RESUMO
The gut plays a crucial role in metabolism by regulating the passage of nutrients, water and microbial-derived substances to the portal circulation. Additionally, it produces incretins, such as glucose-insulinotropic releasing peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like derived peptide 1 (GLP1, encoded by gcg gene) in response to nutrient uptake. We aimed to investigate whether offspring from overweight rats develop anomalies in the barrier function and incretin transcription. We observed pro-inflammatory related changes along with a reduction in Claudin-3 levels resulting in increased gut-permeability in fetuses and offspring from overweight rats. Importantly, we found decreased gip mRNA levels in both fetuses and offspring from overweight rats. Differently, gcg mRNA levels were upregulated in fetuses, downregulated in female offspring and unchanged in male offspring from overweight rats. When cultured with high glucose, intestinal explants showed an increase in gip and gcg mRNA levels in control offspring. In contrast, offspring from overweight rats did not exhibit any response in gip mRNA levels. Additionally, while females showed no response, male offspring from overweight rats did exhibit an upregulation in gcg mRNA levels. Furthermore, female and male offspring from overweight rats showed sex-dependent anomalies when orally challenged with a glucose overload, returning to baseline glucose levels after 120 min. These results open new research questions about the role of the adverse maternal metabolic condition in the programming of impairments in glucose homeostasis, enteroendocrine function and gut barrier function in the offspring from overweight mothers and highlight the importance of a perinatal maternal healthy metabolism.
Assuntos
Polipeptídeo Inibidor Gástrico , Sobrepeso , Ratos , Masculino , Feminino , Animais , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Polipeptídeo Inibidor Gástrico/metabolismo , Incretinas/metabolismo , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/metabolismo , Glucose/metabolismo , Peptídeos/metabolismo , Homeostase , RNA Mensageiro/genéticaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the paternal programming of sex-dependent alterations in fetoplacental growth and placental lipid metabolism regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) target genes in F1 diabetic males born from F0 pregestational diabetic rats. F1 control and diabetic male rats were mated with control female rats. On day 21 of gestation, F2 male and female fetoplacental growth, placental lipid levels, and protein and mRNA levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism and transport were evaluated. Fetal but not placental weight was increased in the diabetic group. Triglyceride, cholesterol and free fatty acid levels were increased in placentas of male fetuses from the diabetic group. The mRNA levels of Pparα and Pparγ coactivator 1α (Pgc-1α) were increased only in placentas of male fetuses from the diabetic group. Protein levels of PPARα and PGC-1α were decreased only in placentas of male fetuses from the diabetic group. No differences were found in Pparγ mRNA and protein levels in placentas from the diabetic group. The mRNA levels of genes involved in lipid synthesis showed no differences between groups, whereas the mRNA levels of genes involved in lipid oxidation and transport were increased only in placentas of male fetuses from the diabetic group. In conclusion, paternal diabetes programs fetal overgrowth and sex-dependent effects on the regulation of lipid metabolism in the placenta, where only placentas of male fetuses show an increase in lipid accumulation and mRNA expression of enzymes involved in lipid oxidation and transport pathways.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Diabetes Gestacional , Animais , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Diabetes Gestacional/genética , Diabetes Gestacional/metabolismo , Feminino , Macrossomia Fetal/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , PPAR alfa/genética , PPAR alfa/metabolismo , PPAR gama/genética , PPAR gama/metabolismo , Placenta/metabolismo , Gravidez , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Triglicerídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
