RESUMO

Antimicrobial resistance is a natural mechanism in microorganisms, making the treatment of infections more complex in human and veterinary medicine. Global exotic and ornamental bird markets have significantly increased, and the close relationship between pets and humans makes exploring the potential role of these birds as vectors for the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria imperative. This study aimed to use culture-dependent methods to investigate cloacal bacteria and the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in four breeding stocks of ornamental birds. Cloacal swab samples were collected from 53 birds (canaries = 32, cockatiels = 17, and budgies = 4) and used for culturing and isolating facultative anaerobic and/or obligatory aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of each isolate was determined by the disk diffusion method. Thirty-four isolates were obtained, most of which belonged to the Staphylococcus genus. Bacterial richness was higher in canaries and in one of the breeding stockings, where Gram-negative bacteria were more abundant than in the others. In addition, canaries exhibited a predominance of resistant isolates, particularly multidrug-resistant strains, probably due to prophylactic antimicrobial usage. Most Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to at least one drug tested. A vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis strain was isolated. Most Staphylococcus strains were resistant to gentamycin, followed by penicillin. Eight strains were cefoxitin-resistant, including oxacillin-resistant S. epidermidis, in which the mecA gene was detected. Understanding the prevalence of resistance in avian species is crucial in the collaborative pursuit of maintaining antibiotic effectiveness and strengthening public health defense against emerging infectious risks.

A resistência antimicrobiana é um mecanismo natural dos microrganismos, complicando o tratamento de infecções na medicina humana e veterinária. O mercado global de aves exóticas e ornamentais cresceu significativamente, e a relação próxima entre esses animais e humanos destaca a necessidade de investigar o papel das aves na disseminação de bactérias resistentes. Este estudo utilizou métodos dependentes de cultura para examinar bactérias cloacais e a presença de resistência a antibióticos em quatro plantéis de aves ornamentais. Amostras de suabe cloacal foram coletadas de 53 aves (canários = 32, calopsitas = 17, periquitos = 4) e usadas para cultivar e isolar bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas, facultativas anaeróbias e aeróbias obrigatórias. A suscetibilidade antimicrobiana foi determinada pelo método de difusão em disco. Foram obtidos 34 isolados, principalmente do gênero Staphylococcus. A riqueza bacteriana foi maior nos canários e em um dos plantéis, onde houve aumento de Gram-negativos. Canários mostraram predominância de isolados resistentes, especialmente cepas multirresistentes, provavelmente devido ao uso profilático de antimicrobianos. A maioria das bactérias Gram-negativas foi resistente a pelo menos um fármaco testado. Um Enterococcus faecalis resistente à vancomicina foi isolado. A maioria dos Staphylococcus foi resistente à gentamicina e penicilina; oito cepas foram resistentes à cefoxitina, incluindo S. epidermidis resistente à oxacilina com o gene mecA detectado. Compreender a prevalência de resistência em aves é crucial para manter a eficácia dos antibióticos e fortalecer a saúde pública contra riscos infecciosos emergentes.

