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INTRODUCCIÓN: La Organización Mundial de La Salud ha reportado recientemente que el nuevo foco de la pandemia global de la enfermedad Covid-19 es el continente americano. OBJETIVO: Realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre la experiencia internacional de la pandemia Covid 19 y embarazo. MÉTODO: Se realiza una búsqueda de la base de datos PubMed para las palabras clave Pregnancy / Pregnant / Novel Coronavirus / SARS-CoV-2 / Covid-19, desde el 1 de noviembre 2019 hasta el 21 de mayo 2020. RESULTADOS: Un total de 365 artículos fueron inicialmente seleccionados de acuerdo con la estrategia de búsqueda diseñada. El total de artículos revisados de acuerdo con los criterios fueron 42. Las series clínicas seleccionadas acumularon un total de 1098 embarazadas y enfermedad de Covid-19. Las co-morbilidades mas frecuentes fueron hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, obesidad y asma. La mortalidad en relación con el total de pacientes fue de un 1,2 % y la transmisión al recién nacido de 1,7% (15 de 875). CONCLUSIÓN: La información obtenida permite inferir que la presentación clínica de la enfermedad es a lo menos equivalente a la de mujeres de la misma edad no embarazadas. Dada la severidad de la enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 reportada, las lecciones aprendidas deben ser rápidamente asimiladas y utilizadas en el contexto de la situación nacional epidémica.

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization has recently reported that the new focus of the global pandemic of Covid-19 disease is the American continent. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a literature review on the international experience of the Covid 19 pandemic and pregnancy. METHOD: A PubMed database search is performed for the keywords Pregnancy / Pregnant / Novel Coronavirus / SARS-CoV-2 / Covid-19, from November 1, 2019 to May 21, 2020. RESULTS: A total of 365 articles were initially selected according to the designed search strategy. The total of articles reviewed according to the criteria was 42. The selected clinical series accumulated a total of 1098 pregnant women and Covid-19 disease. The most frequent comorbidities were hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and asthma. Mortality in relation to the total number of patients was 1.2% and transmission to the newborn was 1.7% (15 of 875). CONCLUSION: The information obtained allows us to infer that the clinical presentation of the disease is at least equivalent to that of non-pregnant women of the same age. Given the severity of the reported SARS-CoV-2 disease, the lessons learned must be quickly assimilated and used in the context of the national epidemic situation.

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ANTECEDENTES: La evaluación precisa de la proteinuria constituye un pilar importante para el diagnóstico del síndrome hipertensivo del embarazo (SHE). El estándar dorado para esta medición es la recolección de orina en 24 horas, pero debido a la duración de la toma de la muestra, alternativas como la albuminuria semicuantitativa se utiliza con mayor frecuencia en los servicios de urgencia de nuestro país. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la albuminuria semicuantitativa y su asociación con proteinuria de 24 horas en pacientes con SHE. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de 145 pacientes con sospecha de SHE atendidas en el Hospital Padre Hurtado, Chile. A todas las pacientes se le realizó albuminuria semicuantitativa (categorizada entre 0+ y 4+) y proteinuria de 24 horas (positivo si >0,3 gramos/24 horas). Se realizó análisis por grupos compuestos de albuminuria semicuantitativa y resultado positivo en proteinuria de 24 horas. RESULTADOS: Se evidenció una sensibilidad de 50%, especificidad de 100%, VPP de 100%, VPN de 65,7%, LR+ de 50 y un LR- de 0,5. CONCLUSIÓN: La albuminuria semicuantitativa ≥2+ muestra una fuerte asociación con proteinuria ≥0,3 g/24 horas y es un método rápido para evaluar SHE.

