela densitometria óssea. As relações existentes entre variáveis dependentes e independentes foram avaliadas pela correlação de Pearson (r) e regressão múltipla Stepwise (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: A DMO dos três sítios ósseos tende a aumentar conforme o aumento do peso corporal, estatura, IMC, idade e estágio de maturação sexual (r ≥ 0,43; p < 0,01). Por outro lado, somente o NAF (r = 0,12; p < 0,05) e o NSE (r = 0,14; p < 0,05) correlacionaram-se positivamente com a DMO. O peso corporal, estágio de maturação sexual, idade, consumo de cálcio, NSE e NAF explicaram de 48 a 68% da variação da DMO das adolescentes. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que a utilização de critérios como peso corporal, idade e maturação sexual sejam os mais indicados para controlar as variações da DMO de adolescentes do sexo feminino. Além disso, o NSE, o NAF e o consumo diário de cálcio possuem uma pequena participação na variação da DMO das adolescentes quando comparados com as características físicas.
INTRODUCTION: Just a few studies have evaluated physical traits, lifestyle and bone mineral density (BMD) acquisition in Brazilian female adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To identify physical traits and lifestyle factors related to BMD in Brazilian female adolescents. METHODS: 329 healthy adolescent girls aged between 10 and 20 years participated in this study. The physical characteristics evaluated were: body weight, stature, body mass index, pubertal stage, self-declared ethnicity and skin color. Concerning lifestyle, the following factors were evaluated: socioeconomic status (SES), physical activity level (PAL) and daily calcium intake. Additionally, total body, lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by bone densitometry. Pearson's coefficient of correlation (r) and stepwise regression analysis were employed to check dependent and independent variables correlation (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Total body, lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD increase as body weight, height, BMI, age and pubertal stage increase (r ≥ 0.43; p<0.01). On the other hand, only SES (r = 0.14; p<0.05) and PAL (r = 0.12; p<0.05) were correlated. After stepwise regression, body weight, pubertal stage, age, height, calcium intake, SES, and PAL explained around 48-68% for BMD variation in female adolescents. CONCLUSION: The results suggest body weight, age and pubertal stage should be used as control variables for BMD variations in female adolescents. Furthermore, SES, PAL and dialy calcium intake were less important than physical traits for BMD during adolescence.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate linkage to chromosome 1q and 11q region for lumbar spine, femoral neck and total body BMD and volumetric BMD in Brazilian sister adolescents aged 10-20-year-old and 57 mothers. METHODS: We evaluated 161 sister pairs (n=329) aged 10-20 years old and 57 of their mothers in this study. Physical traits and lifestyle factors were collected as covariates for lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN) and total body (TB) BMD and bone mineral apparent density (BMAD). We selected nine microsatellite markers in chromosome 1q region (spanning nearly 33cM) and eight in chromosome 11q region (spanning nearly 34cM) to perform linkage analysis. RESULTS: The highest LOD score values obtained from our data were in sister pairs LS BMAD analysis. Their values were: 1.32 (P<0.006), 2.61 (P<0.0002) and 2.44 (P<0.0004) in D1S218, D1S2640 and D1S2623 markers, respectively. No significant LOD score was found with LS and FN BMD/BMAD in chromosome 11q region. Only TB BMD showed significant linkage higher than 1.0 for chromosome 11q region in the markers D11S4191 and D11S937. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: Our results provided suggestive linkage for LS BMAD at D1S2640 marker in adolescent sister pairs and suggest a possible candidate gene (LHX4) related to adolescent LS BMAD in this region. These results reinforce chromosome 1q21-23 as a candidate region to harbor one or more bone formation/maintenance gene. In the other hand, it did not repeat for chromosome 11q12-13 in our population.
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Densidade Óssea/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 11/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 1/genética , Ligação Genética , Osteoporose/etnologia , Osteoporose/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença/etnologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Escore Lod , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mães/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO) e a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) de adolescentes do sexo feminino de acordo com a faixa etária e o estágio de maturação sexual. A amostra desse estudo foi composta por 329 meninas com idades entre 10 e 20 anos. Foram avaliados o peso corporal, estatura, índice de massa corporal, estágio de maturação sexual, a raça, o consumo diário de cálcio e o tempo dispendido em atividades físicas de intensidades moderada a vigorosa por semana (AFMV). A densidade e o conteúdo mineral ósseo da coluna lombar e do colo do fêmur foram avaliados pela densitometria óssea. As diferenças da DMO e do CMO, de acordo com a idade e a maturação sexual, foram avaliadas por uma análise de variância One-way ANOVA com o teste post-hoc de Tukey (p<0,05). O consumo diário de cálcio reportado pelas adolescentes é inadequado, pois representa uma variação de 26 a 47 por cento do que é recomendado. Por outro lado, o tempo dispendido em AFMV, por semana, foi muito superior ao mínimo recomendado, em todas as idades. Ocorreram diferenças significativas tanto na DMO quanto no CMO das adolescentes no período dos 10 e 14 anos de idade. Além disso, os valores de DMO da coluna lombar e do colo do fêmur das adolescentes pós-púberes foram 58 por cento e 31 por cento maiores,respectivamente, quando comparados com os seus correspondentes nas adolescentes pré-púberes.