Experimental models of maternal diabetes lead to the intrauterine programming of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in the offspring, together with an intrauterine proinflammatory environment, feto-placental metabolic alterations and fetal overgrowth. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the mitochondrial antioxidant Idebenone given to F0 mild pregestational diabetic rats on the development of GDM in their F1 offspring and the intergenerational programming of a pro-oxidant/proinflammatory environment that affects the placentas of F2 fetuses. Control and mild pregestational diabetic female rats (F0) were mated with control males, and Idebenone or vehicle was administered to diabetic rats from day 1 of gestation to term. The F1 female offspring were mated with control males and maternal and fetal plasma samples were obtained for metabolic determinations at term. The F2 fetuses and placentas were weighed, and placental protein levels and peroxynitrite-induced damage (immunohistochemistry), mRNA levels (PCR), nitric oxide production (Griess reaction), and number of apoptotic cells (TUNEL) were evaluated. The F1 offspring of F0 diabetic rats (treated or not with Idebenone) developed GDM. The placentas of GDM rats showed a decrease in the mRNA levels of manganese superoxide dismutase and an increase in the production of nitric oxide, peroxynitrite-induced damage, and connective tissue growth factor levels, alterations that were prevented by the maternal Idebenone treatment in F0 rats. In conclusion, the maternal treatment with Idebenone in pregestational diabetic F0 rats ameliorates the pro-oxidant/proinflammatory environment that affects the placentas of F2 fetuses, although it does not prevent F1 rats from developing GDM.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Ubiquinona/análogos & derivados , Animais , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Diabetes Gestacional/metabolismo , Feminino , Macrossomia Fetal/metabolismo , Macrossomia Fetal/fisiopatologia , Feto/metabolismo , Masculino , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Placenta/metabolismo , Gravidez , Proteínas da Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Ubiquinona/farmacologiaRESUMO
Maternal diabetes increases the risk of embryo resorptions and impairs embryo development. Decidualization is crucial for embryo development and regulated by mTOR signaling. However, little is known about how maternal diabetes affects the decidua at early postimplantation stages and whether dietary treatments enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can prevent decidual alterations. Here, we determined resorption rates, decidual mTOR pathways and markers of decidual function and remodeling in diabetic rats fed or not with diets enriched in PUFAs exclusively during the early postimplantation period. Pregestational streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino Wistar rats and controls were fed or not with diets enriched in 6% sunflower oil or 6% chia oil (enriched in n-6 or n-3 PUFAs, respectively) on days 7, 8 and 9 of pregnancy and evaluated on day 9 of pregnancy. Maternal diabetes induced an 11-fold increase in embryo resorptions, which was prevented by both PUFAs-enriched diets despite no changes in maternal glycemia. The activity of mTOR pathway was decreased in the decidua from diabetic rats, an alteration prevented by the PUFAs-enriched diets. PUFAs-enriched diets prevented increased expression of Foxo1 (a negative regulator of mTOR) and reduced expression of miR-21 (a negative regulator of Foxo1). These diets also prevented reduced markers of decidual function (leukemia inhibitory factor and IGFBP1 expression and MMPs activity) in diabetic rat decidua. We identified the early post implantation as a crucial stage for pregnancy success, in which dietary PUFAs can protect diabetic pregnancies from embryo resorptions, decidual mTOR signaling impairments, and altered markers of decidual function and remodeling.
Assuntos
Decídua/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Perda do Embrião/prevenção & controle , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/farmacologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Glicemia , Decídua/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína 1 de Ligação a Fator de Crescimento Semelhante à Insulina/genética , Proteína 1 de Ligação a Fator de Crescimento Semelhante à Insulina/metabolismo , Fator Inibidor de Leucemia/genética , Fator Inibidor de Leucemia/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Gravidez , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/genéticaRESUMO
AIMS: To address the effect of a diet enriched in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on maternal metabolic parameters and placental proinflammatory markers in Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients. METHODS: Pregnant women at 24-28 weeks of gestation were enrolled: 33 GDM patients which were randomly assigned or not to the EVOO-enriched group and 17 healthy controls. Metabolic parameters were determined. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) γ and PPARα protein expression, expression of microRNA (miR)-130a and miR-518d (which respectively target these PPAR isoforms) and levels of proinflammatory markers were evaluated in term placentas. