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Temperature and humidity are studied in the context of seasonal infections in temperate and tropical zones, but the relationship between viral trends and climate variables in temperate subtropical zones remains underexplored. Our retrospective study analyzes respiratory pathogen incidence and its correlation with climate data in a subtropical zone. Retrospective observational study at Moinhos de Vento Hospital, South Brazil, aiming to assess seasonal trends in respiratory pathogens, correlating them with climate data. The study included patients of all ages from various healthcare settings, with data collected between April 2022 and July 2023. Biological samples were analyzed for 24 pathogens using polymerase chain reaction and hybridization techniques; demographic variables were also collected. The data was analyzed descriptively and graphically. Spearman tests and Poisson regression were used as correlation tests. Tests were clustered according to all pathogens, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza viruses, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Between April 2022 and July 2023, 3329 tests showed a 71.6% positivity rate. Rhinovirus and RSV predominated, exhibiting seasonal patterns. Temperature was inversely correlated with the viruses, notably rhinovirus, but SARS-CoV-2 was positively correlated. Air humidity was positively correlated with all pathogens, RSV, rhinovirus, and atmospheric pressure with all pathogens and rhinovirus. Our results showed statistically significant correlations, with modest effect sizes. Our study did not evaluate causation effects. Despite the correlation between climate and respiratory pathogens, our work suggests additional factors influencing transmission dynamics. Our findings underscore the complex interplay between climate and respiratory infections in subtropical climates.
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COVID-19 , Umidade , Estações do Ano , Temperatura , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/virologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Criança , Adolescente , Pré-Escolar , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Lactente , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Clima , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Clima Tropical , Recém-Nascido , Rhinovirus/genética , Rhinovirus/isolamento & purificação , Incidência , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/epidemiologia , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/virologia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou maisRESUMO
With the coexistence of multiple lineages and increased international travel, recombination and gene flow are likely to become increasingly important in the adaptive evolution of SARS-CoV-2. These processes could result in genetic introgression and the incipient parallel evolution of multiple recombinant lineages. However, identifying recombinant lineages is challenging, and the true extent of recombinant evolution in SARS-CoV-2 may be underestimated. This study describes the first SARS-CoV-2 Deltacron recombinant case identified in Brazil. We demonstrate that the recombination breakpoint is at the beginning of the Spike gene. The 5' genome portion (circa 22 kb) resembles the AY.101 (Delta), and the 3' genome portion (circa 8 kb nucleotides) is most similar to the BA.1.1 (Omicron). Furthermore, evolutionary genomic analyses indicate that the new strain emerged after a single recombination event between lineages of diverse geographical locations in December 2021 in South Brazil. This Deltacron, AYBA-RS, is one of the dozens of recombinants described in 2022. The submission of only four sequences in the GISAID database suggests that this lineage had a minor epidemiological impact. However, the recent emergence of this and other Deltacron recombinant lineages (XD, XF, and XS) suggests that gene flow and recombination may play an increasingly important role in the COVID-19 pandemic. We explain the evolutionary and population genetic theory that supports this assertion, concluding that this stresses the need for continued genomic surveillance. This monitoring is vital for countries where multiple variants are present, as well as for countries that receive significant inbound international travel.
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Background: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 19 has led to measures of social distancing and quarantine worldwide. This stressful period may lead to psychological problems, including changes in substance use. In addition, sociodemographic factors are linked to changed levels of drug use and abuse observed during the COVID-19 pandemic, which are also associated with increased anxiety, depression, and other disorders. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate (i) changes in drug use during the COVID-19 pandemic associated with social distancing, and (ii) to verify factors associated with those changes. Methods: A web-based cross-sectional observational survey was completed by a self-selected adult general population in Brazil (N = 2,435) during September/October 2020 (first wave) before and throughout the pandemic. Key outcomes: social distancing, self-reported drug use (ASSIST), and emotional states (DASS-21). Results: High social distancing was associated with fewer chances (prevalence ratio) of increased drug use for alcohol (0.71, CI95%: 0.64-0.80), tobacco (0.72; CI95%: 0.60-0.87), cannabis (0.65; CI95%: 0.55-0.78), and others. Low social distancing presented a higher DASS-21 score for anxiety (P = 0.017). Concerning covariates analysis by a general linear model, men (alcohol: 1. 71; cannabis: 3.86), younger age (alcohol: 0.97), less education (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and cocaine/crack comparing several lower schooling categories vs. higher education), lower income (alcohol: 0.42; tobacco: 0.47; and cannabis: 0.36), and higher depression DASS-21 score (alcohol: 1.05; tobacco: 1.08; cannabis: 1.07; and cocaine/crack: 1.07) were associated with higher use prevalence of several drugs. Conclusions: Individuals reporting low social distancing increased the use of most drugs during the pandemic, while high social distancing significantly decreased drug use. Anxiety and depressive states and several sociodemographic factors (men; lower income; less education) were associated with higher drug use patterns.
