RESUMO
Altered aerobic glycolysis is a well-recognized characteristic of cancer cell energy metabolism, known as the Warburg effect. Even in the presence of abundant oxygen, a majority of tumor cells produce substantial amounts of energy through a high glycolytic metabolism, and breast cancer (BC) is no exception. Breast cancer continues to be the second leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in women worldwide. However, the precise role of aerobic glycolysis in the development of BC remains elusive. Therefore, the present review attempts to address the implication of key enzymes of the aerobic glycolytic pathway including hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose transporters (GLUTs), together with related signaling pathways including protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and transcription factors (c-myc, p53 and HIF-1) in the research of BC. Thus, the review of aerobic glycolysis in BC may evoke novel ideas for the BC treatment.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Efeito Warburg em Oncologia , Neoplasias da Mama/enzimologia , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Epigênese Genética , Feminino , Glicólise , Humanos , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
Oenanthe L. is a taxonomically complex genus, several species of which have long been used as vegetables and traditional medicines in East Asia. In order to clarify the taxonomic status of Oenanthe accessions and provide baseline data for the sustainable use of its genetic resources, we examined sequence variations in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of Oenanthe accessions collected from a wide geographical area in China and its neighboring countries. For comparison, ITS sequences in GenBank for almost all currently reported species of Oenanthe were also included in our analyses. Both phylogenetic tree construction methods (Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood) revealed that the accessions tended to cluster into two groups, which were closely related to O. mildbraedii and O. sarmentosa. However, these two species have never been recorded in China or its neighboring countries. Therefore, it seems probable that in our sampled locations, Oenanthe accessions have been given an incorrect name, such as O. javanica. Future studies should carefully check the morphological characteristics of other Oenanthe species and sequence their ITS regions in order to clarify the taxonomic status of the genus.
Assuntos
DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Oenanthe/genética , Filogenia , Animais , China , Classificação , Variação Genética , Oenanthe/classificação , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
We investigated the effects of gossypol acetic acid (GAA) on the proliferation, apoptosis, and expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) mRNA in human adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC-M) cells in vitro. The proliferation and apoptosis of ACC-M cells after treatment with different concentrations of GAA were detected using Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. DNMT1 mRNA expression was measured by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The growth of ACC-M cells was inhibited after treatment with GAA for 24, 48, and 72 h. The apoptotic rates of ACC-M cells after treatment with GAA for 72 h were higher than those of control cells (without treatment) (P < 0.05). DNMT1 mRNA expression in ACC-M after treatment with GAA for 72 h was lower than that in control cells (P < 0.05). GAA had inhibitory effects on the proliferation and induced apoptosis of human ACC-M cells, while GAA also reduced the expression level of DNMT1 mRNA in ACC-M cells.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Adenoide Cístico/metabolismo , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferases/metabolismo , Gossipol/análogos & derivados , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Carcinoma Adenoide Cístico/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferase 1 , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferases/genética , Citometria de Fluxo , Gossipol/farmacologia , HumanosRESUMO
Protein content (PC) is a crucial factor that determines the end-use and nutritional quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Glutamine synthetase (GS), which is a major participant in nitrogen metabolism, can convert inorganic nitrogen into organic nitrogen. Although many studies have been conducted on PC and GS, a dynamic analysis of all of the filling stages has not been conducted. Therefore, 115 F9-10 recombinant inbred wheat lines of 'R131/R142' were used to analyze PC and GS activity during different developmental stages, using the conditional quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping method. Twenty-two and six conditional QTL were detected for PC and GS activily, respectively. More QTL in leaf PC were detected during the early filling stages than in the later filling stages. Grain PC QTL displayed different dynamic variations to leaf PC QTL during the entire grain-filling stages. All of the QTL were expressed differently over time, and nine conditional QTL were detected across two filling stages. QTL with similar functions may have tended to group in specific locales. This study provides dynamic genetic information on protein accumulation during grain-filling stages.
