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Background: Streptococcus mutans orchestrates the development of a biofilm that causes dental caries in the presence of dietary sucrose, and, in the bloodstream, S. mutans can cause systemic infections. The development of a cariogenic biofilm is dependent on the formation of an extracellular matrix rich in exopolysaccharides, which contains extracellular DNA (eDNA) and lipoteichoic acids (LTAs). While the exopolysaccharides are virulence markers, the involvement of genes linked to eDNA and LTAs metabolism in the pathogenicity of S. mutans remains unclear. Objective and Design: In this study, a parental strain S. mutans UA159 and derivative strains carrying single gene deletions were used to investigate the role of eDNA (ΔlytS and ΔlytT), LTA (ΔdltA and ΔdltD), and insoluble exopolysaccharides (ΔgtfB) in virulence in a rodent model of dental caries (rats) and a systemic infection model (Galleria mellonella larvae). Results: Fewer carious lesions were observed on smooth and sulcal surfaces of enamel and dentin of the rats infected with ∆lytS, ∆dltD, and ΔgtfB (vs. the parental strain). Moreover, strains carrying gene deletions prevented the killing of larvae (vs. the parental strain). Conclusions: Altogether, these findings indicate that inactivation of lytST and dltAD impaired S. mutans cariogenicity and virulence in vivo.
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Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic fungal infection of the oral cavity with increasingly worldwide prevalence and incidence rates. Novel specifically-targeted strategies to manage this ailment have been proposed using essential oils (EO) known to have antifungal properties. In this study, we aim to investigate the antifungal activity and mode of action of the EO from Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander) leaves on Candida spp. In addition, we detected the molecular targets affected in whole-genome expression in human cells. The EO phytochemical profile indicates monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes as major components, which are likely to negatively impact the viability of yeast cells. There seems to be a synergistic activity of the EO chemical compounds as their isolation into fractions led to a decreased antimicrobial effect. C. sativum EO may bind to membrane ergosterol, increasing ionic permeability and causing membrane damage leading to cell death, but it does not act on cell wall biosynthesis-related pathways. This mode of action is illustrated by photomicrographs showing disruption in biofilm integrity caused by the EO at varied concentrations. The EO also inhibited Candida biofilm adherence to a polystyrene substrate at low concentrations, and decreased the proteolytic activity of Candida albicans at minimum inhibitory concentration. Finally, the EO and its selected active fraction had low cytotoxicity on human cells, with putative mechanisms affecting gene expression in pathways involving chemokines and MAP-kinase (proliferation/apoptosis), as well as adhesion proteins. These findings highlight the potential antifungal activity of the EO from C. sativum leaves and suggest avenues for future translational toxicological research.
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Antifúngicos/química , Candida/fisiologia , Coriandrum/química , Genoma Humano/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos Voláteis/química , Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/toxicidade , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Moléculas de Adesão Celular/genética , Moléculas de Adesão Celular/metabolismo , Quimiocinas/genética , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Coriandrum/metabolismo , Ergosterol/química , Ergosterol/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Células HeLa , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Óleos Voláteis/metabolismo , Óleos Voláteis/toxicidade , Folhas de Planta/química , Folhas de Planta/metabolismoRESUMO
Objectives. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a Schinus terebinthifolius (ST) mouthwash in reducing gingival inflammation levels (GI) and biofilm accumulation (BA) in children with gingivitis. Methods. This was a randomized, controlled, triple blind, and phase II clinical trial, with children aged 9-13 years (n = 27) presenting with biofilm-induced gingivitis. The sample was randomized into experimental (0.3125% ST, n = 14) and control (0.12% chlorhexidine/CHX, n = 13) groups. Products were masked as regards color, flavor and aroma. Intervention protocol consisted in supervised rinsing of 10 mL/day for 01 minute for 10 days. Gingival bleeding and simplified oral hygiene indexes were used to assess the efficacy variables, measured at baseline and after intervention by calibrated examiners. Data were statistically treated with paired t-test, unpaired t-test, and Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests ( α = .05). Results. It was found that both ST and CHX were able to significantly reduce GI levels after 10 days (P < 0.001) and there was no significant difference between them (P > 0.05). CHX was the only product able to significantly reduce BA after 10 days when compared to baseline (P < 0.05). Conclusion. ST mouthwash showed significant anti-inflammatory activity (equivalent to CHX), but it was not able to reduce biofilm accumulation.
