RESUMO
The spleen plays a central role in human and canine visceral leishmaniasis, where the activation of the immune response occurs in one of the tissues where Leishmania infantum reproduces. Therefore, this organ is both a target to understand the mechanisms involved in the parasite control and a parameter for assessing the therapeutic response. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the main histological, immunological and parasitological aspects in the spleen of symptomatic dogs naturally infected by L. infantum treated with the therapeutic vaccine LBMPL. For this, dogs were divided into four groups: dogs uninfected and untreated (NI group); L. infantum-infected dogs that were not treated (INT group); L. infantum-infected dogs that received treatment only with monophosphoryl lipid A adjuvant (MPL group); and L. infantum-infected dogs that received treatment with the vaccine composed by L. braziliensis promastigote proteins associated with MPL adjuvant (LBMPL group). Ninety days after the therapeutics protocol, the dogs were euthanized and the spleen was collected for the proposed evaluations. Our results demonstrated a reduction of hyperplasia of red pulp and follicular area of white pulp, increased mRNA expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12 and iNOS, and decreased IL-10 and TGF-ß1, and intense reduction of splenic parasitism in dogs treated with the LBMPL vaccine. These results possibly suggest that the pro-inflammatory environment promoted the progressive organization of the splenic architecture favoring the cellular activation, with consequent parasite control. Along with previously obtained data, our results propose the LBMPL vaccine as a possible treatment strategy for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL).
RESUMO
In recent years, several advances have been observed in vaccinology especially for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). One of the tools employed is epitope prediction by immunoinformatic approaches that reduce the time and cost to develop a vaccine. In this scenario, immunoinformatics is being more often used to develop vaccines for NTDs, in particular visceral leishmaniasis (VL) which is proven not to have an effective vaccine yet. Based on that, in a previous study, two predicted T-cell multi-epitope chimera vaccines were experimentally validated in BALB/c mice to evaluate the immunogenicity, central and effector memory and protection against VL. Considering the results obtained in the mouse model, we assessed the immune response of these chimeras inMesocricetus auratushamster, which displays, experimentally, similar pathological status to human and dog VL disease. Our findings indicate that both chimeras lead to a dominant Th1 response profile, inducing a strong cellular response by increasing the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α cytokines associated with a decrease in IL-10. Also, the chimeras reduced the spleen parasite load and the weight a correlation between protector immunological mechanisms and consistent reduction of the parasitic load was observed. Our results demonstrate that both chimeras were immunogenic and corroborate with findings in the mouse model. Therefore, we reinforce the use of the hamster as a pre-clinical model in vaccination trials for canine and human VL and the importance of immunoinformatic to identify epitopes to design vaccines for this important neglected disease.
Assuntos
Leishmania infantum , Vacinas contra Leishmaniose , Leishmaniose Visceral , Células Th1 , Animais , Cricetinae , Cães , Humanos , Camundongos , Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Antígenos de Protozoários , Citocinas , Doenças do Cão , Epitopos de Linfócito T , Leishmaniose Visceral/prevenção & controle , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , BaçoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Leishmaniasis are infectious and zoonotic diseases and present in cutaneous and visceral forms. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic and widely distributed throughout the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Several cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and dogs associated with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis have been reported in the state. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of natural infection by Leishmania(Viannia) braziliensis in wild mammals found dead (by trampling or natural death) in the Sooretama Biological Reserve, Espírito Santo State. METHODS: From January 2018 to December 2019, 60 animals were collected. Of these, 47 animals from 12 different species were analyzed. The results were demonstrated using descriptive analysis of the observations to calculate the absolute and relative frequencies of the data. RESULTS: In the PCR, using specific primers for the genus Leishmania (D1, D2, and D3) and the species Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (ISVB/ISVC), 4 positive animals (8.5%) were detected: 1 Cuniculus paca (paca) (25%) and 3 Callithrix geoffroyi (white-faced marmoset) (25%). In the histopathological analysis, the parasitic amastigote form was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The natural infection, detected by PCR, by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in Cuniculus paca (paca) and Callithrix geoffroyi (white-faced marmoset) constitutes the first report of infection of this rodent and primate species in the literature. Despite the confirmation of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in rodents and primates, the role of these species in the transmission of this zoonosis still needs further observational studies to identify their seasonal variation, transmissibility, infection stability, and the effects of a given parasite on the population and/or individual.