BACKGROUND: One of the basis for the diagnosis of pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome (PIHS), includes the precise evaluation of proteinuria. The gold standard for its evaluation is the collection of a 24-hour urine specimen, but because it is a slow method, other alternatives, such as semi-quantitative albuminuria have been used more frequently on our emergency rooms. OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic performance of semi-quantitative albuminuria and its association with proteinuria measured in a 24-hour urine specimen collection, in patients with PIHS. METHODS: Retrospective study of 145 patients with clinical suspicion of PIHS who assisted to Hospital Padre Hurtado, Chile. Semi-quantitative albuminuria (categorized as 0 to 4+) and proteinuria measured in a 24-hour urine specimen collection was measured on every patient. Abnormal values of proteinuria were considered when values exceeded 0.3 g/24 hours. Composite outcomes analysis was done between albuminuria groups and positive proteinuria in 24 hrs. RESULTS: Sensibility and specificity of semi-quantitative albuminuria was of 50% and 100%, respectively, with a PPV: 100%, NPV: 65.7%, LR+: 50 and a LR-: 0.5. CONCLUSION: semi-quantitative albuminuria ≥2+ shows a strong association with proteinuria ≥0.3 g/24 hours and it could be used as a fast method to assess PIHS.

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Objetivo. Describir la tendencia en los nacimientos y los principales indicadores materno-infantiles en Chile desde el año 2000 al 2009. Método. Se realiza un análisis descriptivo de la información obtenida desde el Ministerio de Salud de Chile para el período estudiado. Resultados. Durante el período estudiado nacen aproximadamente 2.400.000 personas, se observa un significativo aumento en su número a partir del año 2004 al 2009 (+9,7 por ciento). Las tasas de mortalidad neonatal precoz, tardía, post neonatal e infantil fueron de 3,86; 1,18; 2,54 y 7,58 por 1000 nacidos vivos durante el año 2009, presentado un porcentaje de disminución de un 13,5; 8,4; 16,2; 13,7 por ciento respectivamente en comparación al año 2000. La mortalidad materna disminuyó en un 13,2 por ciento desde 19,7 a 17,1 por cien mil nacimientos en el mismo período. La prematurez (<37s) incrementa significativamente en un 20,82 por ciento (de 5,96 a 7,2 por ciento). El mayor cambio se observa entre las 32-33 y 34-36 semanas (aumento de un 18 por ciento y 32 por ciento, respectivamente). El porcentaje de nacimientos múltiples (dos) aumento significativamente en un 11 por ciento, desde 1,66 a 1,84 por cien nacimientos. Conclusión. Durante el período estudiado se observa un aumento significativo de los nacimientos totales, del porcentaje de primigestas y de madres sobre 40 años. Se presenta un aumento de la prematurez, del bajo peso al nacer y del porcentaje de embarazos múltiples. Los cambios observados se asocian aun a una mejoría de los indicadores neonatales.

Objective. To describe the trend in annual live birth in Chile between 2000 and 2009, as well as the main descriptive statistics and health indicators associated. Methods. We performed a descriptive analysis form the database provided by the Department of Statistics and Information of the Chilean Ministry of Health. Data of 2.400.000 deliveries were analyzed from 2000 and 2009. We analyzed live births, maternal, fetal, infant mortality, as well as main descriptive characteristics by year. Results. The total of live births in Chile has progressively increased after the year 2005 until 2009 (+ 9.7 percent). The early neonatal, late neonatal, post neonatal mortality and mortality infant were 3.86, 1.18, 2.54 and 7.58 per 1000 live births in 2009, showing a decrease of 13.5; 8.4; 16.2; 13.7 percent respectively compared to 2000. Maternal mortality declined a 13.2 percent from 19.7 to 17.1 x 100.000 births in the same period. Prematurity (<37weeks) increased significantly in a 20.82 percent (5.96 percent to 7.2 percent). The biggest change is observed at late preterm birth 32-33 and 34-36 weeks (increase of 18 percent and 32 percent respectively). The rate of multiple births (two) significantly increased also in a 11 percent, from 1.66 to 1.84 x 100.000 birth. Conclusion. During the study period, a significant increase of total births, the percentage of primipare and mothers over 40 years was observed. It's also shown an increase in prematurity, low birth weight and the percentage of multiple pregnancies. The observed changes are associated with improved neonatal indicators.