RESUMO

Little is known about the influence of the urban environments on bat species 'ecology. The urbanization process potentially lead to critical ecological changes in bat communities' intra and interspecific pathogenic transmissions dynamics. To date, the monitoring of pathogens in bats in Brazil has only been done with bats found dead or alive in households, from rabies surveillance systems. The present work aimed to investigate how urbanization influenced bat richness, relative abundance and pathogen occurrence. Most captured bats were Phyllostomidae, especially Sturnira lilium, Artibeus lituratus, A. fimbriatus, Glossophaga soricina, and Platyrrhinus lineatus, among others. From preserved-rural towards urban areas the lesser the bat richness, the higher the relative abundance of the captured bats. Noise level, luminosity and relative humidity correlated with bat abundance. The proportion of genders, sexually active bats and their size (weight, right forearm length, and body condition index) were stable throughout the investigation. Still, the proportion of pregnant females was higher in Spring and the number of juveniles in Summer, evidencing the seasonality of reproduction. Several Enterobacteria were isolated, evidencing a significant role of bats in the circulation of pathogens of medical and veterinary interest. These results are crucial in the pursuit of a harmonious coexistence between humans, bats and domestic animals in areas with different levels of anthropization.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introduction. Infectious keratoconjunctivitis is a significant ocular disease found in confined sheep. Little information about the aetiological agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility is available.Gap Statement. There is limited information on the aetiological agents involved in keratoconjunctivitis outbreaks in sheep.Aim. The present research aimed to determine the bacterial aetiological factors involved in an outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in confined lambs.Methodology. Ocular swabs were collected from 23 randomly selected lambs, which were classified into three groups according to the severity of the lesion: group I (N=6; no ocular involvement), group II (N=8; less severe injuries) and group III (N=9; more severe injuries). Isolation of aerobic bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out. Molecular detection of Mollicutes was performed, and positive samples were tested to confirm the presence of the following species: Mycoplasma conjunctivae, Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri.Results. Moraxella sp. and Mollicutes were detected in all groups, but we inferred that Moraxella sp. are only significant in the early stages of the disease. M. conjunctivae was detected in all tested groups, while M. agalactiae was detected in samples of group III only. One strain of Moraxella sp. was resistant to erythromycin and showed intermedite resistance to tetracycline.Conclusion. The presence of these species confirms their importance in the aetiology of this disease, and the low resistance profile observed in the studied farm suggested an increased cure success rate.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Bats are the only flying mammalian animals and are distributed worldwide. Bats are well-known hosts of several zoonotic viruses and bacteria, including Leptospira sp. Here, we performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of evidence of Leptospira sp. infection in bats by examining studies published between 1964 and 2021. We reported the frequencies of various species and serogroups on all continents, several species and feeding habits of bats, and different diagnostic tools. Together, 33 papers from all continents with seven to 2077 individuals from one to 31 species were included. Molecular detection was conducted in most studies, followed by MAT (Microscopic Agglutination Test) and isolation and identification. Molecular characterization of Leptospira sp. revealed L. borgpetersenii as the most frequent species. Moreover, 179 positive samples for MAT contained the most likely infecting serogroups described, particularly the Australis serogroup. The percentage of positive tests in isolation and identification ranged between 0% and 0.5%. The highest frequency of Leptospira infection among the continents was observed in Asia, whereas South America had the lowest percentage. Finally, Nycteridae and Rhinonycteridae were the most frequently infected bat families. Our study provides valuable information about the epidemiology of Leptospira sp. infection in bats.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: Bacterial resistance is a fundamental aspect of One Health, which is defined as the inseparable unity of animal, human, and environmental health. Epidemiological surveillance on the spread of bacterial resistance in animals and their derived products is essential given that meat, milk, and dairy products can carry resistant microorganisms that may reach humans through the food chain either by direct consumption or by handling the product. To eliminate the scarcity of information, it is necessary to characterize the epidemiological situation in terms of bacterial resistance in dairy production in northeastern Brazil. