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MAIN CONCLUSION: Blue light exposure delays tomato seed germination by decreasing endosperm-degrading hydrolase activities, a process regulated by CRY1a-dependent signaling and the hormonal balance between ABA and GA. The germination of tomato seeds (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is tightly controlled by an internal hormonal balance, which is also influenced by environmental factors such as light. In this study, we investigated the blue light (BL)-mediated impacts on physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes during the germination of the blue light photoreceptor CRYPTOCHROME 1a loss-of-function mutant (cry1a) and of the hormonal tomato mutants notabilis (not, deficient in ABA) and procera (pro, displaying a GA-constitutive response). Seeds were germinated in a controlled chamber in the dark and under different intensities of continuous BL (ranging from 1 to 25 µmol m-2 s-1). In general, exposure to BL delayed tomato seed germination in a fluency rate-dependent way due to negative impacts on the activities of endosperm-degrading hydrolases, such as endo-ß-mannanase, ß-mannosidase, and α-galactosidase. However, not and pro mutants presented higher germination speed index (GSI) compared to WT despite the BL influence, associated with higher hydrolase activities, especially evident in pro, indicating that the ABA/GA hormonal balance is important to diminish BL inhibition over tomato germination. The cry1a germination percentage was higher than in WT in the dark but its GSI was lower under BL exposure, suggesting that functional CRY1a is required for BL-dependent germination. BL inhibits the expression of GA-biosynthetic genes, and induces GA-deactivating and ABA-biosynthetic genes. The magnitude of the BL influence over the hormone-related transcriptional profile is also dependent upon CRY1a, highlighting the complex interplay between light and hormonal pathways. These results contribute to a better understanding of BL-induced events behind the photoregulation of tomato seed germination.

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O Brasil tem enfrentado sérios problemas com o abastecimento de fertilizantes potássicos nos últimos anos. Isso tem causado a elevação dos preços e até mesmo escassez do principal fertilizante potássico utilizado pelos produtores, o cloreto de potássio. Por isso, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar um silicato de potássio nacional (K6) como fonte alternativa ao uso do cloreto de potássio para a cultura do feijão-vagem. Para tanto, sementes de feijão-vagem cv. Macarrão Rasteiro foram semeadas a campo em espaçamento de 0,50 x 0,20 m. Empregou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da seguinte maneira: (i) testemunha ­ sem adubação potássica; (ii) cloreto de potássio; (iii) silicato de potássio ­ K6; (iv) 50% cloreto de potássio + 50% K6. Os fertilizantes foram aplicados no momento da semeadura e as doses determinadas com base na análise de solo e nas recomendações para a cultura. Foi realizada avaliação de altura de plantas, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, massa fresca e seca de vagens, estimativa de produtividade e ocorrência de oídio, através de notas de severidade. Verificou-se que não houve influência da adubação potássica sobre o crescimento das plantas. De maneira geral, a produtividade de vagens apresentou baixa influência da adubação. Entretanto, a produtividade total de vagens foi maior em plantas adubadas com K6 em comparação a plantas adubadas com cloreto de potássio. A aplicação de K6 também contribuiu para a redução da severidade de oídio. Dessa forma, nós concluímos que o K6 é uma fonte de potássio viável em substituição ao cloreto de potássio para o feijão-vagem. (AU)

Brazil has faced serious problems with the supply of potassium fertilizers in recent years. This has caused prices to rise and even shortages of the main potassium fertilizer used by producers, potassium chloride. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate a national potassium silicate (K6) as an alternative source to the use of potassium chloride for the green beans crop. For this purpose, green beans seeds cv. Macarrão Rasteiro were sown in the field at a spacing of 0.50 x 0.20 m. A randomized block design with four treatments and five replications was used. The treatments were constituted as follows: (i) control ­ without potassium fertilization; (ii) potassium chloride; (iii) potassium silicate - K6; (iv) 50% potassium chloride + 50% K6. Fertilizers were applied at the time of sowing and doses were determined based on soil analysis and recommendations for the crop. Plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass, pod fresh and dry mass, yield estimation and occurrence of powdery mildew were evaluated through severity scores. It was found that in terms of plant growth, there was no influence of potassium fertilization on plant growth. In addition, pod productivity showed a reduction throughout the evaluation period and little influence of fertilization. However, total pod productivity was higher in plants that received K6 compared to plants fertilized with potassium chloride. The application of K6 also contributed to the reduction of powdery mildew severity. Thus, we conclude that K6 is a viable source of potassium in substitution of potassium chloride for the green beans.(AU)