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OBJECTIVE: To conduct a comparative study between two techniques for assessment of alveolar bone loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Absolute and relative techniques were evaluated. The sample consisted of 16 radiographs supposed to meet a single criterion: The reference points applied (Cementum-enamel junction (CEJ) alveolar bone crest and root apex) should be visible. Bone height was measured in the selected radiographs as the percentage of root length through both techniques. Data were submitted to the Statistical Package for Social Science software. Results obtained by both methods were converted into bone loss index values and then categorized. Sensitivity and specificity of the relative technique, compared to the absolute technique, were calculated. Wilcoxon test and the Bland and Altman's method were employed for comparisons. Significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: For the absolute and relative techniques, means of bone loss index were respectively of 4.81 (±2.25) and 4.75 (±1.80). Bone loss index ≥6 (alveolar bone loss ≥50%) was found in 5 (31.2%) teeth, in the absolute technique, and in 4 (25%) teeth, according to the relative technique. There was no statistically significant difference between both methods (P>0.05). According to the Bland and Altman's method, it was verified a bias of 0.06, and limits of upper and lower agreement of, respectively, 1.58 and -1.45. Sensitivity of 0.8 and specificity of 1 were found for the relative technique compared to the absolute one. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between the techniques evaluated, and the relative technique was found to be reliable for measuring alveolar bone loss.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anti-fungal activity of a tincture from Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree) on Candida albicans (ATCC 289065), a micro-organism associated with fungal infections of the oral cavity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were determined through microdilution technique, as well as the microbial growth curve of C. albicans promoted by S. terebinthifolius. In addition, this study investigated a possible activity of the product on the fungal cell wall and its biological activity on fungal morphology. Nystatin was used as control and all tests were performed in triplicate. RESULTS: S. terebinthifolius showed MIC of 312.5 µg/mL and MFC of 2500 µg/mL upon the strain tested, while Nystatin showed MIC and MFC of 6.25 µg/mL. As regards the microbial growth curve, S. terebinthifolius was able to significantly reduce the number of CFU/mL when compared to growth control until the time of 60 min. In the times 120 and 180 min there was no statistically significant difference between the growth control and the experimental product. S. terebinthifolius possibly acts on the fungal cell wall, once the sorbitol test indicated a MIC of 1250 µg/mL. In the fungal morphology, a reduction was observed of pseudo-hyphae, chlamydoconidia and blastoconidia in the presence of the experimental product. CONCLUSION: S. terebinthifolius showed anti-fungal activity against C. albicans, inhibiting, probably, the fungal cell wall formation.
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Anacardiaceae/química , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Candida albicans/química , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Objetivo: Verificar a aderência do Streptococcus mutans à superfície de dois tipos de braquetes ortodônticos. Material e Métodos: foram testados braquetes metálicos (n=3) e de policarbonato (n=3), de acordo com os seguintes grupos:G1 (2 mL de caldo BHI e 140 μL do inóculo), G2 (2 mL de caldo BHI com sacarose e 140 μL do inóculo) e G3 (2 mL decaldo BHI - controle de esterilidade). Um braquete de cada material foi submergido em cada solução (G1, G2 e G3), as quais foram incubadas a 37ºC/24h em microaerofilia.Posteriormente, cada braquete foi transferido para um tubo de ensaio contendo 2 mL de solução fisiológica estéril, que foi submetida a diluições seriadas. Alíquotas de 0,02 mL de cada diluição foram inoculadas em triplicata em placas de Petri contendo meio de cultura MSB pela técnica da gota. As placas foram incubadas a 37ºC/48h em microaerofilia para contagem das UFC/mL. Resultados: As médias do número de UFC/mL para os braquetes incubados em G1 foram 6,3.102(metálico) e 1.102 (policarbonato). Para G2 as médias foram5,6.105 (metálico) e 2,4.105 (policarbonato). Houve diferença quanto ao número de UFC/mL aderidas aos braquetes incubados em G1. Entretanto, não se verificou diferença para as amostras incubadas em G2. Conclusão: Os achadosdo presente estudo permitem concluir que, na ausência desacarose, houve maior aderência de S. mutans às superfícies dos braquetes metálicos. Todavia, quando na presença de sacarose, não houve diferença na aderência bacteriana aos braquetes metálicos e de policarbonato.
Objective: to verify Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175)adherence to the surface of two types of orthodontic brackets. Material and Methods: Three metal and three polycarbonate brackets were used and testes according to the following groups: G1 (2 mL of BHI broth plus 140 μL ofinoculum), G2 (2 mL of BHI broth containing sucrose plus 140μL of inoculum) and G3 (2 mL of BHI broth - sterility control).A bracket of each type was immersed in each solution (G1,G2 or G3). All solutions were incubated at 37°C/24h,microaerophilic. Then, each bracket was transferred to atest-tube containing 2 mL of sterile saline solution, whichunderwent serial dilutions. Aliquots of 0.02 mL from eachdilution were inoculated in triplicate on Petri-plates containing MSB culture medium through drop technique. Plates were incubated at 37ºC, microaerophilics. After 48h, it wasperformed the CFU/mL counting. Results: CFU/mL means forthe brackets immersed in G1 were 6.3x102 (metal) and 1x102(polycarbonate). For G2, the means were 5.6x105 (metal)and 2.4x105 (polycarbonate). Difference was found for thenumber of CFU/mL adhered to the surfaces of bracketsincubated in G1. Nevertheless, no difference was verifiedfor the group incubated in G2. Conclusion: It is estimated thatthere are differences between metal and polycarbonatebrackets surfaces. Presence of sucrose enhancedadherence of microorganisms to the surfaces evaluated.