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from goat milk samples from some municipalities in the Brazilian state of Sergipe. Materials, Methods & Results: The study included 28 goat farms in 4 municipalities of the Semiarid region of the State of Sergipe in Northeastern Brazil, namely Canindé de São Francisco (n = 11), Nossa Senhora da Glória (n = 6), Poço Verde (n = 6), and Porto da Folha (n = 5). All lactating does of each herd (n = 263) aged >1 year were, sampled randomly by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Milk samples were collected from both teats, resulting in 526 samples in total. Bacterial culturing and isolation were performed, followed by antimicrobial susceptibility profile analysis to the following active principles: amoxicillin with and without clavulanic acid, amikacin, ampicillin with sulbactam, ciprofloxacin, cefalexin, cefalotin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, penicillin G, and tetracycline. A survey form was used to obtain zootechnical information for each farm. Data are described as absolute and relative frequencies. The significance assessment of the differences between herd characteristics and bacterial isolation was performed using Pearson's chi-squared test. Bacterial isolation occurred in 15.4% (81/526) of the samples from 23.2% (61/263) of the goats. Escherichia coli (45.9% = 28/61), Staphylococcus caprae (16.4% = 10/61) and Enterococcus faecalis (11.5% = 7/61), were the most frequently isolated species. Bacterial isolations were predominant in dairy herds with up to 50 animals, production of 20 to 50 L/day and in the municipality of Porto da Folha. In terms of antimicrobial susceptibility, most isolates demonstrated resistance to penicillin and amoxicillin (88.5%), followed by ceftriaxone (23%), ofloxacin (23%), tetracycline (23%), doxycycline (19.7%), chloramphenicol (11.5%), levofloxacin (11.5%), ampicillin/ sulbactam (8.2%), amikacin (6.6%), cephalothin (4.9%), cephalexin (3.3%) and gentamicin (3.3%). Approximately 20% of the isolates were multidrug resistant, especially E. coli (50%) and S. aureus (16.7%). Discussion: E. coli was the most frequently isolated species from the samples. It is considered an environmental pathogen, and its high frequency in different herds indicates poor milking hygiene. E. coli also stood out as the species presenting the most multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (50%), with strains resistant to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are recognized as a public health problem as they are etiological agents of various diseases and can easily acquire antimicrobial resistance genes. Although it was not the most frequently isolated species, S. aureus was the species with the second-highest frequency of MDR strains. The presence of MDR species is relevant and indicates the need for urgent action to reduce the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. Relevant steps must be taken jointly by professionals involved in human, animal, and environmental health.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The use of heavy metals in economic and social development can create an accumulation of toxic waste in the environment. High concentrations of heavy metals can damage human and animal health, lead to the development of antibiotic resistance, and possibly change in bovine microbiota. It is important to investigate the influence of heavy metals in food systems to determine potential harmful effects environmental heavy metal contamination on human health. Because of a mining dam rupture, 43 million cubic meters of iron ore waste flowed into the Doce river basin surrounding Mariana City, Brazil, in 2015. Following this environmental disaster, we investigated the consequences of long-term exposure to contaminated drinking water on the microbiome and resistome of dairy cattle. We identified bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in the feces, rumen fluid, and nasopharynx of 16 dairy cattle 4 years after the environmental disaster. Cattle had been continuously exposed to heavy metal contaminated water until sample collection (A) and compared them to analogous samples from 16 dairy cattle in an unaffected farm, 356 km away (B). The microbiome and resistome of farm A and farm B differed in many aspects. The distribution of genes present in the cattle's nasopharynx, rumen, and feces conferring AMR was highly heterogeneous, and most genes were present in only a few samples. The relative abundance and prevalence (presence/absence) of AMR genes were higher in farm A than in farm B. Samples from farm A had a higher prevalence (presence) of genes conferring resistance to multiple drugs, metals, biocides, and multi-compound resistance. Fecal samples had a higher relative abundance of AMR genes, followed by rumen fluid samples, and the nasopharynx had the lowest relative abundance of AMR genes detected. Metagenome functional annotation suggested that selective pressures of heavy metal exposure potentially skewed pathway diversity toward fewer, more specialized functions. This is the first study that evaluates the consequences of a Brazilian environmental accident with mining ore dam failure in the microbiome of dairy cows. Our findings suggest that the long-term persistence of heavy metals in the environment may result in differences in the microbiota and enrichment of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Our results also suggest that AMR genes are most readily detected in fecal samples compared to rumen and nasopharyngeal samples which had relatively lower bacterial read counts. Since heavy metal contamination has an effect on the animal microbiome, environmental management is warranted to protect the food system from hazardous consequences.

