RESUMO
Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) son enfermedades muy serias que se inician habitualmente en la adolescencia y en general han ido en aumento en los países en desarrollo. Actualmente, diversos factores obstaculizan su prevención, pesquisa y tratamiento en el país, siendo uno importante la escasez de capacitación de los profesionales de salud en este tema emergente. El objetivo de este artículo es contribuir al conocimiento que poseen los pediatras sobre los TCA en la adolescencia, mediante una revisión actualizada de la literatura en el tema. En esta publicación se abordan la principal clasificación internacional de los TCA en uso en la literatura científica actual y la epidemiología, etiología, el impacto en la salud integral, la presentación clínica y el tratamiento de los TCA más frecuentes en la adolescencia.
Eating disorders (ED) are very serious diseases that usually begin in adolescence and have, in general, been increasing in developing countries. In the country, there are currently several fac tors that hinder their prevention, detection, and treatment, where the lack of training of health professionals in this emerging issue appears as an important one. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the knowledge that pediatricians have about ED in adolescence, through an updated review of the literature on the subject. This publication addresses the main internatio nal classification of ED in use in the current scientific literature and the epidemiology, etiology, impact on comprehensive health, clinical presentation, and treatment of the most common ED in adolescence.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/etiologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/terapia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/epidemiologia , Pediatria , Chile/epidemiologia , Saúde Global , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) han adquirido relevancia en la pediatría chilena. Su tratamiento debe ser realizado, de preferencia, por equipos multidisciplinarios especializados o con alto grado de capacitación en la problemática. Sin embargo, los pediatras generales tienen un rol fundamental tanto en la prevención como en la pesquisa temprana de estas patologías. El objetivo de esta publicación es proporcionarles recomendaciones prácticas sobre las intervenciones que pueden llevar a cabo durante la atención de adolescentes, para la prevención de los TCA, la pesquisa precoz y evaluación de quienes ya los presentan, y su derivación oportuna a tratamiento especializado.
Eating disorders (ED) have become relevant in Chilean pediatrics. Their treatment must be prefe rably carried out by multidisciplinary teams with specialty or a high degree of training in the pro blem. However, general pediatricians have a fundamental role both in the prevention and in the early detection of these pathologies. The purpose of this publication is to provide them with practical recommendations on interventions that can be carried out during adolescent care for the prevention of ED, the early detection and evaluation of those who already have them, and their timely referral to specialized treatment.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente , Pediatria/métodos , Pediatria/normas , Papel do Médico/psicologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/etiologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/psicologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/terapia , Pediatras/normas , Pediatras/psicologia , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Exame Físico/métodos , Exame Físico/normas , Relações Médico-Paciente , Prevenção Primária/métodos , Prevenção Primária/normas , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Chile , Fatores de Risco , Diagnóstico Precoce , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Anamnese/métodos , Anamnese/normasRESUMO
Eating disorders (ED) are very serious diseases that usually begin in adolescence and have, in general, been increasing in developing countries. In the country, there are currently several fac tors that hinder their prevention, detection, and treatment, where the lack of training of health professionals in this emerging issue appears as an important one. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the knowledge that pediatricians have about ED in adolescence, through an updated review of the literature on the subject. This publication addresses the main internatio nal classification of ED in use in the current scientific literature and the epidemiology, etiology, impact on comprehensive health, clinical presentation, and treatment of the most common ED in adolescence.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos , Adolescente , Chile/epidemiologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/epidemiologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/etiologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/terapia , Saúde Global , Humanos , Pediatria , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Eating disorders (ED) have become relevant in Chilean pediatrics. Their treatment must be prefe rably carried out by multidisciplinary teams with specialty or a high degree of training in the pro blem. However, general pediatricians have a fundamental role both in the prevention and in the early detection of these pathologies. The purpose of this publication is to provide them with practical recommendations on interventions that can be carried out during adolescent care for the prevention of ED, the early detection and evaluation of those who already have them, and their timely referral to specialized treatment.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos , Pediatras , Pediatria , Papel do Médico , Adolescente , Chile , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Diagnóstico Precoce , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/etiologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/psicologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/terapia , Humanos , Anamnese/métodos , Anamnese/normas , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Pediatras/psicologia , Pediatras/normas , Pediatria/métodos , Pediatria/normas , Exame Físico/métodos , Exame Físico/normas , Papel do Médico/psicologia , Relações Médico-Paciente , Prevenção Primária/métodos , Prevenção Primária/normas , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Coccidioides is a primary pathogenic fungus, which infects humans through highly infectious arthroconidia, causing substantial morbidity including life-threatening disseminated infections. Due to the low infectious dose, laboratory personnel might become infected during diagnostic procedures. Accordingly, coccidioidomycosis is reported as the most frequent laboratory-acquired systemic mycosis worldwide. This risk is aggravated in non-endemic countries, where the diagnosis may not be suspected. We report on an inadvertent exposure of 44 persons to Coccidioides posadasii in a clinical microbiology laboratory in Chile, the measures of containment after rapid diagnosis with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and the lessons learnt in a non-endemic setting.