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Aderência Bacteriana , Biofilmes , Braquetes OrtodônticosRESUMO
Variations in the response to dental treatments may be due to several factors, including genetic variability. Pharmacogenomics is the application of genomics technology to the development of specific drugs and its relationship with dentistry is a recent area of research. This paper aims to discuss the relationship between pharmacogenomics and dental practice, focusing on clinical implications and current researches. It was used technique of documentation based on literature available at Scielo (Scientific Electronic Library Online) and MEDLINE between 2000 and 2010. Diseases and disorders can be associated with misspellings or genetic mutations. The knowledge of how genetic variation interferes in the response to treatment will allow the development of drugs to be used, for instance, in oral and systemic infection therapy; for the management of oral lesions (e.g. herpes, squamous cell carcinoma), bone resorption (e.g. periodontal diseases); chronic oral and facial pain; for the management of autoimmune and temporomandibular joint disorders. Periodontics, Cariology, Oral Pathology, among other areas, represent a vast field of research yet to be explored. In summary, dentistry begins to show an increasingly close relationship with pharmacogenomics, which may result in the development and improvement of treatment modalities more individualized and potentially more effective.
Variações na resposta aos tratamentos odontológicos ocorrem devido a vários fatores, incluindo variabilidade genética. Farmacogenômica é a aplicação da tecnologia genômica para o desenvolvimento de fármacos específicos, e sua relação com a odontologia é uma área recente de pesquisa. Este trabalho objetiva discutir a relação entre farmacogenômica e a prática odontológica, enfocando as implicações clínicas e pesquisas atuais. Foi utilizada técnica de documentação com base na literatura disponível no Scielo e MEDLINE, entre 2000 e 2010. Doenças e distúrbios podem ser associados a erros de transcrição ou mutações genéticas. O conhecimento de como a variação genética interfere na resposta ao tratamento vai permitir o desenvolvimento de medicamentos a serem utilizados, como na terapia de infecção oral e sistêmica, para o manejo de lesões orais (por exemplo, herpes, carcinoma de células escamosas); reabsorção óssea (por exemplo, doenças periodontais); dores orais e faciais crônicas; doenças autoimunes e distúrbios da articulação temporomandibular. Periodontia, Cariologia, Patologia Oral, entre outras áreas, representam um vasto campo de investigação a ser ainda explorado. Em síntese, a Odontologia vem apresentando uma relação cada vez mais estreita com a farmacogenômica, que pode resultar no desenvolvimento e aperfeiçoamento de modalidades de tratamento mais individualizado e potencialmente mais eficaz.
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OBJETIVO: Relatar a experiência da integração ensino-serviço do componente curricular obrigatório Estágio Supervisionado IX do Curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF) do município de João Pessoa-PB, na promoção da saúde à comunidade adstrita. RESULTADOS: Através da disciplina de Estágio Supervisionado IX, foi possível desenvolver atividades na USF de promoção e atenção à saúde, com o objetivo de ampliar os mecanismos de interação entre a UFPB e o serviço de saúde, permitindo adequar a formação dos estudantes, futuros profissionais da saúde, para um modelo de atenção universal, equitativo e de qualidade, que sirva às necessidades da população. CONCLUSÃO: A aprendizagem nos serviços potencializa o desenvolvimento curricular, favorece a aproximação das instituições de ensino superior com a comunidade, e oportuniza um espaço para reflexão crítica para a busca de solução para os reais problemas de saúde
OBJECTIVE: To report an experience on a service-learning integration process between the curricular component 'Supervised training IX' of the School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba (FUPB) and a Family Health Unit (FHU) in Joao Pessoa - PB. RESULTS: It was possible to develop activities at the FHU concerning to health promotion and care in view of broadening interaction mechanisms between FUPB and the health service as a model for universal care, equitable and qualified, which may give feedback to the population's demands. CONCLUSION: Learning in the services potentiates curricular development, favors an approach between higher education institutions and community, and provides a room for critical reflections on the search for solving actual health problems
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Humanos , Saúde Bucal , Odontologia Comunitária , Serviços de SaúdeRESUMO
O uso abusivo das substâncias psicoativas (SPA) constitui um dos mais importantes problemas de saúde pública mundial. A família está implicada no desenvolvimento saudável, ou não, de seus membros, já que ela é entendida como sendo o elo que os une às diversas esferas da sociedade e, portanto, exerce considerável influência em relação ao uso ou não de drogas. Objetivo: Revisar o conhecimento científico acerca do papel da família enquanto fator de prevenção ao uso de SPA. Metodologia: Utilizou-se uma abordagem indutiva e técnica documental baseada na literatura pré-existente em artigos científicos nacionais e internacionais, teses e livros. Resultados: A maioria dos estudos aponta a família como sendo um fator de risco para o uso de drogas, principalmente na adolescência. Entretanto, a família pode atuar também no sentido de proteção ao indivíduo antes mesmo que ele tenha um primeiro contato com as drogas, estando o diálogo e outros fatores como filosofia basilar. Fortes vínculos familiares, estabelecimento de regras e limites claros e coerentes, o monitoramento e a supervisão, o apoio, a negociação e a comunicação, convencionalismo e equilíbrio são considerados como fatores que protegem o adolescente do uso de drogas. Conclusão: Diversos estudos apontam a importância da família para a formação e o desenvolvimento dos indivíduos, atuando potencialmente como fator de prevenção ao uso de substâncias psicoativas.
