RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the perceptions of adolescent students from a public school, of both sexes, living in a peripheral region of the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in relation to the covid-19 pandemic, with a special focus on their experiences regarding education and sociability. METHODS: This study is part of the Global Early Adolescent Study. Seven face-to-face focus groups were conducted with adolescents between 13 and 16 years old (19 girls and 15 boys) in 2021. RESULTS: The experience of remote teaching was frustrating for the adolescents, without the daily and personalized monitoring of the teacher(s). In addition to the difficult or impossible access to devices and the lack of support from schools, there is also the domestic environment, which made the schooling process more difficult, especially for girls, who were forced to take on more household and family care tasks. The closed school blocked an important space for socialization and forced family interaction, generating conflicts and stress in the home environment. The abrupt rupture brought feelings of fear, uncertainty, anguish and loneliness. The iterative evocation of the words "stuck", "alone" and "loneliness" and the phrase "there was no one to talk to" shows how most of the adolescents experienced the period of distancing. The pandemic aggravated the objective and subjective conditions of preexisting feelings, such as "not knowing the future" and the prospects of a life project. CONCLUSION: It has been documented how pandemic control measures implemented in a fragmented way and without support for the most impoverished families have negative effects on other spheres of life, in particular for poor young people. The school is a privileged territory to propose/construct actions that help adolescents to deal with problems aggravated in/by the pandemic.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Adolescente , Pandemias , Amigos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Instituições AcadêmicasRESUMO
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To examine the perceptions of adolescent students from a public school, of both sexes, living in a peripheral region of the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in relation to the covid-19 pandemic, with a special focus on their experiences regarding education and sociability. METHODS This study is part of the Global Early Adolescent Study. Seven face-to-face focus groups were conducted with adolescents between 13 and 16 years old (19 girls and 15 boys) in 2021. RESULTS The experience of remote teaching was frustrating for the adolescents, without the daily and personalized monitoring of the teacher(s). In addition to the difficult or impossible access to devices and the lack of support from schools, there is also the domestic environment, which made the schooling process more difficult, especially for girls, who were forced to take on more household and family care tasks. The closed school blocked an important space for socialization and forced family interaction, generating conflicts and stress in the home environment. The abrupt rupture brought feelings of fear, uncertainty, anguish and loneliness. The iterative evocation of the words "stuck", "alone" and "loneliness" and the phrase "there was no one to talk to" shows how most of the adolescents experienced the period of distancing. The pandemic aggravated the objective and subjective conditions of preexisting feelings, such as "not knowing the future" and the prospects of a life project. CONCLUSION It has been documented how pandemic control measures implemented in a fragmented way and without support for the most impoverished families have negative effects on other spheres of life, in particular for poor young people. The school is a privileged territory to propose/construct actions that help adolescents to deal with problems aggravated in/by the pandemic.
RESUMO OBJETIVO Examinar as percepções de adolescentes estudantes de uma escola pública, de ambos os sexos, moradores de uma região periférica da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, em relação à pandemia de covid-19, com especial enfoque em suas experiências quanto à educação e sociabilidade. MÉTODOS Este estudo faz parte do Global Early Adolescent Study. Foram conduzidos sete grupos focais presenciais com adolescentes entre 13 e 16 anos (19 meninas e 15 meninos),em 2021. RESULTADOS A experiência do ensino remoto foi frustrante para as/os adolescentes, sem o acompanhamento cotidiano e personalizado de professoras(es). Ao acesso difícil ou impossível aos dispositivos e à ausência de suporte das escolas é acrescido o ambiente doméstico, que dificultou o processo de escolarização, em especial para as meninas, obrigadas a assumir mais tarefas de cuidado da casa e da família. A escola fechada bloqueou espaço importante de socialização e forçou o convívio familiar, gerando conflitos e estresse. A abrupta ruptura trouxe sentimentos de medo, incerteza, angústia e solidão. A evocação iterativa das palavras "presa/o", "sozinha/o" e "solidão" e da frase "não teve ninguém pra conversar" mostra como grande parte das/os adolescentes experienciou o período de distanciamento. A pandemia agravou as condições objetivas e subjetivas de sentimentos preexistentes, como "não saber o futuro" e as perspectivas de projeto de vida. CONCLUSÃO Foi documentado como medidas de controle da pandemia implementadas de forma fragmentada e sem suporte às famílias mais empobrecidas têm efeitos negativos em outras esferas da vida, em particular para jovens pobres. A escola é um território privilegiado para se propor/construir ações que auxiliem as/os adolescentes a lidar com problemas agravados na/pela pandemia.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Comportamento Social , Adolescente , Educação a Distância , Ajustamento Emocional , COVID-19 , Relações InterpessoaisRESUMO
There is a growing interest in the scientific community regarding Primary Health Care practices aiming at assessing and addressing Food and Nutrition Security. The focus is usually on outcomes, instruments and effectiveness, with no concern regarding theories or concepts. We aimed to map the theoretical frameworks regarding practices towards Food and Nutrition Security in Primary Health Care and describe its conceptualisations based on Ludwik Fleck's epistemological approach. We conducted a scoping review, including 14 databases. Within the 56 publications, the notion of Food and Nutrition Insecurity as a risk for health without further theorisations predominates. Other two minor theoretical frameworks coexist: Food and Nutrition Security as a social determinant of health and as the realisation of a human right. Few publications present Food and Nutrition Security conceptualisations. Of those who define it, there is great variability in the content and sources used. The most elaborated and homogenous conceptualisations are in the human rights group. This review exposes how the disputes surrounding a concept mostly built on policy and international relations penetrate the scientific field. When studying topics in the interface between science and health practices, notably those where controversies exist, researchers should explicitly express their theoretical and conceptual backgrounds.