The aim of the present study was to characterize bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) in Brazilian adolescent girls according to age and pubertal stage. A total of 329 girls ranging in age from 10 to 20 years participated in this study. Body weight, height, body mass index, pubertal stage, race, daily calcium intake, and time spent per week performing moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) were evaluated. Lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD and BMC were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. One-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test was used to identify differences in bone mass between ages and pubertal stages (p£0.05). The daily calcium intake reported by the adolescents was inadequate, corresponding to only 26-47 percent of the recommended allowance (1,300 mg/day). On the other hand, weekly MVPA was higher than that recommended for adolescents. Significant differences in BMD and BMC were observed for girls aged 10-14 years. In addition, lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD was 58 and 31 percent higher in postpubertal girls, respectively, when compared to prepubertal adolescents.
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Sabe-se que esportes com grandes cargas mecânicas e maior impacto do corpo com o solo resultam em maior massa óssea do que atividades em que o peso do corpo é pouco solicitado. Apesar de o voleibol estar entre os esportes considerados de alto impacto, existem poucos estudos que relacionam sua prática ao desenvolvimento da densidade mineral óssea (DMO). Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a DMO entre garotas participantes de equipes de treinamento de voleibol e de garotas participantes de atividade física escolar. Foram avaliadas 60 voluntárias com idade entre 13 e 17 anos. Elas foram divididas em grupo voleibol (GV) - composto pelas praticantes de voleibol - e grupo controle (GC). Foram mensurados massa corporal, estatura, consumo de cálcio, DMO do corpo inteiro, da cabeça, do colo do fêmur e do triângulo de Wards e estágio de maturação sexual. Foi utilizado o teste t para amostras independentes, para comparar a diferença entre as médias dos dois grupos (p < 0,05). Os resultados mostraram que a DMO do corpo inteiro (1,174 ± 0,065), colo do fêmur (1,164 ± 0,096) e triangulo de Wards (1,111 ± 0,138) do GV é significativamente maior que a DMO do GC (corpo inteiro: 1,083 ± 0,082; colo do fêmur: 0,998 ± 0,142; triangulo de Wards: 0,944 ± 0,178). Porém, a DMO da cabeça não apresentou nenhuma diferença significativa entre os dois grupos. Portanto, a prática de voleibol apresenta-se como importante esporte para a aquisição de massa óssea durante o final da adolescência e a DMO da cabeça como um possível padrão interno de controle da amostra.
Several studies have shown that high impact weight-bearing sports are more beneficial than non-weight-bearing ones. Despite being considered a high impact sport, few studies relate it with bone mineral density (BMD) development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare BMD between female volleyball players and 60 volunteer girls aged 13-17-y who participated in this study. They were classified in Volleyball Group (VG) - who were practicing volleyball - and Control Group (CG). Body mass, height, calcium uptake, total body, head, femoral neck and Wards Triangle BMD and sexual maturation were measured. Differences between groups were analyzed by t-test for independent samples (p < 0.05). The VG was statistically higher in total body (1.174 ± 0.065), femoral neck (1.164 ± 0.096) and Wards triangle (1.111 ± 0.138) BMD than CG (total body: 1.083 ± 0.082; femoral neck: 0.998 ± 0.142; Wards triangle: 0.944 ± 0.178); however, head BMD was not different between groups. Therefore, volleyball practice is an important sport to promote bone mass acquisition during adolescence and head BMD became a possible internal standard for selection of bias control.
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Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Constituição Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Densidade Óssea , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , VoleibolRESUMO
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between health-related physical fitness and bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescents. One hundred forty-four adolescents (65 boys and 79 girls) between 15 and 18 years of age were recruited to this cross-sectional study. Subjects were evaluated in aerobic fitness, muscular fitness, flexibility, body composition, and maturation. BMD of the lumbar spine, total body, and proximal femur were measured by a dual-energy X-ray absorptionmeter. Pearson's correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses were used (p < .05). Lean body mass (LBM) and abdominal muscular fitness explained 35-40% of proximal femur BMD in whole group and boys' total body BMD (43%); however, VO2max and LBM predicted girls' total body BMD (23%). Lumbar spine BMD was predicted only by LBM for both genders (18% boys, 15% girls). In summary, lean body mass is the main predictor of bone mass during the end of adolescence, regardless of gender, whereas muscular fitness contributes more to bone mass among males than among females.