The use of psychoactive substances (PAS) is one of the most considerable public health problems worldwide. The family is involved in a healthy development, or not, of its members, as it is perceived as being the link that unites the various spheres of society and therefore exerts considerable influence over the use or non-use of drugs. Objective: To review the knowledge about the role of the family in preventing the use of psychoactive substances. Methods: It was used an inductive approach and technical documentation based on pre-existing literature on national and international scientific papers, theses and books. Results: Most studies point out the family as a risk factor for drug use, especially in adolescence. However, the family may also act in order to protect the individual before he or she even has a first contact with drugs, being dialogue and other factors as basic philosophy. Strong family ties, establishment of rules and clear and consistent limits, monitoring and supervision, support, negotiation and communication, conventionalism and balance are considered factors that protect the adolescent from the use of drugs. Conclusion: Several studies point out the importance of family in the formation and development of individuals, acting potentially as a preventive factor to the use of psychoactive substances.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Psicotrópicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de SubstânciasRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the cariogenic potential of soy-based drinks available in the Brazilian market. METHODS: Three soy-based beverages from different trademarks (Ades®, Mais Vita® and Sollys®) were evaluated. For each brand, 04 flavors were analyzed (original, pineapple, orange and grape juices). Total Soluble Solid Content (TSSC), Reducing Sugars (RS), Non-reducing Sugars (NRS) and Total Sugars (TS) contents were assessed. Analyses were performed in triplicate. Data gathered underwent analysis of variance (ANOVA), and type I error (α) was set at 0.05. RESULTS: TSSC values ranged between 8.25 and 15.00 ºBrix for all samples. There were no differences in TSSC levels between original and fruit juice-added soy drinks. RS have not been detected in any of the original soy beverages. Concerning to the drinks containing fruit juices, Mais Vita® grape significantly revealed the highest RS levels (P<0.05). For NRS and TS, analyses indicated Ades® and Mais Vita® original contain levels significantly (P<0.05) lower than the corresponding fruit juice-added drinks. CONCLUSION: There is no difference in TSSC values between original and fruit juice-added soy drinks and most beverages containing fruit-juices presented higher levels of TS and sucrose when compared to the original soy drink, what might lead to an increased cariogenic potential.
OBJETIVO: Avaliar o potencial cariogênico de bebidas à base de soja disponíveis no mercado brasileiro. METODOLOGIA: Três bebidas de soja de diferentes marcas comerciais (Ades®, Mais Vita® e Sollys®) e sabores (original, abacaxi, laranja e uva) foram analisadas. Verificaram-se os Teores de Sólidos Solúveis Totais (TSST) e de Açúcares Redutores (AR), Não-redutores (ANR) e Totais (AT). As análises foram realizadas em triplicata e os dados submetidos à Análise de Variância (ANOVA), com erro α de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os valores TSST variaram de 8,25 a 15,00 ºBrix para todas as amostras, não havendo diferenças entre as bebidas originais e as acrescidas de sucos de fruta. Não foram detectados AR nas amostras de bebidas originais. Quanto às formulações contendo sucos de fruta, o Mais Vita® uva apresentou os mais altos níveis de AR (P<0,05). Quanto à ANR e AT, Ades® e Mais Vita® Originais revelaram teores significantemente menores que as bebidas acrescidas de sucos de fruta (P<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferença no TSST entre as bebidas de soja originais e as acrescidas de sucos de fruta. A maioria das formulações contendo suco de fruta apresentou teores mais altos de AT e sacarose quando comparados à respectiva bebida original, o que pode resultar em um maior potencial cariogênico do produto.