RESUMO
Strong evidence exists based on metanalysis of the relationship between toxoplasmosis and many psychiatric diseases: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and suicidal behavior. Herein, we estimate the number of cases based on the attributable fraction due to toxoplasmosis on these diseases. The population attributable fraction of mental disease associated with toxoplasmosis was 20,4% for schizophrenia; 27,3% for bipolar disorder; and 0,29% for suicidal behavior (self-harm). The lower and upper estimated number of people with mental disease associated with toxoplasmosis was 4'816.491 and 5'564.407 for schizophrenia; 6'348.946 and 7'510.118,82 for bipolar disorder; and 24.310 and 28.151 for self-harm; for a global total lower estimated number of 11'189.748 and global total upper estimated number of 13'102.678 people with mental disease associated with toxoplasmosis for the year 2019. According to the prediction through the Bayesian model of risk factors for toxoplasmosis associated with mental disease, these varied in importance geographically; thus, in Africa, the most important risk factor was water contamination and in the European region, the cooking conditions of meats. Toxoplasmosis and mental health should be a research priority given the enormous potential impact of reducing this parasite in the general population.
Assuntos
Transtornos Mentais , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmose , Humanos , Teorema de Bayes , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/complicações , Toxoplasmose/complicações , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose/parasitologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Toxoplasma gondii, as other apicomplexa, employs adhesins transmembrane proteins for binding and invasion to host cells. Search and characterization of adhesins is pivotal in understanding Apicomplexa invasion mechanisms and targeting new druggable candidates. This work developed a machine learning software called ApiPredictor UniQE V2.0, based on two approaches: support vector machines and multilayer perceptron, to predict adhesins proteins from amino acid sequences. By using ApiPredictor UniQE V2.0, five SAG-Related Sequences (SRSs) were identified within the Toxoplasma gondii proteome. One of those candidates, TgSRS12B, was cloned in plasmid pEXP5-CT/TOPO and expressed in E. coli BL21 DE3. The resulting recombinant protein was purified via affinity chromatography. Co-precipitation assays in CaCo and Muller cells showed interactions between TgSRS12B-His-tagged and the membrane fractions from both human cell lines. In conclusion, we demonstrated that ApiPredictor UniQE V2.0, a bioinformatic free software, was able to identify TgSRS12B as a new adhesin protein.
Assuntos
Toxoplasma , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Humanos , Aprendizado de Máquina , Plasmídeos/genética , Proteínas de Protozoários/genética , Proteínas de Protozoários/metabolismo , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasma/metabolismoRESUMO
AIMS: To evaluate the biological activity of extracts from cultures of marine bacteria against Toxoplasma gondii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ethyl acetate extracts obtained from seven marine bacteria were tested against T. gondii GFP-RH and M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The cytotoxicity on HFF-1 cells was measured by a microplate resazurin fluorescent approach, and the haemolytic activity was determined photometrically. The extracts from Bacillus sp. (INV FIR35 and INV FIR48) affected the tachyzoite viability. The extracts from Bacillus, Pseudoalteromonas, Streptomyces and Micromonospora exhibited effects on infection and proliferation processes of parasite. Bacillus sp. INV FIR48 extract showed an minimum inhibitory concentration value of 50 µg ml-1 against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. All the extracts exhibited relatively low toxicity to HFF-1 cells and the primary culture of erythrocytes, except Bacillus sp. INV FIR35, which decreased cell viability under 20%. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analysis of the most active bacterial extract Bacillus sp. INV FIR48 showed the presence of peptide metabolites related to surfactin. CONCLUSIONS: The extract from culture of deep-sea Bacillus sp. INV FIR48 showed anti-T. gondii and anti-tuberculosis (TB) biological activity with low cytotoxicity. In addition, peptide metabolites were detected in the extract. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Toxoplasmosis and TB are among the most prevalent diseases worldwide, and the current treatment drugs exhibit side effects. This study confirm that marine bacteria are on hand sources of anti-infective natural products.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Toxoplasma , Tuberculose , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
La pandemia por COVID-19 ha obligado a los gobiernos de todo el mundo a la toma de decisiones con información preliminar, insuficiente o discutible en argumentos científicos, algo que como académicos debemos entender y acompañar y se convierte en un reto mayor: ¿cómo dar recomendaciones con información limitada y reducir las incertidumbres? Para ello, primero que todo, se debe reconocer que estos procesos están sometidos a cambios según la evolución del conocimiento y la comunicación de la información se vuelve crucial para evitar minar la confianza pública ante los cambios. Es así como muchas recomendaciones para el manejo de COVID 19 han venido evolucionando a medida que se conoce mejor la patogénesis, sus mecanismos de transmisión y las particularidades en la respuesta inmune y, por ejemplo, pasamos de una recomendación inicial de medidas de prevención que incluía limpieza de superficies a una en la cual el énfasis es la limitación en número de personas en reunión. La Asociación Colombiana de infectología junto con otras 27 sociedades científicas lleva tres diferentes actualizaciones de recomendaciones basadas en evidencia en los primeros 12 meses de pandemia, es decir cada tres meses se han venido revisando las más de 250 recomendaciones, lo cual ha significado un trabajo enorme de revisión, discusión y presentación final las cuales, afortunadamente, han sido acogidas y tomadas como base de las decisiones gubernamentales.