RESUMO

Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) infection is associated with clinical manifestations related to animal age, with high mortality in kids and infertility in adults. Given the scarcity of research about the epidemiological situation of this infection in Brazilian flocks, we aimed to conduct a cross-sectional descriptive study to detect antibodies against CpHV-1 in goats in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Fifty-five male and female goats ­ kids and adult ­ were assessed in this study. Blood serum was analyzed by a commercial ELISA kit to detect antibodies against CpHV-1, which had not been used in Brazil before. No animals were reactive. Brazil lacks information about CpHV-1 infection in goat flocks. Continuing the study is crucial to understand the epidemiological situation of the disease and establish protocols for infection control.(AU)

A infecção pelo Herpesvírus Caprino tipo 1 (CpHv-1) está associada a manifestações clínicas relacionadas à idade dos animais, com alta mortalidade em filhotes e infertilidade em adultos. Diante da escassez de estudos sobre situação epidemiológica dessa infecção nos rebanhos brasileiros, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar um estudo transversal e descritivo para a detecção de anticorpos anti-Herpesvírus Caprino tipo 1 em caprinos do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram avaliados 55 caprinos machos e fêmeas, filhotes e adultos. O soro sanguíneo foi analisado por um kit ELISA comercial para detecção de anticorpos contra CpHv-1, de utilização inédita no Brasil. Nenhum animal estudado foi sororreagente. O Brasil carece de informações acerca da infecção pelo Herpesvírus Caprino tipo 1 nos rebanhos caprinos do país. A continuidade do estudo é imprescindível para compreender a situação epidemiológica da enfermidade e estabelecer protocolos para controle da infecção.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) infection is associated with clinical manifestations related to animal age, with high mortality in kids and infertility in adults. Given the scarcity of research about the epidemiological situation of this infection in Brazilian flocks, we aimed to conduct a cross-sectional descriptive study to detect antibodies against CpHV-1 in goats in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Fifty-five male and female goats ­ kids and adult ­ were assessed in this study. Blood serum was analyzed by a commercial ELISA kit to detect antibodies against CpHV-1, which had not been used in Brazil before. No animals were reactive. Brazil lacks information about CpHV-1 infection in goat flocks. Continuing the study is crucial to understand the epidemiological situation of the disease and establish protocols for infection control.(AU)

A infecção pelo Herpesvírus Caprino tipo 1 (CpHv-1) está associada a manifestações clínicas relacionadas à idade dos animais, com alta mortalidade em filhotes e infertilidade em adultos. Diante da escassez de estudos sobre situação epidemiológica dessa infecção nos rebanhos brasileiros, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar um estudo transversal e descritivo para a detecção de anticorpos anti-Herpesvírus Caprino tipo 1 em caprinos do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram avaliados 55 caprinos machos e fêmeas, filhotes e adultos. O soro sanguíneo foi analisado por um kit ELISA comercial para detecção de anticorpos contra CpHv-1, de utilização inédita no Brasil. Nenhum animal estudado foi sororreagente. O Brasil carece de informações acerca da infecção pelo Herpesvírus Caprino tipo 1 nos rebanhos caprinos do país. A continuidade do estudo é imprescindível para compreender a situação epidemiológica da enfermidade e estabelecer protocolos para controle da infecção.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Toxoplasma gondii is an infective parasite that causes reproductive disorders such as abortion, fetal mummification, birth of weak offspring, and stillbirth, thereby causing economic losses to sheep production. The northeastern region of Brazil has approximately 171 million small ruminants, of which 5.4% are sheep. The present study aimed at determining the rate of occurrence of T. gondii in sheep flocks on 60 farms in 19 municipalities in the three mesoregions (eastern, semi-arid, and sertão or backlands) of the state of Sergipe, Brazil, and the risk factors associated with this infection. Serum samples were collected between 2011 and 2012, from 60 farms located in 19 municipalities in the three mesoregions: 680 in the eastern region, 280 in the semi-arid region, and 240 in the backlands, totaling 1,200 samples (990 females and 210 males). Anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected by means of the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT ≥ 64). The highest occurrence was detected in the eastern region (45.3%, p = 0.001). On farms with subsistence production, the risk of having animals infected by T. gondii was approximately twice as high as on breeding/rebreeding/fattening farms (OR: 3.03; CI: 1.97-4.68). There was a significant lack of sanitary care, such as absence of a dunghill (p = 0.000; OR: 1.60; CI: 1.26-2.03), quarantine (p = 0.000; OR: 1.87; CI: 1.45-2.41) and disinfection (p = 0.003; OR: 1.46; CI: 1.13-1.88). Regarding feeding, the risk of infection was 1.74 and 1.37 times higher in places that used a trough and/or that cats could access, respectively. The present study allows the conclusions that T. gondii is found on farms in the three mesoregions of the state of Sergipe and that environmental and management factors have an influence on sheep infection.(AU)