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BACKGROUND: This study aims to identify the association between parenting styles and behavioral changes among adolescents regarding the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine/crack. METHODS: A group of ninety-nine adolescents (39 girls and 60 boys), aged 14 to 19 years (17.05 ± 1.51), who called in to a call center that provides counseling to substance users, was followed-up for 30 days. Data collection occurred between March 2009 and October 2015. The adolescents answered questions regarding parental responsiveness and demanding nature on a scale to assess parental styles and provided sociodemographic data, substance abuse consumption characteristics, and the Contemplation Ladder scale score. RESULTS: The parental styles most reported by the adolescents were authoritative (30%) and indulgent (28%). Children who perceived their mothers as having an indulgent style and who had absent fathers presented more difficulties in making behavioral changes to avoid alcohol and cocaine/crack consumption. CONCLUSION: The study found that parent-child relationships were associated with a lack of change in the adolescent regarding substance use behavior, particularly the consumption of alcohol and cocaine/crack.
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Relações Pais-Filho , Poder Familiar , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cocaína Crack , Pai , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mães , Estudos Prospectivos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/prevenção & controle , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Being under the influence during choice between drug and nondrug options can have a dramatic effect on choice outcomes. When rats face a choice between cocaine and sweet water and are not under the influence, they prefer sweet water. In contrast, when they are under the influence of cocaine, this causes them to shift their choice to cocaine nearly exclusively. Here we sought to characterize the behavioral mechanisms underlying the influence of cocaine on choice. In theory, rats under the influence of cocaine should be in a mixed motivational state, at least temporarily, with both their motivation for cocaine and their motivation for the nondrug option suppressed by the drug satiating and anorexic effects of cocaine, respectively. For this mixed state to shift choice to cocaine, the satiated motivation for cocaine should recover before the suppressed motivation for the preferred nondrug option. The goal of the present study was to test this prediction in rats that expressed a preference for sweet water after extended access to cocaine self-administration. We measured their choice and response latencies to each option after pre-trial, passive administration of cocaine to estimate the duration of its drug satiating and anorexic effects. As expected, pre-trial cocaine caused most rats to shift their choice to cocaine. Though this shift was not simply due to a longer latency to respond for sweet water than for cocaine after pre-trial cocaine, it nevertheless occurred while rats' motivation for the nondrug option was still partially suppressed. Thus, cocaine seems to bias choice toward more cocaine mainly via suppression of the nondrug option.
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Cocaína/administração & dosagem , Animais , Condicionamento Operante , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , AutoadministraçãoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Methylphenidate is a psychostimulant medication used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. However, it has also been used for non-medical purposes, e.g. to produce euphoria, to increase self-esteem, and to achieve the so-called neurocognitive enhancement, decreasing the feeling of tiredness and increasing focus and attention. OBJECTIVE: To describe, from theoretical and contextual points of view, the potential for abuse and non-medical use of methylphenidate. METHOD: The PubMed, SciELO and Cochrane databases were searched using the following keywords in Portuguese: metilfenidato, transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade, facilitadores dos processos cognitivos or agentes nootrópicos, and abuso de substâncias; and in English: methylphenidate, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, cognitive enhancement or nootropic agents, and substance abuse. Studies published between 1990 and 2010 were selected for review. RESULTS: Non-medical use of methylphenidate is a relevant topic that raises important ethical and scientific questions in several areas, e.g. pharmacological and neurobiological characteristics, evidence of methylphenidate use, forms of non-medical use of methylphenidate, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic application of methylphenidate. According to the review, methylphenidate can generally influence performance as a result of its stimulatory effect. Notwithstanding, evidence does not support the conclusion that it can enhance cognitive performance. CONCLUSION: Health professionals need to acquire expert knowledge and inform patients and their families on the methylphenidate potential for abuse when used with non-medical purposes.