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity was evaluated in term placentas and umbilical cord blood. RESULTS: GDM patients that received the EVOO-enriched diet showed reduced pregnancy weight gain (GDM-EVOO:10.3 ± 0.9, GDM:14.2 ± 1.4, P = .03) and reduced triglyceridemia (GDM-EVOO:231 ± 14, GDM:292 ± 21, P = .02) compared to the non-EVOO-enriched GDM group. In GDM placentas, the EVOO-enriched diet did not regulate PPARγ protein expression or miR-130a expression, but prevented the reduced PPARα protein expression (P = .02 vs GDM) and the increased miR-518d expression (P = .009 vs GDM). Increased proinflammatory markers (interleukin-1ß, tumour necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide overproduction) in GDM placentas were prevented by the EVOO-enriched diet (respectively P = .001, P = .001 and P = .01 vs GDM). MMPs overactivity was prevented in placenta and umbilical cord blood in the EVOO-enriched GDM group (MMP-9: respectively P = .01 and P = .001 vs GDM). CONCLUSIONS: A diet enriched in EVOO in GDM patients reduced maternal triglyceridemia and weight gain and has antiinflammatory properties in placenta and umbilical cord blood, possibly mediated by the regulation of PPAR pathways.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Glicemia/análise , Diabetes Gestacional/dietoterapia , Dieta , Sangue Fetal/metabolismo , Azeite de Oliva/farmacologia , Placenta/metabolismo , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Diabetes Gestacional/metabolismo , Diabetes Gestacional/patologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Humanos , Azeite de Oliva/administração & dosagem , Gravidez , PrognósticoRESUMO
In gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pregnancies, a compromised fetal liver may impact offspring's metabolic health. Here, we aimed to address prooxidant, proinflammatory and profibrotic markers in the livers from GDM rats and their fetuses, and to analyze the expression of miR-122 (a relevant microRNA in liver pathophysiology) in fetal and maternal plasma of GDM rats, as well as in the fetal livers of neonatal streptozotocin-induced (nSTZ) diabetic rats, the rats that generate GDM through intrauterine programming. GDM and nSTZ rats were evaluated on day 21 of pregnancy. We found increased nitric oxide production and lipoperoxidation in the livers from GDM rats and their fetuses compared to controls. Livers from GDM fetuses also showed increased levels of connective tissue growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-2. The expression of miRNA-122 was downregulated in the plasma from GDM rats and their male fetuses, as well as in the livers from male fetuses of nSTZ diabetic rats. miR-122 levels were regulated both in vitro through PPARγ activation and in vivo through a maternal diet enriched in PPAR ligands. Our findings revealed a prooxidant/proinflammatory environment in the livers from GDM rats and their fetuses and a dysregulation of miR-122, likely relevant in the programming of offspring's diseases.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/genética , Diabetes Gestacional/genética , Feto/embriologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Inflamação/genética , Fígado/embriologia , MicroRNAs/sangue , Útero/patologia , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , MicroRNA Circulante/sangue , MicroRNA Circulante/genética , Fator de Crescimento do Tecido Conjuntivo/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Diabetes Gestacional/sangue , Diabetes Gestacional/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Inflamação/sangue , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Masculino , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/genética , Óxido Nítrico/biossíntese , Azeite de Oliva , Oxidantes/metabolismo , Gravidez , Ratos Wistar , EstreptozocinaRESUMO
Maternal obesity programs liver derangements similar to those of NAFLD. Our main goal was to evaluate whether these liver anomalies were related to aberrant PPARα function. Obesity was induced in female Albino-Wistar rats by a fatty diet (FD rats). Several parameters related to NAFLD were evaluated in both plasma and livers from fetuses of 21 days of gestation and 140-day-old offspring. FD fetuses and offspring developed increased levels of AST and ALT, signs of inflammation and oxidative and nitrative stress-related damage. FD offspring showed dysregulation of Plin2, CD36, Cyp4A, Aco, Cpt-1, Hadha and Acaa2 mRNA levels, genes involved in lipid metabolism and no catabolic effect of the PPARα agonist clofibrate. These results suggest that the FD offspring is prone to develop fatty liver, a susceptibility that can be linked to PPARα dysfunction, and that this could in turn be related to the liver impairments programmed by maternal obesity.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica , Fígado/metabolismo , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , PPAR alfa/metabolismo , Animais , Clofibrato/farmacologia , Feminino , Feto/patologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , Fígado/embriologia , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/fisiopatologia , Masculino , PPAR alfa/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos WistarRESUMO