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BACKGROUND: Microbial invasion of amniotic cavity occurs in 30 to 50% of patients with premature membrane rupture. AIM: To determine the outcomes associated with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) in patients with preterm premature rupture of membrane (pPROM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred thirty four patients with preterm pPROM between 24 and 34 weeks of pregnancy, without clinical infection or labor, were studied. Cultures were obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis from the amniotic fluid and the lower genital tract. Four groups of MIAC were observed: MIAC1: due to S. agalactiae, F. nucleatum or H. influenzae as only etiologic agents, MIAC2: due to other bacteria, alone or mixed, MIAC3: due to U. urealyticum as only etiologic agent, MIAC0: No MIAC and no infection of the lower genital tract. Study patients received antibiotics and were managed expectantly until 35 weeks unless clinical chorioamnionitis developed or an amniotic fluid culture returned positive for S. agalactiae, F. nucleatum or H. influenzae. RESULTS: Ninety six patients were enrolled: MIAC1 (n=11), MIAC2 (n=30), MIAC3 (n=19) and MIAC0 (n=36). Clinical chorioamnionitis was more common in patients with MIAC1 than those with MIAC3 (p<0.01) and those without infection (p<0.001). The admission to delivery interval was shorter in patients with MIAC1 (2.8 days) than those with MIAC3 (10.1 days, p<0.05) and those without infection (18 days, p<0.001). Delivery within 48 h and within 7 days of admission were also more frequent in patients with MIAC1 than in patients with MIAC3 (p<0.05) or those without infection (p<0.001). Newborns to mothers with MIAC1 had a higher frequency of infection (36%), asphyxia (36%), admission to neonatal ICU (100%) and death (46%) than those of mothers with MIAC3 and those without infection. Birth weight was also significantly lower. Histological chorioamnionitis was more common in patients with MIAC1 than in patients with MIAC3 and those without infection. The rate of funisitis was higher in patients with MIAC1 than those without infection. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with preterm PROM, microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity by S. agalactiae, F. nucleatum or H. influenzae is associated with high frequency of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes and neonatal death.

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Background: Microbial invasion of amniotic cavity occurs in 30 to 50percent of patients with premature membrane rupture. Aim: To determine the outcomes associated with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) in patients with preterm premature rupture of membrane (pPROM). Patients and methods: One hundred thirty four patients with preterm pPROM between 24 and 34 weeks of pregnancy, without clinical infection or labor, were studied. Cultures were obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis from the amniotic fluid and the lower genital tract. Four groups of MIAC were observed: MIAC1: due to S. agalactiae, F. nucleatum or H. influenzae as only etiologic agents, MIAC2: due to other bacteria, alone or mixed, MIAC3: due to U. urealyticum as only etiologic agent, MIAC0: No MIAC and no infection of the lower genital tract. Study patients received antibiotics and were managed expectantly until 35 weeks unless clinical chorioamnionitis developed or an amniotic fluid culture returned positive for S. agalactiae, F. nucleatum or H. influenzae. Results: Ninety six patients were enrolled: MIAC1 (n=11), MIAC2 (n=30), MIAC3 (n=19) and MIAC0 (n=36). Clinical chorioamnionitis was more common in patients with MIAC1 than those with MIAC3 (p<0.01) and those without infection (p<0.001). The admission to delivery interval was shorter in patients with MIAC1 (2.8 days) than those with MIAC3 (10.1 days, p<0.05) and those without infection (18 days, p<0.001). Delivery within 48 h and within 7 days of admission were also more frequent in patients with MIAC1 than in patients with MIAC3 (p<0.05) or those without infection (p<0.001). Newborns to mothers with MIAC1 had a higher frequency of infection (36percent), asphyxia (36percent), admission to neonatal ICU (100percent) and death (46prcent) than those of mothers with MIAC3 and those without infection. Birth weight was also significantly lower. Histological chorioamnionitis was more common in patients with MIAC1 than in patients with MIAC3 and those without infection. The rate of funisitis was higher in patients with MIAC1 than those without infection. Conclusions: In patients with preterm PROM, microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity by S. agalactiae, F. nucleatum or H. influenzae is associated with high frecuency of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes and neonatal death.