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments around the world to take decisions on preliminary, insufficient The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments around the world to make decisions with preliminary, insufficient or debatable information on scientific grounds, something that as academics we must understand and accompany and which becomes a major challenge: how to give recommendations with limited information and reduce uncertainties? To do this, first of all, it must be recognised that these processes are subject to change as knowledge evolves and the communication of information becomes crucial to avoid undermining public confidence in the face of change. Thus, many recommendations for the management of COVID 19 have evolved as the pathogenesis, transmission mechanisms and particularities of the immune response have become better understood and, for example, we have gone from an initial recommendation of measures to be taken in response to COVID 19 to a recommendation of measures to be taken in response to COVID 19, we have moved from an initial recommendation for prevention measures that included surface cleaning to one in which the emphasis is on limiting the number of people at a meeting. The Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases, together with 27 other scientific societies, has scientific societies has three different updates of evidence-based evidence-based recommendations in the first 12 months of a pandemic, i.e. every months of the pandemic, i.e. every three months, the more than 250 recommendations have been This has meant an enormous work of review, discussion and final presentation which, fortunately, have been accepted and taken as a basis for governmental decisions. and taken as a basis for governmental decisions.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Comunicação , Ciência , Sociedades Científicas , Tomada de Decisões , Pandemias , GovernoRESUMO
Frente al escepticismo de encontrar una vacuna para COVID19, los resultados de los ensayos clínicos de Fase III dieron la sentencia: se lograron vacunas con alto grado de eficacia que llega al 70% a 95%. Al momento de escribir esta editorial, dos de ellas ya tienen autorización para uso de emergencia por el FDA. La OMS realiza un seguimiento cotidiano a los avances de candidatos vacunales, el reporte para el 22 de Diciembre encontraba 57 en fases de evaluación clínica (entre estas 11 en fase III) y 166 en fase preclínica.
In the face of skepticism about finding a vaccine for COVID19 , the results of the Phase III clinical trials were conclusive: vaccines with a high degree of efficacy of 70% to 95% were achieved. At the time of writing this editorial, two of them have already been authorized for emergency use by the FDA. The WHO monitors the progress of vaccine candidates on a daily basis; the report as of December 22nd found 57 in clinical evaluation phases (including 11 in Phase III) and 166 in preclinical phase.