Assuntos
Segurança Alimentar , Estado Nutricional , Atenção Primária à Saúde , HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the most-cited articles in public health scientific journals edited in Brazil. METHODS: Articles published between 2008 and 2010 by public health journals edited in Brazil and indexed in the Scopus database were included, and citations received up to five years after publication were ranked. We studied a total of 105 articles, as the last seven articles shared the same number of citations and so were given the same rank. RESULTS: The most-cited articles received a median of 28 citations, and the distribution ranged from 22 to 95 citations. These articles describe advances in the areas of Epidemiology (74%), Health Policies, Planning and Administration (19%), and Social and Human Sciences in Health (7%). Only half mentioned that they have received funding. About 75% of the articles were written by three or more authors and 90%, by authors affiliated to public institutions such as universities and government organizations. Fifteen individuals were responsible for authoring or coauthoring three or more of the 105 articles studied. The journals Cadernos de Saúde Pública, Revista de Saúde Pública, and Ciência & Saúde Coletiva have published the vast majority of the most-cited articles in the area (94%). CONCLUSIONS: In Brazil, the most-cited articles in public health mainly report Epidemiology research, are written by groups of authors and by researchers affiliated to public institutions and are published in journals with a greater impact. Periodical analyses of these data can show potential changes in the characteristics of articles that most attract public health scientists.
Assuntos
Bibliometria , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde Pública/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil , HumanosRESUMO
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the most-cited articles in public health scientific journals edited in Brazil. METHODS Articles published between 2008 and 2010 by public health journals edited in Brazil and indexed in the Scopus database were included, and citations received up to five years after publication were ranked. We studied a total of 105 articles, as the last seven articles shared the same number of citations and so were given the same rank. RESULTS The most-cited articles received a median of 28 citations, and the distribution ranged from 22 to 95 citations. These articles describe advances in the areas of Epidemiology (74%), Health Policies, Planning and Administration (19%), and Social and Human Sciences in Health (7%). Only half mentioned that they have received funding. About 75% of the articles were written by three or more authors and 90%, by authors affiliated to public institutions such as universities and government organizations. Fifteen individuals were responsible for authoring or coauthoring three or more of the 105 articles studied. The journals Cadernos de Saúde Pública, Revista de Saúde Pública, and Ciência & Saúde Coletiva have published the vast majority of the most-cited articles in the area (94%). CONCLUSIONS In Brazil, the most-cited articles in public health mainly report Epidemiology research, are written by groups of authors and by researchers affiliated to public institutions and are published in journals with a greater impact. Periodical analyses of these data can show potential changes in the characteristics of articles that most attract public health scientists.
Assuntos
Humanos , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto/estatística & dados numéricos , Bibliometria , Saúde Pública/estatística & dados numéricos , BrasilRESUMO
[RESUMO]. Há 40 anos, a Declaração de Alma-Ata reforçou a saúde como direito humano, apresentou a atenção primária à saúde (APS) como caminho para atingir um grau de saúde aceitável para todos e incorporou a questão alimentar e nutricional como parte integrante dos cuidados primários em saúde. O direito humano à alimentação adequada (DHAA) está intimamente relacionado com o direito à saúde, pois é requisito para a existência de condições de vida digna para promover a saúde. As particularidades históricas e a posição político-econômica da América Latina representam barreiras para a realização plena dos direitos humanos, e especialmente dos direitos sociais. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é explorar os modos pelos quais os serviços de APS podem alavancar o DHAA na América Latina. Adicionalmente, são apresentadas medidas que exemplificam como os países podem fortalecer o DHAA a partir da APS. Finalmente, o texto se propõe a resgatar o potencial emancipatório da APS na América Latina vislumbrando sua atuação na realização de direitos humanos para além do direito à saúde. O panorama apresentado demonstra a capacidade de resposta da APS no sentido de efetivar direitos humanos interdependentes da saúde no contexto latino-americano.