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Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad del Doppler de la arteria umbilical (AU) para predecir invasión microbiana de la cavidad amniótica (IMCA), funisitis y resultado adverso neonatal (RA) en pacientes con rotura prematura de membranas de pretérmino (RPMPT). Métodos: Se estudian 80 embarazadas entre 24 y 34 semanas de gestación con diagnóstico de rotura prematura de membranas. Se excluyeron embarazadas con condiciones materno-fetales severas que pudiesen alterar el resultado perinatal. Todas tuvieron ultrasonografía para biometría fetal y Doppler de la arteria umbilical dentro de una semana del nacimiento y microbiología de líquido amniótico. Se creó una variable compuesta que incluyó morbilidad neonatal severa, secuelas o muerte neonatal. Las pacientes recibieron antibióticos, esteroides y manejo expectante hasta las 35 semanas. IMCA se definió por el cultivo positivo del líquido amniótico; funisitis por la presencia de leucocitos polimorfonucleares en la pared de los vasos umbilicales o gelatina de Warthon. Se usaron análisis de curva ROC y tablas de contingencia para el cálculo estadístico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 68 pacientes. El RA compuesto se presentó en 19,4 por ciento. Los fetos que desarrollaron RA tuvieron relación S/D de AU, significativamente más alta que los fetos con resultado bueno (RB) (65,6±30,9 vs 30,0±20,4 p<0,001), así como también más alta proporción de valores de la relación S/D de la AU sobre el percentil 90 (30,8 por ciento vs 0 por ciento, respectivamente, p<0,0001). No hubo diferencias en la relación S/D de la AU en los grupos con y sin IMCA y con o sin funisitis. Fetos con relación S/D de la AU con percentil >41 tuvieron significativo más alto riesgo de RA que fetos con percentil < 41 (odds ratio: 15,7; 95 por ciento CI 2,73-118; p<0,001), con sensibilidad de 85 por ciento, tasa de falso-positivo de 56 por ciento, especificidad de 74 por ciento y falso negativo de 5 por ciento. Conclusiones: En la RPMPT, la relación S/D de la AU, predice...

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BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recently defined the criteria for constructing birth weight curves using population based data. AIM: To construct a national curve of weight, size and ponderal index at birth for Chile, following the criteria suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) expert committee report from 1995. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A national database from the Chilean Istitute for Statistics was used. All alive singleton deliveries during tbe period from 1993 to 2000 were included. A birth weight curve for the total population as well as for size and ponderal index at birth was construted, including percentile distribution, mean and standard deviation of values for gestational age. Stratification by sex was performed. RESULTS: A total of 2,049,446 singleton deliveries were analyzed. The 10 percentiles (raw data) for birth weight throughout gestation from 22 to 42 weeks were: 470, 520, 560, 630, 660, 749, 810, 926, 1,031, 1,160, 1,320, 1,480, 1,680, 1,920, 2,190, 2,500, 2, 750, 2,910, 3,010, 3,080 and 3,090 g, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A national birth weight for Chilean population (a predominant Hispanic population) was constructed. There are not differences between this curve and the standard proposed by WHO (population from California, USA) suggesting that under comparable perinatal indices, ethnicity is not a relevant factor deterimining birth weight.

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Se evalúa el cálculo de volumen pulmonar fetal con ultrasonografía 3D y la aplicación del software VOCAL (Virtual Organ Computer Aided-Analysis) en dos casos clínicos. Uno de ellos corresponde a un hidrops fetal e hidrotórax bilateral y el segundo caso de rotura prematura de membranas a las 22 semanas de gestación. Correlacionándolo con el resultado postnatal.