Assuntos
Glutamato-Amônia Ligase/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Triticum/genética , Grão Comestível/enzimologia , Grão Comestível/genética , Endogamia , Folhas de Planta/enzimologia , Folhas de Planta/genética , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Triticum/enzimologiaRESUMO
We examined the function of survivin gene expression in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), as well as small interfering RNA (siRNA) on controlling CNE-2 NPC proliferation and apoptosis. Immunohistological methods, in situ hybridization, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique were used to detect survivin protein and mRNA expression. We designed an siRNA sequence to inhibit survivin gene expression. The MTT method was used to examine the function of siRNA on controlling cell growth and proliferation. Induction of cell apoptosis by siRNA was examined by flow cytometry; electron microscopy was used to observe ultrastructure changes in CNE-2 cells. Western blotting was used to detect survivin gene expression. The survivin protein was expressed in 71.9% of cells, while its mRNA was expressed in 65.6% of cells. Relative mRNA expression was 4.16 x 10(-2); these data for the control groups were 23.3, 33.3, and 4.42 x 10(-4), respectively. Following transfection with 3 different siRNA sequences, survivin mRNA expression in CNE-2 cells was decreased. Inhibition of cell proliferation and rate of apoptosis increased with increasing siRNA concentration. Western blotting revealed decreased survivin expression and electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes in cancer cells. Survivin gene expression in NPC generally increased. In vitro transcription of siRNA decreased CNE-2 survivin gene expression, and different sequences of siRNA decrease gene expression in CNE-2 cells to varying degrees. Transfected siRNA3 can effectively inhibit CNE-2 cell proliferation and induce apoptosis; gene silencing using siRNA may represent a new treatment for NPC.
Assuntos
Apoptose/genética , Proteínas Inibidoras de Apoptose/genética , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/genética , Interferência de RNA , RNA Interferente Pequeno , Adulto , Idoso , Carcinoma , Proliferação de Células/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/metabolismo , Survivina , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Alpha (α)-particle radiation has been thoroughly studied in the occupational and residential environments, but biological mechanisms induced by α-particle radiation on plants are not clearly understood. In this study, radiation effects were examined using different total doses (1, 10, 100 Gy, respectively) of 241Am, α-particle on Arabidopsis embryos. No significant difference in the germination percentage was observed between the 3 levels of doses and the control. Germination speed and root length were increased by treatment with the 1-Gy dose of a-particles, and decreased by treatment with 10- and 100-Gy doses. Moreover, the bending degree of roots increased with radiation dose, and the roots showed an "S" shape when treated with the 100-Gy dose. Root bending under the 100-Gy dose was inhibited by scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Root gravitropism and root length may respond to the consistency of ROS induced by irradiation. Further analysis of the physiological effects revealed that an increase in a-particle radiation intensity enhanced the activity of catalase and the content of malondialdehyde, but superoxide dismutase activity was reduced by treatment with 100-Gy radiation of a-particles, suggesting that the high linear energy transfer of a-particles may cause a relatively high level of membrane lipid preoxidation and high accumulation of ROS. ROS showed both physiological and morphological responses following exposure to α-particle radiation in Arabidopsis embryos.
Assuntos
Partículas alfa , Arabidopsis/embriologia , Arabidopsis/efeitos da radiação , Sementes/anatomia & histologia , Sementes/fisiologia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/anatomia & histologia , Arabidopsis/fisiologia , Catalase/metabolismo , Germinação/efeitos da radiação , Gravitropismo/efeitos da radiação , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Meristema/efeitos da radiação , Raízes de Plantas/anatomia & histologia , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos da radiação , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Plântula/efeitos da radiação , Sementes/enzimologia , Sementes/efeitos da radiação , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
The association between cyclin D1 and survivin protein expressions with radiotherapy sensitivity in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma was investigated. Biopsy specimens of 72 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were collected before the initiation of radiotherapy (49 cases were in the radiation-sensitive group and 23 cases were in the radiation-insensitive group). Conventional hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for tissue typing. The immunohistochemical SP method was used to detect cyclin D1 and survivin protein expression levels. The IBM SPSS Statistics 20 statistical software was applied for conducting the chi-squared test and the Spearman correlation analysis. In the 72 cases, the high expression rates of cyclin D1 were 28.6% (14/49) and 69.6% (16/23) in the radiotherapy-sensitive group and in the radiotherapy-insensitive group, respectively, and the differences between groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). The high expression rates of survivin were 34.7% (17/49) and 73.9% (17/23) in the radiotherapy-sensitive group and in the radiotherapy-insensitive group, respectively, which differed significantly (P<0.05). The protein expressions of cyclin D1 and survivin were positively correlated (Spearman's r=0.353, P<0.05). Cyclin D1 and survivin expression levels were negatively correlated with the radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cyclin D1 and survivin may be used as molecular markers to predict the sensitivity of radiotherapy.