Assuntos
Leishmania braziliensis , Leishmania , Leishmaniose Cutânea , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/veterinária , Mamíferos/parasitologia , Roedores , Zoonoses/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Aggressive behavior in patients with intellectual disability can be resistant to pharmacological treatment and have detrimental consequences to themselves, family members, and caregivers. Hypothalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been used to improve this type of behavior in severe and refractory cases. Here, we present the description and analysis of DBS of the posteromedial hypothalamus (PMH) and its long-term impact as treatment to improve severe and refractory aggressive behaviors, even with previous bilateral hypothalamotomy without improvement in patients with intellectual disability. Eleven patients underwent bilateral DBS of the PMH. Their medical records were reviewed, and the impact on behavior was measured using preoperative and postoperative Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) during the last follow-up medical visit. Nine of 11 patients presented a significant decrease in the severity of aggressive behavior, with a preoperative and postoperative MOAS average value of 50.5 and 18.7, respectively. An overall improvement of 63% was seen with a mean follow-up time of 4 years. A patient who previously underwent a bilateral hypothalamotomy via radiofrequency was included in this group. During follow-up, 3 patients presented deterioration of symptoms subsequent to pulse generator depletion but made a full clinical recovery after battery replacement. We posit that DBS of the PMH may be a safe and effective in improving severe and refractory aggressive behavior in patients with long-term intellectual disability.
Assuntos
Estimulação Encefálica Profunda , Deficiência Intelectual , Agressão , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/cirurgia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
El embarazo adolescente se ha determinado como un problema social y costoso para el país. De acuerdo con el Plan Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva, Ecuador mantiene la tasa más alta de embarazos en adolescentes correspondientes a edades entre 10 a 19 años, ubicándose como el tercer país a nivel regional, después de Nicaragua y República Dominicana. Objetivo: Analizar los factores que inciden en las complicaciones prenatales en las adolescentes atendidas en el Hospital IESS Milagro, periodo 2020. Metodología: Se empleó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo y de tipo descriptivo; adicional, la investigación fue de carácter no experimental y de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por aquellas adolescentes 664 que fueron atendidas en el período previamente establecido generando una muestra de 100 adolescentes, determinando como muestra aquellas que cuentan con al menos siete meses de gestación. La técnica empleada fue la encuesta, bajo el instrumento de cuestionario, conformado por 36 preguntas, donde se indagaron variables sociodemográficas, hábitos nocivos, consumo alimenticio, adherencia, complicaciones prenatales y el apoyo familiar y de pareja. Resultados: Dentro de los resultados más importantes, se determinan los siguientes: adolescentes entre los 15 a 19 años (71%), no cuenta con pareja (76%), son amas de casa (79%), complicaciones durante el embarazo (79%), amenaza de aborto (24%), alimentación inadecuada (22%), entorno donde se consume tabaco y alcohol (83%), no se presentaron a los controles (69%); apoyo de la familia (49% buena) y apoyo de la pareja (34% regular). Conclusiones: Se concluye que la edad influye en la manifestación de complicaciones prenatales, se incluyen además aspectos como la educación, convivencia, pareja, actividades de la adolescente, hábitos nocivos, alimentación, adherencia y el apoyo familiar y de pareja. Se desarrolló como propuesta una guía de intervención educativa con la finalidad de reducir las complicaciones prenatales en las adolescentes embarazadas atendidas en el Hospital IESS Milagro(AU)
Adolescent pregnancy has been determined as a social and costly problem for the country. According to the National Plan for Sexual and Reproductive Health, Ecuador maintains the highest rate of adolescent pregnancies corresponding to ages 10 to 19, ranking as the third country at the regional level, after Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic. Objective: to analyze the factors that affect prenatal complications in adolescents treated at the IESS Milagro Hospital, period 2020. Methodology: an observational, retrospective and descriptive study was used; Additionally, the research was non-experimental and cross-sectional. The population consisted of 664 adolescents who were cared for in the previously established period, generating a sample of 100 adolescents, determining as a sample those who have at least seven months of gestation. The technique used was the survey, under the questionnaire instrument, made up of 36 questions, where sociodemographic variables, harmful habits, food consumption, adherence, prenatal complications, and family and partner support were investigated. Results: Among the most important results, the following are determined: adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 (71%), do not have a partner (76%), are housewives (79%), complications during pregnancy (79 %), threatened abortion (24%), inadequate nutrition (22%), environment where tobacco and alcohol are consumed (83%), they did not appear for controls (69%); family support (49% good) and partner support (34% fair). Conclusions: It is concluded that age influences the manifestation of prenatal complications, aspects such as education, coexistence, couple, activities of the adolescent, harmful habits, food, adherence and family and partner support are also included. An educational intervention guide was developed as a proposal in order to reduce prenatal complications in pregnant adolescents treated at the IESS Milagro Hospital(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adolescente , Complicações na Gravidez , Gravidez na Adolescência , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Nutrição do Adolescente , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Saúde Pública , Comportamento Alimentar , Uso de TabacoRESUMO
El triaje ayuda a clasificar, seleccionar al individuo de acuerdo a la condición de salud que mantenga la persona, actuando el personal de enfermería como la pieza principal gracias a la valoración céfalo caudal y a través de los signos vitales, priorizando siempre la afectación del paciente. Objetivo: Describir la importancia del triaje, como puerta de entrada al nivel hospitalario. Materiales y métodos: Este artículo fue realizado bajo los parámetros de la revisión documental, de nivel descriptivo, monográfico. La técnica aplicada fue el fichaje bibliográfico y el análisis sistemático de los documentos encontrados en la web. Resultados: El proceso de triaje, se da cuando un evento de emergencia supera los recursos de un centro hospitalario. Este proceso, es lo que determina a priori, la situación del paciente, clasificándolos según la prioridad de atención que requiere. Conclusión: El triaje es un proceso importante ante las emergencias, porque permite optimizar lo recursos y las atenciones a las personas afectadas garantizando el tratamiento adecuado y necesario en el momento indicado(AU)
Assuntos
Triagem , Emergências , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Admissão do Paciente , Medicina de Emergência , Assistência ao PacienteRESUMO
Sixty-two fecal samples of capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) living in eight conservation units (CUs) across the state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, were assessed for the presence of eggs of liver flukes via sedimentation. Fasciola hepatica eggs were found in 37.1% (23/62) of the samples. Positive samples were found in six CUs (75%), three CUs located in the southern region of the state and three others in the metropolitan region of the capital city of Vitória. Identification of Fasciola hepatica eggs collected from capybara fecal samples were based on morphology, and confirmed using molecular methods. Our results suggest that capybaras may serve as a wild reservoir host for F. hepatica, possibly contributing to the epidemiology and geographic range expansion of this zoonotic parasite across its vast range of distribution in South America.