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Objetivos: Determinar la eficacia del tratamiento antibiótico en los resultados neonatales en embarazadas con factores universales de riesgo de infección vaginal por Streptococcus grupo B (SGB) y conocer los factores de riesgo para infección neonatal por esta bacteria. Diseño del estudio: Las mujeres con infección vaginal por SGB en una población de cuatrocientos cuarenta y tres embarazadas con riesgo universal de infección bacteriana fueron incorporadas en este estudio. Se consideraron como factores maternos universales de riesgo de infección bacterianas, los antecedentes de riesgo de infección genitourinaria y las patologías de riesgo de infección bacteriana durante la gestación. Los antecedentes de riesgo de infección genotourinaria durante el embarazo son: aborto espontáneo de segundo trimestre (sin causa o asociados con infección genitourinaria), vaginitis a repetición (3 o más episodios), infección del tracto urinario, parto de pretérmino, con rotura prematura de membranas (RPM) o con membranas intactas (sin causa o asociados con infección genitourinaria), infección puerperal, diabetes familiar, patología psiquiátrica (epilepsia, depresión) y fiebre tifoidea (criterios de Ovalle y cols). Se consideraron las siguientes patologías de riesgo de infección bacteriana durante la gestación: pielonefritis aguda, RPM de pretérmino y parto prematuro sin causa clínica evidente. Las pacientes con antecedentes de riesgo se trataron con ampicilina, las embarazadas con patologías de riesgo de infección bacteriana durante la gestación con la asociación clindamicina-gentamicina o clindamicina-cefuroxima durante 7 días. La paciente con pielonefritis aguda se trató con cefuroxima por 14 días. Se evaluaron morbilidad y factores de riesgo neonatales asociados con infección por SGB. Resultados: Treinta y una embarazadas tuvieron infección vaginal por SGB. El tratamiento antibiótico impidió la infección neonatal en todas las embarazadas con infección y sin infección intraamniótica por SGB. Con invasión microbiana de la cavidad amniótica (IMCA) por SGB, la infección neonatal precoz se presentó en el 50 por ciento (3/6 casos) y la muerte neonatal precoz por esta causa en el 33,3 por ciento (2/6 casos)

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Background: The prevalence of idiopathic spontaneous premature labor or without an evident clinical cause, has not been reduced with tocolytic treatments, suggesting that premature labor has multiple causes and infections play a not well-defined role. Aim: To perform microbiological studies of the amniotic fluid and of the lower genital tract in women with idiopathic premature labor and intact membranes, relating these findings with maternal and neonatal outcomes. Patients and methods: Women with pregnancies between 24 and 34 weeks, with premature labor and without an evident clinical cause were enrolled. Amniotic fluid and genital tract samples were obtained for traditional microbiological cultures. This information was related with delivery events and neonatal outcome. Results: Sixty-three patients were included. The overall frequency of microbial invasion of amniotic cavity was 23.8 percent and of cervical or vaginal infection was 63.5 percent (in 39.7 percent there was only cervical or vaginal infection without involvement of the amniotic sac). Absence of infection was documented in 36.5 percent of women. Compared to patients without infection, women with microbial invasion of amniotic cavity had a higher rate of prematurity (73.3 percent p < 0.05), a higher rate of prematurity of less than 34 weeks (60 percent p < 0.01), a higher frequency of preterm rupture of membranes (40 percent p < 0.001), a shorter admission-to-delivery interval (median 3.0 days p < 0.01) and lower gestational age at delivery (median 33 weeks p < 0.01). Clinical chorioamnionitis and endometritis (20 percent p < 0.01) was observed only in patients with amniotic cavity infections. Severe asphyxia (26.7 percent p < 0.05) and neonatal admission to Intensive Care Units (46.7 percent p < 0.05) were more frequent and neonatal weight was less in the offspring of women with microbial invasion of amniotic cavity (2020 g median p < 0.01). Conclusions: In preterm labor with intact membranes, intraamniotic infection is the most frequent cause of prematurity and is associated with a higher prevalence of maternal and neonatal problems

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