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INTRODUCTION: Methylphenidate is a psychostimulant medication used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. However, it has also been used for non-medical purposes, e.g. to produce euphoria, to increase self-esteem, and to achieve the so-called neurocognitive enhancement, decreasing the feeling of tiredness and increasing focus and attention. OBJECTIVE: To describe, from theoretical and contextual points of view, the potential for abuse and non-medical use of methylphenidate. METHOD: The PubMed, SciELO and Cochrane databases were searched using the following keywords in Portuguese: metilfenidato, transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade, facilitadores dos processos cognitivos or agentes nootrópicos, and abuso de substâncias; and in English: methylphenidate, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, cognitive enhancement or nootropic agents, and substance abuse. Studies published between 1990 and 2010 were selected for review. RESULTS: Non-medical use of methylphenidate is a relevant topic that raises important ethical and scientific questions in several areas, e.g. pharmacological and neurobiological characteristics, evidence of methylphenidate use, forms of non-medical use of methylphenidate, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic application of methylphenidate. According to the review, methylphenidate can generally influence performance as a result of its stimulatory effect. Notwithstanding, evidence does not support the conclusion that it can enhance cognitive performance. CONCLUSION: Health professionals need to acquire expert knowledge and inform patients and their families on the methylphenidate potential for abuse when used with non-medical purposes.
INTRODUÇÃO: O metilfenidato é um medicamento psicoestimulante usado no tratamento do transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade e da narcolepsia. No entanto, a droga também vem sendo utilizada com fins não terapêuticos, por exemplo para produzir euforia, aumentar a autoestima e obter o chamado aprimoramento neurocognitivo, diminuindo a sensação de cansaço e aumentando o foco e a atenção. OBJETIVO: Descrever, sob o ponto de vista teórico e contextual, o potencial de abuso do metilfenidato quando usado com fins não terapêuticos. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma pesquisa nos bancos de dados PubMed, SciELO e Cochrane, utilizando os seguintes termos em português: metilfenidato, transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade, facilitadores dos processos cognitivos or agentes nootrópicos e abuso de substâncias; e, em inglês: methylphenidate, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, cognitive enhancement or nootropic agents e substance abuse. Foram selecionados estudos publicados entre 1990 e 2010. RESULTADOS: O uso não terapêutico do metilfenidato é um tema relevante e que suscita questões científicas e éticas importantes sob diversos aspectos, por exemplo características farmacológicas e neurobiológicas, evidência de uso da droga, formas não terapêuticas de uso, mecanismos de ação e aplicação terapêutica do metilfenidato. De acordo com a revisão o metilfenidato pode, em geral, influenciar o desempenho como resultado de seu efeito estimulatório. No entanto, independentemente disso, as evidências não apoiam a conclusão de que ele possa promover um melhor desempenho cognitivo. CONCLUSÃO: É importante que profissionais da saúde tenham conhecimento e informem os pacientes e suas famílias sobre o potencial de abuso do metilfenidato quando usado com fins não terapêuticos.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Metilfenidato/farmacologia , Nootrópicos , Transtornos de Deficit da Atenção e do Comportamento Disruptivo/complicações , Metilfenidato , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Transtornos de Deficit da Atenção e do Comportamento Disruptivo/psicologiaRESUMO
A cessação do tabagismo traz benefícios à saúde, pois indivíduos que param de fumar evitam a maioria das doenças associadas ao tabaco. Objetiva-se revisar as características fundamentais e eficácia das intervenções farmacológicas e psicossociais para o tratamento dos tabagistas, apresentando dados de revisões tipo meta-análises e de ensaios clínico randomizados. Intervenções farmacológicas como a terapia de reposição de nicotina e a bupropiona e intervenções psicossociais como a terapia cognitivo-comportamental e a intervenção motivacional face a face e por telefone demonstram eficácia. A farmacoterapia aumenta a chance de abstinência em 2 vezes e as intervenções psicossociais face a face ou por telefone em 1,5 a 2,5 vezes em relação a tabagistas recebendo intervenções controles. Estes dados fornecem subsídios para profissionais de saúde decidirem qual o melhor tratamento para o tabagista, informando as intervenções disponíveis, sua eficácia e o benefício de sua utilização.(AU)