Assuntos
Fasciola hepatica , Fasciolíase , Doenças dos Roedores , Animais , Brasil , Fasciolíase/diagnóstico , Fasciolíase/epidemiologia , Fasciolíase/veterinária , Fezes , RoedoresRESUMO
It is possible to gain a deeper insight into the role of water in biology by using physicochemical variant molecules, such as deuterium oxide (D2 O); however, D2 O is toxic to multicellular organisms in high concentrations. By using a unique desiccation-rehydration process, we demonstrate that the anhydrobiotic nematode Panagrolaimus superbus is able to tolerate and proliferate in 99 % D2 O. Moreover, we analysed P. superbus' water-channel protein (aquaporin; AQP), which is associated with dehydration/rehydration, by comparing its primary structure and modelling its tertiary structure in silico. Our data evidence that P. superbus' AQP is an aquaglyceroporin, a class of water channel known to display a wider pore; this helps to explain the rapid and successful organismal influx of D2 O into this species. This is the first demonstration of an animal able to withstand high D2 O levels, thus paving a way for the investigation of the effects D2 O on higher levels of biological organization.
Assuntos
Óxido de Deutério/metabolismo , Nematoides/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Aquaporinas/química , Aquaporinas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Helminto/química , Proteínas de Helminto/metabolismo , Humanos , Nematoides/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Alinhamento de SequênciaRESUMO
Objetivo: analisar a importância das amizades no processo de tolerância durante o período acadêmico. Método: Estudo transversal, analítico e quantitativo, realizado com 276 discentes da área de saúde de uma instituição privada do estado de Goiás. Foram aplicados formulário sociodemográfico e o instrumento de Avaliação da Tolerância nas Relações de Amizade. A análise deu-se por meio de estatística descritiva e regressão linear, com método backwar. Resultados: As relações interpessoais de amizades facilitam a permanência dos discentes no curso. A religião, o curso de graduação escolhido e o período do curso em que o aluno está matriculado foram fatores que contribuíram para o aumento da tolerância às relações de amizade. Conclusão: Os achados principais sugerem que dois fatores são importantes para a manutenção da tolerância características sociodemográficas e relação interpessoal entre os amigos.
Objective: to assess the importance of friendships in the tolerance process during the academic period. Method: Cross-sectional, analytical and quantitative study, carried out with 276 students in the health area of a private institution in the state of Goiás. A sociodemographic form and the instrument of Assessment of Tolerance in Friendship Relationships were applied. The analysis was carried out through descriptive statistics and linear regression, with the backwar method. Results: Interpersonal friendship relationships facilitate the permanence of students in the course. Religion, the chosen undergraduate course and the period of the course in which the student is enrolled were factors that contributed to the increased tolerance for friendship relationships. Conclusion: The main findings suggest that two factors are important for the maintenance of tolerance, sociodemographic characteristics and interpersonal relationships among friends.
Objetivo: analizar la importancia de las amistades en el proceso de tolerancia durante el período académico. Metodo: estudio transversal, analítico y cuantitativo, realizado con 276 estudiantes del área de la salud de una institución privada del estado de Goiás. Se aplicó un formulario sociodemográfico y el instrumento de Evaluación de la Tolerancia en las Relaciones de Amistad. El análisis se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva y regresión lineal, con el método backwar. Resultados: las relaciones de amistad interpersonal facilitan la permanencia de los estudiantes en el curso. La religión, el curso de graduación elegido y el período del curso en el que está matriculado fueron factores que contribuyeron al aumento de la tolerancia a las relaciones de amistad. Conclusión: los principales hallazgos sugieren que dos factores son importantes para el mantenimiento de la tolerancia, las características sociodemográficas y las relaciones interpersonales entre amigos