Toxoplasma gondii é um parasita cuja infecção leva a desordens reprodutivas como aborto, mumificação fetal, nascimento de cordeiros fracos e natimortos, provocando perdas econômicas na produção ovina. A região nordeste do Brasil possui aproximadamente 171 milhões de pequenos ruminantes, dos quais 5,4% são ovinos. Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar a ocorrência de T. gondii nos rebanhos ovinos de 60 propriedades de 19 municípios de três mesorregiões (leste, semiárido e sertão) do estado de Sergipe, Brasil, e os fatores de risco associados a essa infecção. Amostras de soro foram coletadas entre 2011 e 2012, em 60 propriedades localizadas em 19 municípios das três mesorregiões: 680 na região leste, 280 no semiárido e 240 no sertão, totalizando 1.200 amostras (990 fêmeas e 210 machos). Anticorpos anti-T.gondii foram detectados por reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIF ≥ 64). A maior ocorrência foi detectada na região leste (45,3%, p = 0.001). Em propriedades com produção de subsistência, o risco de animais infectados por T. gondii é aproximadamente duas vezes maior que nas de cria/recria/engorda (OR = 3.03/ IC: 1.97-4.68). A ausência de cuidados sanitários, como ausência de esterqueira (p = 0.000/ OR: 1.60; CI: 1.26-2.03); quarentena (p = 0.000/ OR: 1.87; CI: 1.45-2.41) e desinfecção (p = 0.003/ OR: 1.46; CI: 1.13-1.88) foram significantes. Em relação à alimentação, o risco de infecção aumenta 1.74 e 1.37 em locais que utilizam cocho ou com presença de gatos, respectivamente. Este estudo permite concluir que o T. gondii é encontrado em propriedades das mesorregiões do estado de Sergipe e fatores ambientais e de manejo estão influenciando nas infecções em ovinos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Toxoplasma gondii is an infective parasite that causes reproductive disorders such as abortion, fetal mummification, birth of weak offspring, and stillbirth, thereby causing economic losses to sheep production. The northeastern region of Brazil has approximately 171 million small ruminants, of which 5.4% are sheep. The present study aimed at determining the rate of occurrence of T. gondii in sheep flocks on 60 farms in 19 municipalities in the three mesoregions (eastern, semi-arid, and sertão or backlands) of the state of Sergipe, Brazil, and the risk factors associated with this infection. Serum samples were collected between 2011 and 2012, from 60 farms located in 19 municipalities in the three mesoregions: 680 in the eastern region, 280 in the semi-arid region, and 240 in the backlands, totaling 1,200 samples (990 females and 210 males). Anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected by means of the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT ≥ 64). The highest occurrence was detected in the eastern region (45.3%, p = 0.001). On farms with subsistence production, the risk of having animals infected by T. gondii was approximately twice as high as on breeding/rebreeding/fattening farms (OR: 3.03; CI: 1.97-4.68). There was a significant lack of sanitary care, such as absence of a dunghill (p = 0.000; OR: 1.60; CI: 1.26-2.03), quarantine (p = 0.000; OR: 1.87; CI: 1.45-2.41) and disinfection (p = 0.003; OR: 1.46; CI: 1.13-1.88). Regarding feeding, the risk of infection was 1.74 and 1.37 times higher in places that used a trough and/or that cats could access, respectively. The present study allows the conclusions that T. gondii is found on farms in the three mesoregions of the state of Sergipe and that environmental and management factors have an influence on sheep infection.(AU)

Toxoplasma gondii é um parasita cuja infecção leva a desordens reprodutivas como aborto, mumificação fetal, nascimento de cordeiros fracos e natimortos, provocando perdas econômicas na produção ovina. A região nordeste do Brasil possui aproximadamente 171 milhões de pequenos ruminantes, dos quais 5,4% são ovinos. Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar a ocorrência de T. gondii nos rebanhos ovinos de 60 propriedades de 19 municípios de três mesorregiões (leste, semiárido e sertão) do estado de Sergipe, Brasil, e os fatores de risco associados a essa infecção. Amostras de soro foram coletadas entre 2011 e 2012, em 60 propriedades localizadas em 19 municípios das três mesorregiões: 680 na região leste, 280 no semiárido e 240 no sertão, totalizando 1.200 amostras (990 fêmeas e 210 machos). Anticorpos anti-T.gondii foram detectados por reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIF ≥ 64). A maior ocorrência foi detectada na região leste (45,3%, p = 0.001). Em propriedades com produção de subsistência, o risco de animais infectados por T. gondii é aproximadamente duas vezes maior que nas de cria/recria/engorda (OR = 3.03/ IC: 1.97-4.68). A ausência de cuidados sanitários, como ausência de esterqueira (p = 0.000/ OR: 1.60; CI: 1.26-2.03); quarentena (p = 0.000/ OR: 1.87; CI: 1.45-2.41) e desinfecção (p = 0.003/ OR: 1.46; CI: 1.13-1.88) foram significantes. Em relação à alimentação, o risco de infecção aumenta 1.74 e 1.37 em locais que utilizam cocho ou com presença de gatos, respectivamente. Este estudo permite concluir que o T. gondii é encontrado em propriedades das mesorregiões do estado de Sergipe e fatores ambientais e de manejo estão influenciando nas infecções em ovinos.(AU)

Assuntos