Assuntos
Coccidioides/isolamento & purificação , Coccidioidomicose/epidemiologia , Infecção Laboratorial/epidemiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Coccidioidomicose/diagnóstico , Coccidioidomicose/microbiologia , Humanos , Controle de Infecções , Infecção Laboratorial/diagnóstico , Infecção Laboratorial/microbiologia , Técnicas Microbiológicas , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por MatrizRESUMO
RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de un enjuague oral de extracto acuoso de Rosmarinus Officinalis (romero) sobre la cicatrización de heridas de mucosa oral en sujetos sanos. Veintiocho estudiantes, de sexo masculino, edad promedio de 22 años, fueron reclutados para un estudio de doble ciego en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Concepción, Chile. Se creó una herida estándar de 3 mm de diámetro en la mucosa palatina, que fue fotografiada durante un período de 21 días para determinar su tamaño por fotoplanimetría. Los voluntarios recibieron enjuagues orales para ser utilizados a diario desde el día de creación de la herida, 3 veces al día, y fueron divididos en grupo control (enjuague placebo) y grupo experimental (enjuague de extracto de romero). El extracto acuoso de Romero fue analizado por HPLC, mostrando un alto contenido de carnosol (83 %) y ácido rosmarínico (65 %). Se observó una disminución significativa en el tamaño de la herida del grupo tratado con enjuague de romero comparado con el tratado con enjuague placebo al día 3 de cicatrización (20 %, p=0,046, Mann-Whitney). Posteriormente no se encontraron diferencias, completándose la cicatrización antes del día 21 para ambos grupos. Los resultados sugieren que el enjuagatorio de extracto acuoso de romero favorece la cicatrización temprana de las heridas, lo que puede deberse a su alto contenido de carnosol y ácido rosmarínico que han demostrado estimular la cicatrización y poseer actividad antimicrobiana.
ABSTRACT: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of a mouthrinse containing an aqueous extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) on healing wounds of the oral mucosa in healthy subjects. Twenty Eight healthy, non-smoking male students, mean age 22 years, were recruited for a double-blind study at the School of Dentistry of the University of Concepción, Chile. A standard 3mm wound was created on the palate with a punch biopsy. The wounds were photographed to assess healing for 21 days. The subjects were instructed to use a mouthrinse 3 times daily for 21 days, starting the day of wounding, and were divided into a control group (placebo) and an experimental group (rosemary extract). The aqueous rosemary extract used for the mouthrinse had a high content of carnosol (83 %) and rosmarinic acid (65 %) as determined by HPLC. We observed a 20 % reduction in wound size by day 3 in the rosemary mouthrinse group as compared to the placebo mouthrinse group (p=0.04, Mann Whitney). Thereafter, no significant differences in wound closure were observed. Healing was completed by day 21 in both groups. The results suggest that the mouthrinse containing the aqueous rosemary extract stimulates early healing of mucosal wounds. This could be due to the high content of carnosol and rosmarinic acid, which are known for their healing and antimicrobial properties.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Rosmarinus/química , Mucosa Bucal/lesões , Cicatrização , Chile , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Antissépticos Bucais/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
El incremento de la obesidad y de los trastornos alimentarios en la población infanto-juvenil hace necesario que en la prevención y tratamiento de la primera, se evite favorecer inadvertidamente los últimos. En este artículo se aborda la epidemiología y las consecuencias de la obesidad y los trastornos alimentarios en la adolescencia; la asociación entre ambas patologías y los posibles mecanismos tras ella; además de la factibilidad de contribuir al desarrollo de un desorden alimentario durante el tratamiento de la malnutrición por exceso en este grupo etario. Finalmente se describe la necesidad de una prevención integrada de la obesidad y los trastornos alimentarios, tanto a través de programas de prevención conjunta como de acciones que pueden realizar los profesionales en la atención de salud.
The increase of both obesity and eating disorders in young people makes it necessary to avoid inadvertently favoring the latter during the prevention and treatment of the first. This article address the epidemiology and consequences of obesity and eating disorders in adolescence, the association between the two conditions and the possible mechanisms behind it, and the feasibility of contributing to the development of an eating disorder during the treatment of overweight in this age group. Finally, the need for integrated prevention of obesity and eating disorders is described, both through joint prevention programs and actions that health care providers can do during their clinical work.