[ABSTRACT]. Forty years ago, the Declaration of Alma-Ata emphasized health as a human right, introduced primary health care (PHC) as a strategy to attain an acceptable level of health for all, and included the issue of food and nutrition as an integral part of PHC. The right to adequate food (RAF) is closely related to the right to health, since it is essential to ensure dignified living conditions that promote health. The historical peculiarities and the political and economic position of Latin America constitute barriers for the full realization of human rights, and especially social rights. In this sense, the present article aims to explore the modes by which PHC services can leverage the RAF in Latin America. In addition, the article describes measures that exemplify how countries can strengthen RAF through PHC. Finally, the text seeks to recover the emancipatory potential of PHC through a vision of human rights enforcement beyond the right to health. The overview shows that PHC has the capacity to fulfill human rights that are interdependent on health in the Latin American context.
[RESUMEN]. Hace 40 años, la Declaración de Alma-Ata reforzó la salud como derecho humano, presentó la atención primaria de salud (APS) como camino para alcanzar un grado de salud aceptable para todos e incorporó la alimentación y nutrición como parte de los cuidados primarios en salud. El derecho humano a la alimentación adecuada (DHAA) está íntimamente relacionado con el derecho a la salud, pues es un requisito indispensabel para la existencia de condiciones dignas para promover la salud. Las particularidades históricas y la posición político-económica de América Latina representan barreras para la promoción plena de los derechos humanos, y especialmente de los derechos sociales. En este sentido, el objetivo de este artículo es explorar la manera como los servicios de APS pueden impulsar el DHAA en América Latina. Adicionalmente, se presentan medidas que ejemplifican cómo los países pueden fortalecer el DHAA a partir de la APS. Finalmente, el texto se propone rescatar el potencial emancipatorio de la APS en América Latina vislumbrando su actuación en la promoción de derechos humanos más allá del derecho a la salud. El panorama presentado demuestra la capacidad de respuesta de la APS para hacer efectivos los derechos humanos interdependientes de la salud en el contexto latinoamericano.
Assuntos
Atenção Primária à Saúde , Segurança Alimentar , Direitos Humanos , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Segurança Alimentar , Direitos Humanos , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Segurança Alimentar , Direitos HumanosRESUMO
The authors would like to include the funding note here which was found missing in the original publication.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between personal, relational and school factors with involvement in fights with weapon among Brazilian school-age youth. METHODS: Using data from the Adolescent School-Based Health Survey 2015 (n = 102.072), we conducted multilevel logistic regression models. RESULTS: IFW was associated with female sex (OR = 0.45), and with older age (OR = 1.15), previous involvement in physical violence (OR = 2.05), history of peer verbal (OR = 1.14) and domestic victimization (OR = 2.11), alcohol use (OR = 2.42) and drug use (OR = 3.23). The relational variables (e.g., parent's supervision) were mostly negatively associated with IFW. At the school level, attending public school and attending schools in violent surroundings were both positively associated with IFW. The intraclass correlation coefficient estimated in the empty model showed that 5.77% of the variance of IFW was at school level. When all individual- and school-level variables were included in the model, the proportional changes in variance were 61.7 and 71.55%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: IFW is associated with personal, relational and school factors. Part of the variance in IFW by school is explained by characteristics of the school context.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Grupo Associado , Instituições Acadêmicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Meio Social , Violência/estatística & dados numéricos , Armas/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Brasil , Bullying/psicologia , Bullying/estatística & dados numéricos , Vítimas de Crime/psicologia , Vítimas de Crime/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Violência/psicologiaRESUMO
No contexto do HIV/AIDS, estratégias comensais são acordadas pelas famílias para reduzir riscos. Com o objetivo de identificar percepções de risco nos convívios comensais desenvolveu-se estudo qualitativo com jovens órfãos pela AIDS. Os dados foram obtidos durante entrevista com questões sobre o cotidiano. Utilizou-se a proposta de Wright Mills do artesanato intelectual, na qual os sujeitos são considerados atores históricos e sociais. As estratégias mediante a percepção de risco ao HIV/AIDS foram consideradas acordos pactuados pela família para assegurar a interação social. Foi possível observar que as estratégias incluem a restrição do toque e do contato corporal; separação de utensílios e inutilização da comida tocada por soropositivos. A percepção de risco pode ser decorrente da inconstância dos achados científicos e de crenças que reforçam o processo de estigma e discriminação.(AU)