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The participation of plant cryptochromes in water deficit response mechanisms has been highlighted in several reports. However, the role of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cryptochrome 1a (cry1a) in the blue light fluence-dependent modulation of the water deficit response remains largely elusive. The tomato cry1a mutant and its wild-type counterpart were grown in water (no stress) or PEG6000 (osmotic stress) treatments under white light (60 µmol m-2 s-1) or from low to high blue light fluence (1, 5, 10, 15 and 25 µmol m-2 s-1). We first demonstrate that under nonstress conditions cry1a regulates seedling growth by mechanisms that involve pigmentation, lipid peroxidation and osmoprotectant accumulation in a blue light-dependent manner. In addition, we further highlighted under osmotic stress conditions that cry1a increased tomato growth by reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline accumulation. Although blue light is an environmental signal that influences osmotic stress responses mediated by tomato cry1a, specific blue light fluence rates are required during these responses. Here, we show that CRY1a manipulation may be a potential biotechnological target to develop a drought-tolerant tomato variety. Nevertheless, the complete understanding of this phenomenon requires further investigation.

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O déficit hídrico é um dos principais fatores limitantes da produção agrícola. Por isso, as plantas têm desenvolvido mecanismos de sobrevivência e aclimatação à condição de déficit hídrico, por exemplo, o fechamento estomático que visa minimizar a perda de água pela planta. Com efeito, as respostas das plantas ao déficit hídrico são controladas diretamente pelo balanço hormonal. Assim,o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar como diferentes mutantes hormonais de tomateiro respondem à condição de déficit hídrico. Foram utilizados cinco genótipos de tomateiro, o cultivar Micro-Tom (MT), tipo selvagem, os mutantes Never ripe (Nr), com baixa sensibilidade ao etileno, diageotropica(dgt), com baixa sensibilidade à auxina, e os transgênicos L19 (com elevada biossíntese de giberelina) e SL (com baixa biossíntese de estrigolactonas). As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos de polietileno com capacidade para 350 mL preenchidos com substrato comercial. Durante o desenvolvimento, todas as plantas foram diariamente irrigadas até o início do déficit hídrico, 37 dias após a semeadura (DAS). A fim de induzir o déficit hídrico, a irrigação foi suspensa em parte das plantas porum período de sete dias. Plantas-controle foram irrigadas continuamente. Depois de sete dias nas respectivas condições (irrigada e déficit hídrico), as plantas foram colhidas para a realização das análises de crescimento, conteúdo relativo de água (CRA) eextravasamento de eletrólitos. Como esperado, plantas de L19 exibiram maior altura de plantas, enquanto plantas de SL apresentaram maior acúmulo de massa fresca e seca da parte aérea em condição controle. Em condição de déficit hídrico, observou-se redução de massa fresca e altura de plantas em todos os genótipos avaliados. Enquanto que apenas plantas de MT e SL não sofreram redução de massa seca da parte aérea em função da restrição hídrica. Quanto ao CRA, apenas plantas de L19 não apresentaram redução sob condição de déficit hídrico.(AU)

Drought stress is one of the main limiting factors of crop production. For this reason, plants have developed mechanisms of survival and acclimatization to the drought condition, for instance, the stomatal closure to minimize the loss of water by the plant. In effect, the plant's responses to water deficit are directly controlled by the hormonal balance. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate how different tomato hormonal mutants respond to drought stress. Five tomato genotypes were used, the cultivar Micro-Tom (MT), wild-type, the mutantsNever ripe(Nr), with low sensitivity to ethylene,diageotropica(dgt), with low sensitivity to auxin, and the transgenic L19 (with high biosynthesis of gibberellin) and SL (with low biosynthesis of strigolactones). Plants were grown in polyethylene pots with 350 mL filled with commercial substrate. During development, all plants were irrigated daily until the beginning of the drought stress, 37 days after sowing (DAS). Then, irrigation was suspended in part of the plants for seven days to induce drought. Control plants were irrigated continuously. After seven days in the respective conditions (irrigated and drought stress), the plants were harvested to analyze the growth, relative water content (RWC), and electrolyte leakage. As expected, L19 plants exhibited higher height, while SL plants showed greater fresh and dry shoot weight accumulation in control conditions. In drought stress conditions, a reduction in fresh weight and plant height was observed in all evaluated genotypes. In contrast, only MT and SL plants did not suffer a reduction in dry mass of the aerial part due to water restriction. As for the CRA, only L19 plants did not show a reduction under water deficit conditions.(AU)