In a rat model of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) programmed in the offspring of neonatal streptozotocin-induced (nSTZ) diabetic rats, lipids are accumulated in the fetal liver in a sex-dependent way. Here, we evaluated whether maternal diets enriched in olive oil in rats that will develop GDM ameliorate lipid metabolic impairments in the fetal livers. Pregnant offspring of control and nSTZ diabetic rats (F0) were fed a 6% olive oil-supplemented diet throughout the F1 gestation. We evaluated maternal metabolic parameters as well as lipid content, expression of lipid metabolizing enzymes and protein expression of PLIN2, PPARs and PPAR coactivators in the fetal livers. The offspring of nSTZ diabetic rats developed GDM regardless of the maternal treatment. Hypertriglyceridemia in GDM rats was prevented by the olive oil-enriched maternal treatment. In the livers of male fetuses of GDM rats, the maternal olive oil-supplemented diet prevented lipid overaccumulation and prevented the increase in PPARγ and PPARδ levels. In the livers of female fetuses of GDM rats, the maternal olive oil supplementation prevented the increase in PPARδ levels and the reduction in PGC1α levels, but did not prevent the reduced lipid content. Control and GDM rats showed a reduction of lipid metabolic enzymes in the fetal livers, which was associated with reduced levels of the PPAR coactivators PGC-1α and SRC-1 in males and of SRC-1 in females. These results suggest powerful effects of a maternal olive oil-supplemented diet in the fetal liver, possibly providing benefits in the fetuses and offspring from GDM rats.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/dietoterapia , Diabetes Gestacional/dietoterapia , Dieta , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Fígado/embriologia , Azeite de Oliva/administração & dosagem , PPAR gama/metabolismo , Animais , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , Ligantes , Lipídeos/química , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Perilipina-2/metabolismo , Gravidez , Prenhez , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
SCOPE: Offspring from rats with mild diabetes develop gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We tested the hypothesis that an olive oil-supplemented diet attenuates placental oxidative stress/inflammation, activation of mTOR signaling, and inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and fetal overgrowth in GDM offspring from mild diabetic rats. METHODS AND RESULTS: Female offspring from rats with mild diabetes (group that developed GDM) and controls were fed with either a standard diet or a 6% olive oil-supplemented diet during pregnancy. On day 21 of pregnancy, plasma glucose levels in mothers and fetuses were increased in the GDM group independently of the diet. Fetal overgrowth and activation of placental mTOR signaling were partially prevented in the olive oil-treated GDM group. Placental PPARγ protein expression was decreased in GDM rats, independently of the diet. However, increases in placental lipoperoxidation, connective tissue growth factor, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 levels were prevented by the olive oil-enriched diet. CONCLUSION: Diets enriched with olive oil attenuate placental dysfunction and fetal overgrowth in rats with GDM induced by intrauterine programming.
Assuntos
Diabetes Gestacional/dietoterapia , Azeite de Oliva/farmacologia , Placenta/fisiopatologia , Animais , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/dietoterapia , Diabetes Gestacional/fisiopatologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , PPAR gama/metabolismo , Placenta/efeitos dos fármacos , Placenta/metabolismo , Gravidez , Ratos Wistar , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismoRESUMO
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a prevalent disease that impairs fetal metabolism and development. We have previously characterized a rat model of GDM induced by developmental programming. Here, we analyzed lipid content, the levels of the three PPAR isotypes and the expression of microRNAs that regulate PPARs expression in the liver of male and female fetuses of control and GDM rats on day 21 of pregnancy. We found increased levels of triglycerides and cholesterol in the livers of male fetuses of GDM rats compared to controls, and, oppositely, reduced levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids and free fatty acids in the livers of female fetuses of GDM rats compared to controls. Although GDM did not change PPARα levels in male and female fetal livers, PPARγ was increased in the liver of male fetuses of GDM rats, a change that occurred in parallel to a reduction in the expression of miR-130, a microRNA that targets PPARγ. In livers of female fetuses of GDM rats, no changes in PPARγ and miR-130 were evidenced, but PPARδ was increased, a change that occurred in parallel to a reduction in the expression of miR-9, a microRNA that targets PPARδ, and was unchanged in the liver of male fetuses of GDM and control rats. These results show clear sex-dependent changes in microRNAs that target different PPAR isotypes in relation to changes in the levels of their targets and the differential regulation of lipid metabolism evidenced in fetal livers of GDM pregnancies.