En el contexto del VIH/SIDA, las familias acuerdan estrategias comensales para reducir riesgos. Con el objetivo de identificar percepciones de riesgo en las convivencias comensales se desarrolló un estudio cualitativo con jóvenes huérfanos debido al SIDA. Los datos se obtuvieron durante entrevista con preguntas sobre el cotidiano. Se utilizó la propuesta de Wright Mills de la artesanía intelectual, en la cual los sujetos se consideran actores históricos y sociales. Las estrategias mediante la percepción de riesgo del VIH/SIDA se consideraron acuerdos pactados por la familia para asegurar la interacción social. Fue posible observar que las estrategias incluyen la restricción del toque y del contacto corporal, separación de utensilios e inutilización de la comida tocada por personas que son seropositivas. La percepción del riesgo puede ser consecuencia de la inconstancia de los hallazgos científicos y de creencias que refuerzan el proceso de estigmatización y discriminación.(AU)
Within the HIV/AIDS context, commensal strategies are agreed upon by the families aiming to reduce risks. With the objective of identifying risk perceptions in the commensal meetings, we developed a study with youth orphaned by AIDS. Interviews produced data through questions regarding daily life. The Wright Mills' proposal about intellectual craftsmanship was used for analysis. In this approachsubjects are considered historical and social actors. The strategies used from risk perception of HIV/AIDS were assumed as agreements by the families to ensure social interaction. It was observed that strategies include restrictions for touching and body contact; separation of dishes and disposal of food touched by the HIVpositive. The risk perception found may be due to variability of scientific findings and beliefs, thus reinforcing the process of stigma and discrimination.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/transmissão , Crianças Órfãs/psicologia , Ingestão de Alimentos , Relações Interpessoais , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
RESUMO Há 40 anos, a Declaração de Alma-Ata reforçou a saúde como direito humano, apresentou a atenção primária à saúde (APS) como caminho para atingir um grau de saúde aceitável para todos e incorporou a questão alimentar e nutricional como parte integrante dos cuidados primários em saúde. O direito humano à alimentação adequada (DHAA) está intimamente relacionado com o direito à saúde, pois é requisito para a existência de condições de vida digna para promover a saúde. As particularidades históricas e a posição político- econômica da América Latina representam barreiras para a realização plena dos direitos humanos, e especialmente dos direitos sociais. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é explorar os modos pelos quais os serviços de APS podem alavancar o DHAA na América Latina. Adicionalmente, são apresentadas medidas que exemplificam como os países podem fortalecer o DHAA a partir da APS. Finalmente, o texto se propõe a resgatar o potencial emancipatório da APS na América Latina vislumbrando sua atuação na realização de direitos humanos para além do direito à saúde. O panorama apresentado demonstra a capacidade de resposta da APS no sentido de efetivar direitos humanos interdependentes da saúde no contexto latino-americano.
ABSTRACT Forty years ago, the Declaration of Alma-Ata emphasized health as a human right, introduced primary health care (PHC) as a strategy to attain an acceptable level of health for all, and included the issue of food and nutrition as an integral part of PHC. The right to adequate food (RAF) is closely related to the right to health, since it is essential to ensure dignified living conditions that promote health. The historical peculiarities and the political and economic position of Latin America constitute barriers for the full realization of human rights, and especially social rights. In this sense, the present article aims to explore the modes by which PHC services can leverage the RAF in Latin America. In addition, the article describes measures that exemplify how countries can strengthen RAF through PHC. Finally, the text seeks to recover the emancipatory potential of PHC through a vision of human rights enforcement beyond the right to health. The overview shows that PHC has the capacity to fulfill human rights that are interdependent on health in the Latin American context.
RESUMEN Hace 40 años, la Declaración de Alma-Ata reforzó la salud como derecho humano, presentó la atención primaria de salud (APS) como camino para alcanzar un grado de salud aceptable para todos e incorporó la alimentación y nutrición como parte de los cuidados primarios en salud. El derecho humano a la alimentación adecuada (DHAA) está íntimamente relacionado con el derecho a la salud, pues es un requisito indispensabel para la existencia de condiciones dignas para promover la salud. Las particularidades históricas y la posición político-económica de América Latina representan barreras para la promoción plena de los derechos humanos, y especialmente de los derechos sociales. En este sentido, el objetivo de este artículo es explorar la manera como los servicios de APS pueden impulsar el DHAA en América Latina. Adicionalmente, se presentan medidas que ejemplifican cómo los países pueden fortalecer el DHAA a partir de la APS. Finalmente, el texto se propone rescatar el potencial emancipatorio de la APS en América Latina vislumbrando su actuación en la promoción de derechos humanos más allá del derecho a la salud. El panorama presentado demuestra la capacidad de respuesta de la APS para hacer efectivos los derechos humanos interdependientes de la salud en el contexto latinoamericano.