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O déficit hídrico é um dos principais fatores limitantes da produção agrícola. Por isso, as plantas têm desenvolvido mecanismos de sobrevivência e aclimatação à condição de déficit hídrico, por exemplo, o fechamento estomático que visa minimizar a perda de água pela planta. Com efeito, as respostas das plantas ao déficit hídrico são controladas diretamente pelo balanço hormonal. Assim,o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar como diferentes mutantes hormonais de tomateiro respondem à condição de déficit hídrico. Foram utilizados cinco genótipos de tomateiro, o cultivar Micro-Tom (MT), tipo selvagem, os mutantes Never ripe (Nr), com baixa sensibilidade ao etileno, diageotropica(dgt), com baixa sensibilidade à auxina, e os transgênicos L19 (com elevada biossíntese de giberelina) e SL (com baixa biossíntese de estrigolactonas). As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos de polietileno com capacidade para 350 mL preenchidos com substrato comercial. Durante o desenvolvimento, todas as plantas foram diariamente irrigadas até o início do déficit hídrico, 37 dias após a semeadura (DAS). A fim de induzir o déficit hídrico, a irrigação foi suspensa em parte das plantas porum período de sete dias. Plantas-controle foram irrigadas continuamente. Depois de sete dias nas respectivas condições (irrigada e déficit hídrico), as plantas foram colhidas para a realização das análises de crescimento, conteúdo relativo de água (CRA) eextravasamento de eletrólitos. Como esperado, plantas de L19 exibiram maior altura de plantas, enquanto plantas de SL apresentaram maior acúmulo de massa fresca e seca da parte aérea em condição controle. Em condição de déficit hídrico, observou-se redução de massa fresca e altura de plantas em todos os genótipos avaliados. Enquanto que apenas plantas de MT e SL não sofreram redução de massa seca da parte aérea em função da restrição hídrica. Quanto ao CRA, apenas plantas de L19 não apresentaram redução sob condição de déficit hídrico.

Drought stress is one of the main limiting factors of crop production. For this reason, plants have developed mechanisms of survival and acclimatization to the drought condition, for instance, the stomatal closure to minimize the loss of water by the plant. In effect, the plant's responses to water deficit are directly controlled by the hormonal balance. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate how different tomato hormonal mutants respond to drought stress. Five tomato genotypes were used, the cultivar Micro-Tom (MT), wild-type, the mutantsNever ripe(Nr), with low sensitivity to ethylene,diageotropica(dgt), with low sensitivity to auxin, and the transgenic L19 (with high biosynthesis of gibberellin) and SL (with low biosynthesis of strigolactones). Plants were grown in polyethylene pots with 350 mL filled with commercial substrate. During development, all plants were irrigated daily until the beginning of the drought stress, 37 days after sowing (DAS). Then, irrigation was suspended in part of the plants for seven days to induce drought. Control plants were irrigated continuously. After seven days in the respective conditions (irrigated and drought stress), the plants were harvested to analyze the growth, relative water content (RWC), and electrolyte leakage. As expected, L19 plants exhibited higher height, while SL plants showed greater fresh and dry shoot weight accumulation in control conditions. In drought stress conditions, a reduction in fresh weight and plant height was observed in all evaluated genotypes. In contrast, only MT and SL plants did not suffer a reduction in dry mass of the aerial part due to water restriction. As for the CRA, only L19 plants did not show a reduction under water deficit conditions.

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Plants are sessile organisms that must perceive and respond to various environmental constraints throughout their life cycle. Among these constraints, drought stress has become the main limiting factor to crop production around the world. Water deprivation is perceived primarily by the roots, which efficiently signal the shoot to trigger drought responses in order to maximize a plant's ability to survive. In this study, the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) mutant procera (pro), with a constitutive response to gibberellin (GA), and its near isogenic line cv. Micro-Tom (MT), were used in reciprocal grafting under well-watered and water stress conditions to evaluate the role of GA signaling in root-to-shoot communication during drought stress. Growth, oxidative stress, gene expression, water relations and hormonal content were measured in order to provide insights into GA-mediated adjustments to water stress. All graft combinations with pro (i.e. pro/pro, MT/pro and pro/MT) prevented the reduction of growth under stress conditions without a reduction in oxidative stress. The increase of oxidative stress was followed by upregulation of SlDREB2, a drought-tolerance related gene, in all drought-stressed plants. Scions harboring the pro mutation tended to increase the abscisic acid (ABA) content, independent of the rootstock. Moreover, the GA sensitivity of the rootstock modulated stomatal conductance and water use efficiency under drought stress, indicating GA and ABA crosstalk in the adjustment of growth and water economy.

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