Assuntos
Humanos , Vacinas , COVID-19 , Ciência , Bioensaio , EficáciaRESUMO
RESUMEN Objetivos: determinar la utilidad de la prueba de avidez en el seguimiento de los pacientes diagnosticados con toxoplasmosis congénita a través de la evaluación de su comportamiento en el tiempo. Metodología: estudio retrospectivo a partir de los datos en historias clínicas de niños que tuvieron confirmación diagnóstica y tratamiento para toxoplasmosis congénita, realizado en consulta de toxoplasmosis, tercer nivel de referencia en el centro de salud de la Universidad del Quindío. Se estudiaron 21 niños que fueron seleccionados de una cohorte inicial de 168 pacientes, reclutados en los programas de tamizaje prenatal y los programas de prevención o niños que acudieron para el diagnóstico neonatal. Resultados: no se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre el porcentaje de avidez baja en el primer mes y haber recibido tratamiento prenatal (p = 0,47). Tampoco entre la primera y los niveles de IgG o los meses de vida, a pesar de haber recibido tratamiento posnatal. Sin embargo, al estudiar específicamente el grupo de niños de 5 meses de edad, se encontró una correlación significativa con los niveles de IgG anti-Toxoplasma (p = 0,01). Conclusión: en esta cohorte de niños colombianos con toxoplasmosis congénita se encontraron los mismos resultados reportados en series previas con un mayor número de casos en Italia. La avidez no mostró ser útil para el seguimiento de los niños con toxoplasmosis congénita.
SUMMARY Objectives: To determine the use of avidity testing in the follow up of patients diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis, through the observation of its behavior in time. Methods: Retrospective study from clinical records of children with confirmed diagnosis and treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis, which took place on atoxoplasmosis consultation in the third reference level University of Quindío clinic. A total of 21 children were selected among an initial cohort of 168 patients, recruited during prenatal screening, neonatal screening or children that attended for neonatal diagnosis. Results: There was no statistical significance found between low avidity during the first month and having received prenatal treatment (p=0,47). There was no statistical relationship either between the percentage of avidity and the levels of IgG or the months of age, despite having received postnatal treatment. Nevertheless, when studying specifically the group of children > 5 months of age a significant correlation was found with levels of IgG (p=0,01). Conclusion: In this cohort of Colombian children with congenital toxoplasmosis, the same results were found comparing with those reported in series with greater number of cases. Avidity testing did not prove to be useful for the follow up of children with congenital toxoplasmosis.
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Toxoplasmose , Diagnóstico Pré-NatalRESUMO
La pandemia de COVID 19, ha puesto de presente la necesidad de contar con políticas de autonomía farmacéutica y biotecnológica para cada país. Esta autonomía es necesaria porque en eventos ocasionados por agentes de riesgo biológico, la afectación masiva de la población mundial hace imposible que se cubran las necesidades para todos los países. Muchos medicamentos de interés en salud pública no son producidos por la industria farmacéutica privada dado que los márgenes de ganancia no son importantes para ellos y se encuentran situaciones de desabastecimiento ante brotes de infecciones inusitados.
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the need for pharmaceutical and biotechnology autonomy policies for each country. This autonomy is necessary because in events caused by biological risk agents, the massive involvement of the world population makes it impossible to cover the needs of all countries. Many drugs of public health interest are not produced by the private pharmaceutical industry because the profit margins are not important for them and there are situations of shortages in the event of outbreaks of unusual infections.
Assuntos
Humanos , Biotecnologia , Surtos de Doenças , Indústria Farmacêutica , Produtos Biológicos , Biofarmácia , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Saúde Pública/tendências , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de SaúdeRESUMO
Esta pandemia ha dejado grandes lecciones sobre la literatura científica y la evaluación crítica del conocimiento. Aunque grandes revistas, egidas del rigor para validar conocimiento, tuvieron errores estrepitosos, la lección final es que la revisión por pares es el mejor sistema, y hasta ahora el único, que puede garantizar que un trabajo de investigación se ha realizado dentro de las exigencias de la ciencia formal y como se escribe habitualmente, es el menos malo de todos los otros sistemas de evaluación del trabajo científico. En medicina esto es crítico por su implicación en vidas humanas, pero nunca se debe esperar que este proceso esté exento de equivocaciones, la revista JAMA al respecto tuvo una editorial con un título muy diciente: "errar es humano y corregirlo es divino"
This pandemic has left us great lessons regarding scientific literature and the critical evaluation of knowledge. Although important journals that are rigorous when validating knowledge, had resounding errors, the ultimate lesson is that peer review is the best system, and until now the only one, that can ensure that a research work has been carried following scientific requirements, and as it is usually stated, it is the least worse scientific work evaluation systems when compared to others35. In medicine, this is critical given the way it affects human lives, but one should never expect this process to be error-free; JAMA journal had an editorial with a very telling title in this regard: "To err is human and to correct it is divine".