Assuntos
Ciclina D1/genética , Proteínas Inibidoras de Apoptose/genética , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/radioterapia , Tolerância a Radiação/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/biossíntese , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Carcinoma , Ciclina D1/biossíntese , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos da radiação , Estudos de Associação Genética , Humanos , Proteínas Inibidoras de Apoptose/biossíntese , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/genética , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/patologia , Prognóstico , SurvivinaRESUMO
To investigate the variance of exogenous gene expression driven by different promoters by in vivo electroporation, 3 plasmid vectors carrying different promoters were selected, and their driving strength was compared in developing chicken embryos. The 3 promoters included: 1) the CAG promoter (containing the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early enhancer and the chicken ß-actin promoter), 2) the CMV promoter (the human CMV immediate early region enhancer), and 3) the SV40 promoter (Simian virus 40). The intensity of GFP expression driven by the 3 promoters was detected by fluorescence microscopy. The results clearly showed that the expression intensity of the reporter gene differed significantly among the 3 promoters. Chicken ß-actin promoter induced the highest intensity of GFP expression, while SV40 promoter induced the lowest intensity. Our results indicate that plasmids with appropriate promoters should be carefully selected to obtain strong exogenous gene expression by in vivo electroporation.
Assuntos
Galinhas/metabolismo , DNA Viral/análise , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Plasmídeos/genética , Animais , Embrião de Galinha , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Eletroporação , Expressão Gênica , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Medula Espinal/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Dimocarpus longan Lour. is an edible and traditional herb in China, commonly referred to as longon. An improved randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) protocol was here developed in order to determine the geographical origins of D. longan samples collected from 5 provinces in the southern and southwestern areas of China, including Sichuan, Hainan, Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi. Generally, the improved RAPD method generated good fingerprinting of the 5 samples using the selected 17 primers. In particular, primers SBS-A5, SBS-A13, SBS-I9, SBS-I20, SBS-M1, and SBS-Q12 produced distinguishable bands that clearly separated all 5 cultivars, suggesting that there are variations in RAPD genetic sites among the samples. The similarity index ranged from 0.69 to 0.76. The Sichuan and Hainan clades clustered together with a 0.73 similarity index. The Guangxi and Fujian clades clustered together with a 0.76 similarity index, and they formed the sister clade to the Sichuan/Hainan clade with a 0.71 similarity index. The Guangdong clade was in a basal polytomy with a 0.70 similarity index. Based on the abundant DNA polymorphisms, these longan accessions are distinguishable using our improved RAPD technique. Therefore, RAPD analysis is an effective technique in distinguishing the geographical origins of D. longan. Moreover, the improved method could also be employed for a variety of applications including genetic diversity and fingerprinting analyses.
Assuntos
Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico , Traqueófitas/classificação , Traqueófitas/genética , China , Marcadores Genéticos , Filogenia , Plantas Medicinais/classificação , Plantas Medicinais/genética , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico/métodosRESUMO
The effect of tree diversity on productivity in subtropical forests in China is poorly understood. We investigated the biomasses of trees, understory vegetation, coarse roots, and fine roots with varying proportions of Pinus massoniana, mixed with other tree species in stands of the same age, to examine the effects of tree diversity. With an increase of P. massoniana proportion, the tree and understory biomasses increased at first, and then gradually decreased. As expected, the biomass of fine roots decreased with soil depth. Stands with 40 to 60% P. massoniana had the highest biomass, whereas stands with <20% P. massoniana had the least biomass. Stands with <20% P. massoniana had the least understory biomass, whereas those with 20 to 40% Masson pine had the least fine root biomass.