Smoking cessation is associated to health benefits, because individuals who stop smoking will avoid most tobacco-related disorders. Our aim was to review the most important characteristics and the efficacy of the pharmacological and psychossocial treatments available for tobacco smokers, presenting meta-analysis and randomized clinical trials fundamental conclusions. Pharmacological interventions involving nicotine replacement and antidepressant use, with bupropion as the first line agent, and psychossocial interventions involving cognitive behavioral therapies and face-to-face or phone-based motivational interventions are proving to be efficacious. Pharmacotherapies increase two-fold the chance of abstinence and face-to-face or phone-based psychosocial interventions increase the chance of quitting smoking in 1.5 to 2.5 times in comparison to individuals who try to quit smoking by themselves. These data support health professionals to decide the most effective treatment for individual smokers, according to the available interventions tested, their efficacy and the benefits of use.(AU)
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Nicotiana , Tabagismo/efeitos adversos , Tabagismo/psicologia , Tabagismo/terapia , Farmacologia/métodos , Tratamento Farmacológico/psicologiaRESUMO
A cessação do tabagismo traz benefícios à saúde, pois indivíduos que param de fumar evitam a maioria das doenças associadas ao tabaco. Objetiva-se revisar as características fundamentais e eficácia das intervenções farmacológicas e psicossociais para o tratamento dos tabagistas, apresentando dados de revisões tipo meta-análises e de ensaios clínico randomizados. Intervenções farmacológicas como a terapia de reposição de nicotina e a bupropiona e intervenções psicossociais como a terapia cognitivo-comportamental e a intervenção motivacional face a face e por telefone demonstram eficácia. A farmacoterapia aumenta a chance de abstinência em 2 vezes e as intervenções psicossociais face a face ou por telefone em 1,5 a 2,5 vezes em relação a tabagistas recebendo intervenções controles. Estes dados fornecem subsídios para profissionais de saúde decidirem qual o melhor tratamento para o tabagista, informando as intervenções disponíveis, sua eficácia e o benefício de sua utilização.
Smoking cessation is associated to health benefits, because individuals who stop smoking will avoid most tobacco-related disorders. Our aim was to review the most important characteristics and the efficacy of the pharmacological and psychossocial treatments available for tobacco smokers, presenting meta-analysis and randomized clinical trials fundamental conclusions. Pharmacological interventions involving nicotine replacement and antidepressant use, with bupropion as the first line agent, and psychossocial interventions involving cognitive behavioral therapies and face-to-face or phone-based motivational interventions are proving to be efficacious. Pharmacotherapies increase two-fold the chance of abstinence and face-to-face or phone-based psychosocial interventions increase the chance of quitting smoking in 1.5 to 2.5 times in comparison to individuals who try to quit smoking by themselves. These data support health professionals to decide the most effective treatment for individual smokers, according to the available interventions tested, their efficacy and the benefits of use.
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Farmacologia/métodos , Tratamento Farmacológico/psicologia , Nicotiana , Tabagismo/efeitos adversos , Tabagismo/psicologia , Tabagismo/terapiaRESUMO
Este estudo teve por objetivo descrever o modelo de aconselhamento telefônico reativo para tabagistas, utilizado pelo VIVAVOZ. Discute-se a importância do aconselhamento telefônico reativo no processo de cessação do consumo de tabaco. O estudo baseia-se em relato de caso de uma tabagista que procurou o VIVAVOZ Serviço Nacional de Informações e Orientações sobre Drogas para auxiliá-la na mudança de seu comportamento dependente. Os instrumentos aplicados na avaliação incluíram o Questionário de Tolerância de Fagerström, História Tabagística, Avaliação do Consumo e as escalas URICA e Ladder. O modelo apresentado demonstrou resultados positivos, neste caso específico, no processo de motivação para cessação do consumo de tabaco, aumentando o período de abstinência e as tentativas de parada.(AU)