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Serviços Preventivos de Saúde , Chile/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Obesidade/dietoterapiaRESUMO
En adultos, se ha demostrado que la metformina favorece la reducción de peso y previene el desarrollo de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Sin embargo, aún no se han determinado estos efectos en población adolescente con riesgo de DM2. Objetivo: Analizar el impacto antropométrico y metabólico de la metformina en adolescentes obesas con riesgo de DM2. Pacientes y Método: Estudio randomizado, doble ciego, en que participaron 19 adolescentes obesas con riesgo de DM2 distribuidas aleatoriamente en dos grupos. Ambos fueron sometidos a un período de tratamiento (3 meses) con cambios en estilo de vida y farmacoterapia (dosis diaria de metformina 500 mg de liberación prolongada o placebo, respectivamente), continuado por un período de seguimiento (3 meses). Se compararon las variaciones en antropometría (peso, IMC, circunferencia cintura, presión arterial) y perfil metabólico (glicemia, HOMA, perfil lipídico, GOT y GPT) entre ellos al finalizar ambos períodos. Resultados: El grupo tratado con metformina mostró reducción significativa del peso e IMC. La disminución de IMC fue significativamente mayor que la del grupo que recibió placebo. Ningún grupo demostró mejora en el perfil de riesgo metabólico. Conclusión: La terapia con metformina, combinada con intervención en el estilo de vida, reduce el peso e IMC en adolescentes obesas con riesgo de DM2 en comparación con pacientes que reciben intervención en estilo de vida y placebo.
In adults, metformin promotes weight loss and prevents the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). However, these effects have not been demonstrated in adolescents at risk for DM2. Objective: To analyze the anthropometric and metabolic impact of metformin in obese adolescents at risk for DM2. Patients and Methods: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 19 obese female adolescents at risk for DM2. A structured lifestyle intervention with nutritional and exercise education and motivational support was assessed over 3 month with an additional follow up period of 3 months. Subjects were randomized to 500 mg/ daily of extended release metformin or placebo. Anthropometric (weight, BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure) and metabolic profiles (glycemia, HOMA, lipid profile, AST, ALT) were compared between both groups at the end of both periods. Results: Metformin treated group showed a significant reduction in weight and body mass index (BMI) compared with placebo group. No improvement in the metabolic risk profile was showed in any group. Conclusion: In this study, metformin therapy in combination with a lifestyle intervention helps to reduce weight and BMI in obese adolescent females at risk for DM2, compared to lifestyle and placebo intervention.
RESUMO
In adults, metformin promotes weight loss and prevents the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). However, these effects have not been demonstrated in adolescents at risk for DM2. Objective: To analyze the anthropometric and metabolic impact of metformin in obese adolescents at risk for DM2. Patients and Methods: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 19 obese female adolescents at risk for DM2. A structured lifestyle intervention with nutritional and exercise education and motivational support was assessed over 3 month with an additional follow up period of 3 months. Subjects were randomized to 500 mg/ daily of extended release metformin or placebo. Anthropometric (weight, BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure) and metabolic profiles (glycemia, HOMA, lipid profile, AST, ALT) were compared between both groups at the end of both periods. Results: Metformin treated group showed a significant reduction in weight and body mass index (BMI) compared with placebo group. No improvement in the metabolic risk profile was showed in any group. Conclusion: In this study, metformin therapy in combination with a lifestyle intervention helps to reduce weight and BMI in obese adolescent females at risk for DM2, compared to lifestyle and placebo intervention.
En adultos, se ha demostrado que la metformina favorece la reducción de peso y previene el desarrollo de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Sin embargo, aún no se han determinado estos efectos en población adolescente con riesgo de DM2. Objetivo: Analizar el impacto antropométrico y metabólico de la metformina en adolescentes obesas con riesgo de DM2. Pacientes y Método: Estudio randomizado, doble ciego, en que participaron 19 adolescentes obesas con riesgo de DM2 distribuidas aleatoriamente en dos grupos. Ambos fueron sometidos a un período de tratamiento (3 meses) con cambios en estilo de vida y farmacoterapia (dosis diaria de metformina 500 mg de liberación prolongada o placebo, respectivamente), continuado por un período de seguimiento (3 meses). Se compararon las variaciones en antropometría (peso, IMC, circunferencia cintura, presión arterial) y perfil metabólico (glicemia, HOMA, perfil lipídico, GOT y GPT) entre ellos al finalizar ambos períodos. Resultados: El grupo tratado con metformina mostró reducción significativa del peso e IMC. La disminución de IMC fue significativamente mayor que la del grupo que recibió placebo. Ningún grupo demostró mejora en el perfil de riesgo metabólico. Conclusión: La terapia con metformina, combinada con intervención en el estilo de vida, reduce el peso e IMC en adolescentes obesas con riesgo de DM2 en comparación con pacientes que reciben intervención en estilo de vida y placebo.